David Lipscomb (1831-1917)

David Lipscomb (1831–1917) was an important minister, editor, and educator in the American Restoration Movement and one of the leaders of the theologically conservative faction of that movement, which, by 1906, had formalized the division between itself as the Church of Christ and the more liberal faction, which is now generally known as the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). James A. Harding and David Lipscomb founded the Nashville Bible School, which is now known as Lipscomb University in honor of the latter. David Lipscomb (1831-1917) This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... David Lipscomb (1831-1917) This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... In most Protestant churches, a minister is a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such a person may also be called a Pastor, Preacher, Bishop, Chaplain or Elder. ... Editing is the process of preparing language, images, or sound for presentation through correction, condensation, organization, and other modifications. ... For information related to dispensational Christian views regarding the end times, see restorationism. ... Theology (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογια, logia, words, sayings, or discourse) is reasoned discourse concerning religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Conservatism is a relativistic term used to describe political philosophies that favor traditional values, where tradition refers to religious, cultural, or nationally defined beliefs and customs. ... Alternate meanings: see Church of Christ (disambiguation). ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... The insignia of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). ... James A. Harding was an early influential leader in the Church of Christ. ... Lipscomb University is a Church of Christ-affiliated university in Nashville, Tennessee. ...

Early life

...Lipscomb was born to Granville Lipscomb (born January 13, 1802 in Louisa County, Virginia, died November 16, 1853) and his second wife Ann E. Lipscomb (born January 25, 1799 in Louisa County, Virginia, died January 29, 1835 in Illinois) (called "Nancy" in some sources.) Granville had previously been married, on December 14, 1825 in Spotsylvania, Virginia, to the former Ellen Guerner. January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... --69. ... Louisa County is a county located in the U.S. state — officially, Commonwealth — of Virginia. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Louisa County is a county located in the U.S. state — officially, Commonwealth — of Virginia. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Spotsylvania County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ...

Granville and his older brother William Lipscomb were active in the Bean's Creek Baptist Church, where they were listed as the church clerks for 1828-1831 (Granville Lipscomb) and 1844-1876 (William C. Lipscomb). Attempts to convert the Bean's Creek church to Restoration Movement theology was poorly received and Granville Lipscomb's family was expelled in 1831. ^{[1] [2]}. William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. ...

The Lipscomb family, originally Baptist, were said to have converted to Restoration Movement Christianity in the mid 1820s while reading Alexander Campbell's periodical Christian Baptist, copies of which had been sent to the Lipscomb's family by Ann's sister Elizabeth (born ca. 1797) and brother-in-law, physician Lunsford Lindsay (born ca. 1793) of Todd County, Kentucky who would later participate in the formation of the Cadiz Christian Church in 1837. ^[3] Baptist is a term describing a tradition within Christianity and may also refer to individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. ... Nationalistic independence movements helped reshape the world during this decade: Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Greek War of Independence (1821-1827). ... Alexander Campbell Alexander Campbell (September 12, 1788 – March 4, 1866) was an early leader of a movement that began in 1800 with the goal of removing divisions between Christians, by returning believers in the New Testament to principles of Truth and Union. ... Todd County is a county located in the state of Kentucky. ... A courthouse in Cadiz burned down twice during the American Civil War Cadiz is a city located in Trigg County, Kentucky. ...

They were said to be charter members of the Old Salem church, according to Dr. Earl Irvin West's Lipscomb biography, The Life and Times of David Lipscomb.

“The Old Salem congregation began in May 1834 with two male members and two females. Also, five colored people belonged. By Christmas that year the number had grown to thirty-four whites and twelve blacks.”

When Lipscomb was three years old (some sources say four), in 1834 or 1835, his father moved the family temporarily to Sangamon County, Illinois, (whose county seat, Springfield, would become the state capital in 1837) for the express purpose of freeing Granville Lipscomb's four slaves. Lipscomb's mother died in Illinois on January 29, 1835 ^[4]; she and some of David's siblings died of malaria while the family lived in Illinois. Sangamon County is a county located in the state of Illinois. ... Nickname: i did your mom a fovor tomake you a sandwich Motto: poo poo smells Location of Springfield within Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Sangamon Founded 1819  - Mayor Timothy Davlin Area    - City 156. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. ...

