Look up defenestration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

For the heavy metal band, see Defenestration (band).

Defenestration, from the Latin de (from; out of) and fenestra (window or opening), is the act of throwing someone or something out of a window. The term was coined around the time of an incident in Prague Castle in the year of 1618.^[1] Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... Defenestration were a UK heavy metal band from 1999 to 2004, based in the Northamptonshire town of Kettering. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Window (disambiguation). ... For a bill proposed in USA in 1998, see Bill 1618. ...

Defenestration in Cell Biology

"Blood travels through the liver through many small vessels termed sinusoids. These sinusoids differ from normal vascular blood vessels in that they are lined by endothelial cells that are highly perforated by small pores (fenestrae) about 50-100 nm in diameter and which are arranged in structures called sieve plates. The endothelial cells of normal blood vessels are not perforated and form tight junctions between cells to prevent leakage of blood components. In the liver, endothelial fenestrae facilitate the exchange of large proteins and small particles, including lipid-rich blood particles (chylomicron-remnants) between the blood and liver cells (hepatocytes). Our group discovered that with advancing age the number of endothelial fenestrae decreases,a process we have termed defenestration, with the result that the liver sinusoids become more like vascular blood vessels." REF: ANZAC Research Institute’s 6th Annual Report, www.anzac.edu.au/files/resourcesmodule/@random4607d2303a81a/1177417515_ANZAC_Annual_Report_05_06.pdf

In 2004, Merriam-Webster's dictionary users named "defenestration" as one of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year.^[2] Merriam-Webster, originally known as the G. & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, is a United States company that publishes reference books, especially dictionaries that are descendants of Noah Websters An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). ...

Matthäus Merian's impression of the 1618 Defenestration of Prague

Image File history File links Second Defenestration of Prague, contemporary woodcut File links The following pages link to this file: Defenestrations of Prague ... Image File history File links Second Defenestration of Prague, contemporary woodcut File links The following pages link to this file: Defenestrations of Prague ... Matthäus Merian Matthäus Merian der Ältere (the Elder, or Sr. ... The Defenestrations of Prague can refer to either of two incidents in the history of Bohemia. ...

Notable Defenestrations in history

Historically, the word defenestration was used to refer to an act of political dissent. Notably, the Defenestrations of Prague in 1419 and 1618 helped to trigger prolonged conflict within Bohemia and beyond. It is said that some Catholics ascribed the survival of those defenestrated at Prague Castle in 1618 to divine intervention, while it is said that some Protestants claimed that it was due to their landing in a large pile of manure.^{[citation needed]} Individual rights Free speech, free press Soap box, Speakers corner (Hyde Park), blog (weblog) prior restraint, censorship, self-censorship, censor Right to assembly Gay rights, Stonewall Feminism, ERA, equal pay, Title IX Famous political dissenters Gandhi Steve Biko Nelson Mandela Martin Luther King, Jr. ... The Defenestrations of Prague can refer to either of two incidents in the history of Bohemia. ... For other uses, see Bohemia (disambiguation). ... The Roman Catholic Church is the largest religious denomination of Christianity with over one billion members. ... Entrance to the Prague Castle at night The Prague Castle (Czech: Pražský hrad) is the castle in Prague where the Czech kings, Holy Roman Emperors and presidents of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic have had their offices. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Animal manure is often a mixture of animals feces and bedding straw, as in this example from a stable. ...

Other notable events in Prague's history include the defenestration of the Old-Town portreeve along with the bodies of seven murdered New-Town aldermen in 1483, and the death in 1948 of politician Jan Masaryk, whose body was found in the courtyard of the Foreign Ministry, below his bathroom window. A 2004 police investigation into his death concluded that, contrary to the initial ruling, he did not commit suicide, but was defenestrated by his opponents. For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). ... This article refers to the political appointment portreeve; for the town in Canada see Portreeve, Saskatchewan. ... An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions. ... Jan Masaryk (September 14, 1886 – March 10, 1948) was a Czechoslovak diplomat and politician. ...

