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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007) For other uses, see Data (disambiguation). Data in everyday language is a synonym for information.[1] In the exact sciences there is a clear distinction between data and information, where data is a measurement that can be disorganized and when the data becomes organized it becomes information. Data may relate to reality, or to fiction as in a fictional movie. Data about reality consists of propositions. A large class of practically important propositions are measurements or observations of a variable. Such propositions may comprise numbers, words or images. Data may refer to: Data, raw information such as an observation or measurement. ... Synonyms (in ancient Greek, συν (syn) = plus and όνομα (onoma) = name) are different words with similar or identical meanings. ... The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measurement. ... For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as... This article is about the word proposition as it is used in logic, philosophy, and linguistics. ... Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measurement. ... For other uses, see Observation (disambiguation). ... In computer science and mathematics, a variable (pronounced ) (sometimes called an object or identifier in computer science) is a symbolic representation used to denote a quantity or expression. ... For other uses, see Number (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Word (disambiguation). ... Look up image in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Contents 1 Etymology 2 Usage in English 3 Uses of data in science and computing 4 Meaning of data, information and knowledge 5 See also 6 References [edit] Etymology The word data is the plural of Latin datum, neuter past participle of dare, "to give", hence "something given". The past participle of "to give" has been used for millennia, in the sense of a statement accepted at face value; one of the works of Euclid, circa 300 BC, was the Dedomena (in Latin, Data). In discussions of problems in geometry, mathematics, engineering, and so on, the terms givens and data are used interchangeably. Such usage is the origin of data as a concept in computer science: data are numbers, words, images, etc., accepted as they stand. Pronounced dey-tuh, dat-uh, or dah-tuh. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Geodetic system. ... In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ... In linguistics, a participle is a non-finite verb form that can be used in compound tenses or voices, or it can be used as a modifier. ... In linguistics, a participle is an adjective derived from a verb. ... For other uses, see Euclid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Geometry (disambiguation). ... For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... Engineering is the discipline of acquiring and applying knowledge of design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... Experimental data are data generated within the context of a scientific investigation. Data produced by an experimental or quasi-experimental design. ... [edit] Usage in English In English, the word datum is still used in the general sense of "something given", and more specifically in cartography, geography, geology, NMR and drafting to mean a reference point, reference line, or reference surface. More generally speaking, any measurement or result can be called a (single) datum, but data point is more common[3]. Both datums (see usage in datum article) and the originally Latin plural data are used as the plural of datum in English, but data is more commonly treated as a mass noun and used in the singular, especially in day-to-day usage. For example, "This is all the data from the experiment". This usage would be inconsistent with the rules of Latin grammar, which would instead suggest "These are all the data from the experiment", but these are English sentences, so Latin grammar rules do not apply. Many British and UN academic, scientific, and professional style guides (e.g., see page 43 of the World Health Organization Style Guide) request that authors treat data as a plural noun. Nevertheless, it is now usually treated as a singular mass noun in both informal and educated usage, but usage in scientific publications shows a strong UK/U.S divide. U.S. usage prefers treating data in the singular in all contexts, including serious and academic publishing.[2] UK usage now widely accepts treating data as singular in standard English[3], including educated everyday usage[4] at least in non-scientific use.[4] UK scientific publishing usually still prefers treating it as a plural.[5]. Some UK university style guides recommend using data for both singular and plural use[6] and some recommend treating it only as a singular in connection with computers.[7] The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... NMR may refer to: Nuclear magnetic resonance, a phenomenon involving the interaction of atomic nuclei and external magnetic fields Nielsen Media Research, a U.S. company which measures TV, radio and newspaper audiences This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share... Technical drawing, also known as drafting, is the practice of creating accurate representations of objects for technical, architectural and engineering needs. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Geodetic system. ... It has been suggested that Count noun be merged into this article or section. ... In linguistics, grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... [edit] Uses of data in science and computing Main article: Data (computing) Raw data are numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices to convert physical quantities into symbols, in a very broad sense. Such data are typically further processed by a human or input into a computer, stored and processed there, or transmitted (output) to another human or computer. Raw data is a relative term; data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next. In Computer Science, data is often distinguished from code, though both are represented in modern computers as binary strings. ... For other uses, see Number (disambiguation). ... Look up image in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Data entry clerk. ... Input3 is the term denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate/modify a process. ... This article is about the machine. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Output is the term denoting either an exit or changes which exits a system and which activate/modify a process. ... Mechanical computing devices are classified according to the means by which they represent data. An analog computer represents a datum as a voltage, distance, position, or other physical quantity. A digital computer represents a datum as a sequence of symbols drawn from a fixed alphabet. The most common digital computers use a binary alphabet, that is, an alphabet of two characters, typically denoted "0" and "1". More familiar representations, such as numbers or letters, are then constructed from the binary alphabet. A page from the Bombardiers Information File (BIF) that describes the components and controls of the Norden bombsight. ... ... ABCs redirects here, for the Alien Big Cats, see British big cats. ... Some special forms of data are distinguished. A computer program is a collection of data, which can be interpreted as instructions. Most computer languages make a distinction between programs and the other data on which programs operate, but in some languages, notably Lisp and similar languages, programs are essentially indistinguishable from other data. It is also useful to distinguish metadata, that is, a description of other data. A similar yet earlier term for metadata is "ancillary data." The prototypical example of metadata is the library catalog, which is a description of the contents of books. A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer. ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Metadata is data about data. ... [edit] Meaning of data, information and knowledge The terms information and knowledge are frequently used for overlapping concepts. These three concepts are ill- or ambiguously defined in the subject matter literature . However, in recent interdisciplinary research a few independent specializations of these terms have been proposed. The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... [edit] See also Look up Data in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Biological data Data acquisition Data analysis Data domain Data element Data farming Data management Data mining Data modeling Data processing Data recovery Data remanence and data destruction techniques. Data set Data warehouse Database Datasheet Drylabbing, creating false data. Scientific data archiving Statistics Metadata Data maintenance Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ... Biological data is data collected from biological sources, which is stored or exchanged in a digital form. ... Data acquisition is the sampling of the real world to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer. ... Data analysis is the act of transforming data with the aim of extracting useful information and facilitating conclusions. ... In data management and database analysis, a data domain refers to all the unique values which a data element may contain. ... In metadata, the term data element is an atomic unit of data that has: An identification such as a data element name A clear data element definition One or more representation terms Optional enumerated values Code (metadata) A list of synonyms to data elements in other metadata registries Synonym ring... 13:44, 10 January 2007 (UTC)138. ... Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. ... Data mining is the principle of sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information. ... In computer science, data modeling is the process of creating a data model by applying a data model theory to create a data model instance. ... For other uses, see Data entry clerk. ... Data recovery is the process of salvaging data from damaged, failed, corrupted or inaccessible primary storage media when it cannot be accessed normally. ... It has been suggested that File wipe be merged into this article or section. ... A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data, usually presented in tabular form. ... A data warehouse is the main repository of an organizations historical data, its corporate memory. ... This article is about computing. ... A datasheet is a document summarizing the performance and other characteristics of a component (e. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Scientific data archiving refers to the long-term storage of scientific data and methods. ... This article is about the field of statistics. ... Metadata is data about data. ... Data maintenance is the adding, deleting, changing and updating of binary and high level files, and the real world data associated with those files. ... [edit] References ^ http://www.dict.org/bin/Dict?Form=Dict1&Query=data&Strategy=*&Database=* ^ "Sometimes scientists think of data as plural, as in These data do not support the conclusions. But more often scientists and researchers think of data as a singular mass entity like information, and most people now follow this in general usage."[1] ^ New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1999 ^ "...in educated everyday usage as represented by the Guardian newspaper, it is nowadays most often used as a singular."[2] This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... “GFDL” redirects here. ... Categories: Articles needing additional references from July 2007 | Computer data | Data management

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