Lipscomb's father moved the rest of the family back to Tennessee in 1835 or 1836 and he married his third wife, Jane L. Breedan, (died September 8, 1885), on April 11 or August 11, 1837. ^[5] A half-brother of David's, also named Granville, was born to Jane Breedan Lipscomb. William Lipscomb would help to found Neely's Bend Church of Christ in April 1872 ^[6]. Granville Lipscomb, Jr. would become a leader in the Lebanon Church of Christ founded in 1879 in Weakley County, Tennessee. ^[7] September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Neelys Bend is a major bend in the Cumberland River just northeast of Nashville, Tennessee and south of the Nashville suburb of Madison. ... Weakley County is a county located in the state of Tennessee. ...

Tolbert Fanning, farming in Georgia, and Franklin College

Lipscomb, along with his older brother William, was greatly influenced by conservative Nashville, Tennessee church leader Tolbert Fanning. Lipscomb was baptised by Fanning in 1845, and, in 1846, he entered Fanning's Franklin College, graduating in 1849. While a student at Franklin, Lipscomb roomed with the father of Edward Ward Carmack. William Lipscomb (July 20, 1829-1908) was a leading figure of the American Restoration Movement. ... Nickname: Music City Location in Davidson County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates: Country United States State Tennessee Counties Davidson County Founded: 1779 Incorporated: 1806 Government  - Mayor Bill Purcell (D) Area  - City  526. ... Tolbert Fanning Tolbert Fanning (1810-1873) was born in Cannon County, Tennessee. ... Edward Ward Carmack (November 5, 1858 – November 8, 1908) was an attorney, newspaperman, and political figure who served as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1901 to 1907. ...

Fanning was an enforcer of strict orthodoxy with regard to Restoration doctrines, seeing anything not specifically authorized by the New Testament as an unnecessary and hence sinful addition to the "primitive" Christianity of the 1st century, which the movement was by definition dedicated to restoring. Doctrine, from Latin doctrina, (compare doctor), means a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ...

Lipscomb then spent two years managing a plantation in Georgia before returning to Tennessee. Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ...

Gospel Advocate

David Lipscomb (1831-1917)

In this spirit, in 1855, Fanning and William Lipscomb began publishing a magazine aimed at dissemination of this view throughout the Restoration Movement, the Gospel Advocate. Following the resumption of mail service which had been interrupted by the American Civil War, David Lipscomb revived the Gospel Advocate in July 1866, with himself and Fanning as editors: Fanning withdrew making Lipscomb the sole editor until he was joined by P. S. Fall, John T. Walsh, Jacob Creath, Jr., T. W. Brents and Carroll Kendrick in 1867. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Gospel Advocate is a religious magazine published monthly in Nashville, Tennessee. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

The Advocate seemed almost invariably to take the conservative side of every issue facing the Restorationists – its stance was opposed to the use of musical instruments of any type in worship; in its early years, it was likewise totally opposed to Sunday school. (This latter position was later totally reversed to the extent that the Gospel Advocate is today one of the largest single publishers of Sunday School materials used in the Churches of Christ.) Worship usually refers to specific acts of religious praise, honour, or devotion, typically directed to a supernatural being such as a god or goddess. ... Sunday school, Indians and whites. ...

Pacifist and anarchist beliefs

Lipscomb was a pacifist. He did not believe in the use of violence for any reason. Some state that Lipscomb's pacifism was shaped by the Union occupation of Nashville during and after the Civil War, others see in it an echo of the Anabaptist theological tradition which underlay some of the early Restorationist thinking. Most directly, it was also a belief of his primary teacher, Tolbert Fanning, who was convicted of treason for his pacifism. Quite likely, he was influenced by multiple sources before the Civil War, and his pacifism strengthened by events he witnessed during and after it. Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Anabaptists (Greek ανα (again) +βαπτιζω (baptize), thus, re-baptizers [1], German: Wiedertäufer) are Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... Tolbert Fanning Tolbert Fanning (1810-1873) was born in Cannon County, Tennessee. ... Traitor redirects here. ...

Like many of the Anabaptists, Lipscomb also believed that any involvement by a Christian with government beyond the paying of taxes was wrong; as far as he was concerned, faithful Christians had absolutely no business voting in elections or serving on juries. He was likewise opposed to membership by Christians in secret societies such as Freemasonry and similar fraternal organizations, stating that a Christian's true responsibilities were to his God, his church, and his family, not his "brothers" in a lodge which might include non-Christian members. This almost total eschewing of government was a Christian form of anarchy, though most of Lipscomb's present day followers now favor a more libertarian version of advocacy for limited government. A tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (for example, tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements). ... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Masonic Square and Compasses. ... A fraternal organization, sometimes also known as a fraternity, is an organization that represents the relationship between its members as akin to brotherhood. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... A family in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 1997 A family consists of a domestic group of people (or a number of domestic groups), typically affiliated by birth or marriage, or by analogous or comparable relationships — including domestic partnership, cohabitation, adoption, surname and (in some cases) ownership (as occurred in the... See also Libertarianism and Libertarian Party Libertarian,is a term for person who has made a conscious and principled commitment, evidenced by a statement or Pledge, to forswear violating others rights and usually living in voluntary communities: thus in law no longer subject to government supervision. ...

Nashville Bible School

Lipscomb for a time was a prosperous farmer in addition to his religious activities, at one time operating his own ferry across the Cumberland River from his farm north of Nashville to the side of the river on which the main part of the city was located. He eventually relocated to an estate south of Nashville. Today, this estate is the campus of Lipscomb University. The log house in which he lived on his former farm has been dismantled and re-erected adjacent to his later home, which is used by the university for some social occasions. For other uses, see Farm (disambiguation). ... Various Religious symbols, including (first row) Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Bahai, (second row) Islamic, tribal, Taoist, Shinto (third row) Buddhist, Sikh, Hindu, Jain, (fourth row) Ayyavazhi, Triple Goddess, Maltese cross, pre-Christian Slavonic Religion is the adherence to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involve a faith in a spiritual... The ferryboat Dongan Hills, filled with commuters, about to dock at a New York City pier, ca. ... The Cumberland River is an important waterway in the southern United States. ... Lipscomb University is a Church of Christ-affiliated university in Nashville, Tennessee. ...

In 1891, Lipscomb and James A. Harding founded the Nashville Bible School, the precursor to the current Lipscomb University, which was not named for him until after his death. As Lipscomb was a product of the predominant Southern culture of the time, this institution was segregated and was for many years solely for white students, necessitating a separate sister institution in North Nashville for blacks which was not totally dismantled and largely merged with the larger white school until the 1960s. James A. Harding was an early influential leader in the Church of Christ. ... Historic Southern United States. ... The Rex Theatre for Colored People Racial segregation is characterized by separation of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Influence and Legacy

David Lipscomb's main legacy is Lipscomb University. Lipscomb University is a Church of Christ-affiliated university in Nashville, Tennessee. ...

A trace of Lipscomb's pacifism survives in Churches of Christ today; the group contained few conscientious objectors even in World War I, while 199 ^[8] served in Civilian Public Service camps during World War II, though it is not recognized as an historical peace church, which it would have been had Lipscomb's views in this area predominated. Lipscomb's views on voting and jury service are likewise nearly extinct within the group, held generally only by a few of the oldest members in rural areas, though there are current members of the faculties of both Harding University and Lipscomb University who do not vote, following Lipscomb's views on the matter. When Lipscomb University recently began the Center for International Peace and Justice, some of the faculty associated with the program saw it as a way of manifesting David Lipscomb's continuing legacy of pacifism in a Church of Christ-supported University setting, though it must be noted that some of the faculty associated with the Center for International Peace and Justice do not share David Lipscomb's pacifist views. [1] John T. Neufeld was a WWI conscientious objector sentenced to 15 years hard labour in the military prison at Leavenworth. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna... Civilian Public Service (CPS) provided conscientious objectors in the United States an alternative to military service during World War II. From 1941 to 1947 nearly 12,000 draftees, unwilling to do any type of military service, performed work of national importance in 152 CPS camps throughout the United States and... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Peace churches are Christian churches, groups or communities advocating pacifism. ... Rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. ... Harding University is located in Searcy, Arkansas, in the United States, about 50 miles north-east of Little Rock. ... Lipscomb University is a Church of Christ-affiliated university in Nashville, Tennessee. ... Lipscomb University is a Church of Christ-affiliated university in Nashville, Tennessee. ... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ...

His views on fraternal organizations at times remain controversial; this issue arises in Churches of Christ only periodically and generally locally, and is somewhat in eclipse due to the lessening of the size and influence of such groups generally, at least in the Upper South and Texas where the Church of Christ is generally centered. Official language(s) English (de facto) See also languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (261,797 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ...

It has been noted that Lipscomb's influence over the Churches of Christ was greatest in about a 150- to 300-mile radius of his base in Nashville; while he influenced the group considerably in Texas and elsewhere as well, his influence there was apparently never truly comparable to that which he exercised in the Nashville area.

Lipscomb's Gospel Advocate developed significant though unofficial status within the Churches of Christ, more so than any of many other similar publications. The Churches of Christ had (and have) no recognized leadership hierarchy above the congregational level, yet debates of the day which concerned many congregations were framed within the pages of such periodicals. Churches of Christ still cling to the congregational model, with almost no inter-congregational political structures, leading to the well-known joke (that actually contains a lot of truth) that "the Church of Christ has no bishops, only editors." Lipscomb's tenure at the Gospel Advocate was bishop-like, in that his influence reached beyond his local congregation. The Gospel Advocate is a religious magazine published monthly in Nashville, Tennessee. ... This article is about a title or office in religious bodies. ... The Gospel Advocate is a religious magazine published monthly in Nashville, Tennessee. ...

Opposition to missionary societies and instrumental music

Lipscomb already had become so influential as a young man that he engaged in a running correspondence with Alexander Campbell, one of the early Restorationists who was very influential but quite elderly by the time of Lipscomb's ascendancy. Lipscomb disagreed with Campbell most vehemently on the topic of the American Christian Missionary Society, a cooperative effort to fund and coordinate foreign missions among various congregations which Campbell accepted and encouraged but Lipscomb totally rejected as a sinful, unscriptural innovation. Alexander Campbell Alexander Campbell (September 12, 1788 – March 4, 1866) was an early leader of a movement that began in 1800 with the goal of removing divisions between Christians, by returning believers in the New Testament to principles of Truth and Union. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Lipscomb noted that most of the congregations which supported the Missionary Society were likewise those which were not opposed to the use of instrumental music. He began to attack both of these practices, and felt that those ministers who were not publicly opposed to these activities should not be allowed to address "sound" congregations (those that followed what he saw to be Bible truth). Notably, however, Lipscomb often spoke in non Church of Christ congregations that had instrumental music without ever alluding to his opinion on the matter, which is not directly addressed in the New Testament. He believed in the early (unofficial) Church of Christ creed that Christians should have liberty in matters of opinion. This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...

The Church of Christ

The triumph of this line of thought within the conservative Restoration congregations was the impetus behind the 1906 decision (made in the course of the religious census formerly conducted in years ending in "6" by the United States Bureau of the Census) to list the "Church of Christ" and the "Christian Church" as separate bodies, formalizing what had long been the de facto case. 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ... The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ...

Lipscomb's legacy is still felt within the Church of Christ today, perhaps primarily through the Gospel Advocate, which is still published and still tends to define mainstream orthodoxy within the body, although to a lesser extent than previously, and through its other publishing operations, notably in regard to Sunday School literature as noted previously. The Gospel Advocate is a religious magazine published monthly in Nashville, Tennessee. ...

His namesake institution in recent years has been accused of selling out to "liberalism" by many of the more conservative voices in the church. The term "liberalism" in the context of the Churches of Christ is frequently linked to a form of doctrine founded upon a direct operation of the Holy Spirit upon the heart of the sinner and saint as well as cooperation with denominational groups which differ in theology, doctrine and concept of truth. The term "liberalism" must be taken in a relative sense for both sides in this debate because to much of the religious world outside the Churches of Christ, the term "liberal" tends to denote teaching against plenary verbal inspiration while both sides tend still to be accepting the position of the plenary verbal inspiration of the Bible, a theologically very conservative position, while disagreeing about its mode and medium. Doctrine, from Latin doctrina, (compare doctor), means a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. ... In various religions, most notably Trinitarian Christianity, the Holy Spirit (in Hebrew רוח הקודש Ruah haqodesh; also called the Holy Ghost) is the third consubstantial Person of the Holy Trinity. ...

A more superficial distinction between liberal and conservative Churches of Christ has less to do with doctrine and more to do with style of worship: A "liberal" Church of Christ employs worship styles that are not congruent with those found in traditional Churches of Christ (e.g. singing with "Praise Teams," eschewing hymnals, raising hands, embracing drama and art, using multimedia displays, celebrating traditional religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter AS religious holidays), while both liberal and conservative Churches of Christ tend to have similar beliefs about the divinity of Christ; the meaning of his death, burial, and resurrection; the necessity of baptism; the literal truth of the New Testament scriptures; the omnipotence of God, etc. Some in both groups claim fidelity to David Lipscomb's spirit and teachings. Christmas is an annual holiday that marks the birth of Jesus Christ of Nazareth. ... Easter, the Feast of the Resurrection, the Sunday of the Resurrection, or Resurrection Day, is the most important religious feast of the Christian liturgical year, observed between late March and late April (early April to early May in Eastern Christianity). ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Omnipotence (literally, all power) is power with no limits or inexhaustible, in other words, unlimited power. ...

Lipscomb and anarchism

Lipscomb's beliefs on government can be classified as a religiously derived subset of radical libertarianism, even consistent with fundamental positions of individualist anarchism, mutualism, primitivism, anarcho-capitalism, and radical classical liberalism. Lipscomb believed in creating a peaceful, cooperative, decentralized communion in which freedom, worship, and family could thrive. Therefore, he was a pacifist, unlike many anarchists (particularly those of the early 20th Century) who sometimes advocated violence as a legitimate means to freedom. For Lipscomb, violence and warfare were incompatible with Christianity, and, perhaps because of his experiences during the American Civil War, he noted that civil governments tended to increase violence and warfare. In this context, Lipscomb appears to be a meliorist. This article is becoming very long. ... Individualist Anarchism is an anarchist philosophical tradition that has a strong emphasis on sovereignty of the individual[1] and is generally opposed to collectivism[2]. The tradition appears most often in the United States, most notably in regard to its advocacy of private property. ... Ant-aphid mutualism: the aphids are protected against predators by the ants who cultivate the aphids for their secretions of honeydew, a food source. ... Primitivism is an artistic movement which originated as a reaction to the Enlightenment. ... Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ... Classical liberalism (also called laissez-faire liberalism[1]) is a term used: to label the philosophy developed by early liberals from the Age of Enlightenment until John Stuart Mill [2] to label the revived economic liberalism of the 20th century, seen in work by Friedrich Hayek[3] and Milton Friedman. ... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Meliorism is an idea in metaphysical thinking holding that progress is a real concept leading to an improvement of the world. ...

Unlike the Christian anarchism of Leo Tolstoy, Lipscomb's anarchism developed without any influence or knowledge of the early anarchists like Pierre Proudhon and Josiah Warren who developed their beliefs without reliance on religion. Anarchism after Lipscomb remained unaware of Lipscomb's contributions to anarchist thought. Christian anarchism is the belief that the only source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable is God, embodied in the teachings of Jesus. ... Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: , IPA:  ), commonly referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy (September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 – November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910) was a Russian novelist, writer, essayist, philosopher, Christian anarchist, pacifist, educational reformer, vegetarian, moral thinker, and an influential member of the Tolstoy... Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (pronounced [] in BrE, [] in French) (January 15, 1809 – January 19, 1865) was the first proclaimed anarchist of the 19th century. ... Josiah Warren was the first American individualist market anarchist Josiah Warren (1798-1874) was an individualist anarchist, inventor, musician, and author in the United States. ...

When Lipscomb was discovered by radical libertarian scholars, some such as Prof. Edward Stringham noted ^[9] that Lipscomb had independently questioned common assumptions that

1. Governments need to make laws.
2. Governments are created for the public good.
3. Democracy is for the common good.

Further, Lipscomb argued that

1. Governments may seek to increase disorder to expand their power.
2. People should abstain from voting, instead seeking change through persuasive and non-coercive methods.
3. Peaceful civilization is not dependent on the state.
4. Governments are created for the benefit of the rulers, not the people.

While all of these arguments are common today in anarchist thought, Lipscomb may have been the first to bring them all together, at least in America and likely preceded only by William Godwin in England and Proudhon in France. The radical libertarians in America from Lysander Spooner to Murray Rothbard and beyond developed and popularized these arguments after Lipscomb did, but with no knowledge of Lipscomb. William Godwin William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English political and miscellaneous writer, considered one of the important precursors of both utilitarian and liberal anarchist thought. ... Lysander Spooner (January 19, 1808 – May 14, 1887) was an American individualist anarchist political philosopher, abolitionist, and legal theorist of the 19th century. ... Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was a highly influential American economist, historian and natural law theorist belonging to the Austrian School of Economics who helped define modern libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism. ...

References

1. ^ Early Life Of David Lipscomb
2. ^ David Lipscomb at therestorationmovement.com
3. ^ WesternKentuckyHistory.org: Trigg County Chapter 6
4. ^ Ann E. Lipscomb at rootsweb.com.
5. ^ MS 2473: The Bean's Creek Baptist Church Minute Book, 1814-1876 at the library of the University of Tennessee (Knoxville)
6. ^ History of Neelys Bend Church of Christ
7. ^ rootsweb.com: Lebanon Church of Christ
8. ^ Gingerich, Melvin (1949), Service for Peace, A History of Mennonite Civilian Public Service, p. 452, Mennonite Central Committee.
9. ^ Edward Stringham (July 7, 2005). The Radical Libertarian Political Economy of 19th Century Preacher David Lipscomb. Department of Economics, San Jose State University.

Books

• Robert E. Hooper, Crying in the Wilderness: A Biography of David Lipscomb (Nashville: David Lipscomb College, 1979)

External links

• David Lipscomb at the Restoration Movement pages at the Memorial University of Newfoundland.