Giorgio Vasari's impression of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

• In the book of 2 Kings in the Bible, Jezebel is defenestrated by her own servants at the urging of Jehu.
• It has been suggested by several chronicles (notably the Annals of Westhide Abbey) that King John killed his nephew, Arthur of Brittany, by throwing him from a window in the castle at Rouen, France, in 1203.
• In 1383, Bishop Dom Martinho was defenestrated by the citizens of Lisbon, having been suspected of conspiring with the enemy when Lisbon was besieged by the Castilians.
• In 1378 the crafts and their leader Wouter van der Leyden occupied the Leuven city hall. They took over the Leuven government. Most of the patricians left the city and fled to Aarschot. After negotiations between the parties, they agreed to share the government. The patricians did not accept this easily, as they lost their absolute power. Trying to turn the tide, they had Wouter van der Leyden assassinated in Brussels. The crafts wanted revenge. They handed over the patrician to a furious crowd. The crowd stormed the city hall and threw the patricians out of the window. At least 15 patricians were killed during this defenestration of Leuven.
• On April 26, 1478, after the failure of the "Pazzi conspiracy" to murder the ruler of Florence, Lorenzo de' Medici, Jacopo de' Pazzi was defenestrated.
• In 1572, French King Charles IX's friend, the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, was killed in accordance with the wishes of Charles' mother, Catherine de' Medici. Charles had allegedly said "then kill them all that no man be left to reproach me." Thousands of Protestants were killed in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre after soldiers attacked Coligny in his house, stabbed him, and threw him out the window.
• On the morning of December 1, 1640 in Lisbon, a group of supporters of the Duke of Bragança party found Miguel de Vasconcelos, the hated Portuguese Secretary of State of the Habsburg Philip III, hidden in a closet, killed him and defenestrated him. His corpse was left to the public outrage.
• The Revolutions of 1848 led to unrest in the German states. When an agitated crowd forced their way into the town hall in Cologne on March 3, two city councillors panicked and jumped out of the window; one of them broke both his legs. The event went down in the city’s history as the "Cologne Defenestration".
• On June 11. 1903 a group of Serbian army officers murdered and defenestrated King Aleksandar and Queen Draga.
• In 1941, mafia informant Abe "Kid Twist" Reles fell to his death from a window on the sixth floor of the Half Moon Hotel on Coney Island, on the eve of his scheduled testimony. The angle of trajectory suggests that he was defenestrated rather than trying to flee.^{[citation needed]}
• On March 10, 1948 the Czechoslovakian minister of foreign affairs Jan Masaryk was found dead, dressed in his pajamas, in the courtyard of the Foreign Ministry below his bathroom window. The initial 'investigation' stated that he committed suicide by jumping out of the window, although it is now commonly believed that he was murdered by the ascendant Communists.^{[citation needed]}
• Shortly before midnight on December 15 1969 the Italian anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli was seen to fall to his death from a fourth floor window of the Milan police station.
• On March 2, 2007 Russian investigative journalist Ivan Safronov, who was researching the Kremlin's covert arms deals, fell to his death from a fifth floor window. Friends and colleagues discount suicide as a reason and an investigation was opened looking into possible "incitement to suicide".^[3]

Image File history File links Giorgio_Vasari_San_Bartolomeo. ... Image File history File links Giorgio_Vasari_San_Bartolomeo. ... Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and architect, who is today famous for his biographies of Italian artists, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing. ... Painting by François Dubois (born about 1529, Amiens, Picardy) The St. ... The Books of Kings (also known as [The Book of] Kings in Hebrew: Sefer Melachim מלכים) is a part of Judaisms Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. ... For other uses, see Bible (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Jezebel. ... Jehu son of Omri kneeling at the feet of Shalmaneser III on the Black Obelisk. ... This article is about the King of England. ... Arthur I, Duke of Brittany (1187_1203), was the posthumous son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance, Duchess of Brittany, and designated heir to the throne of England, originally intended to succeed Richard I. While Richard was away on crusade, Constance took more independence for Brittany, and in 1194 had the young... , Rouen (pronounced in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région. ... For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ... The starting point of Crown of Castile can be considered when the union of the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon in 1230 or the later fusion of their Cortes (their Parlaments). ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 18 - George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London. ... The Pazzi family were Tuscan nobles who had become bankers in Florence in the 14th century. ... Florence (or Firenze, Florentia and Fiorenza) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany, and of the province of Florence. ... For other uses, see Lorenzo de Medici (disambiguation). ... Charles IX (June 27, 1550 – May 30, 1574) born Charles-Maximilien, was a member of the Valois Dynasty, King of France from 1560 until his death. ... From the 16th to the 18th century the name Huguenot was applied to a member of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, historically known as the French Calvinists. ... Gaspard de Coligny Gaspard de Coligny (February 16, 1519 – August 24, 1572), Seigneur (Lord) de Châtillon held the office of Admiral of France and is best remembered as a Huguenot leader. ... Catherine de Medici (April 13, 1519 – January 5, 1589) was born in Florence, Italy, as Caterina Maria Romola di Lorenzo de Medici. ... Painting by François Dubois (born about 1529, Amiens, Picardy) The St. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. ... For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ... The Royal House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa Real de Bragança, pron. ... Miguel de Vasconcelos or Vasconcellos (c. ... Philip IV (), (April 8, 1605 – September 17, 1665) was King of Spain from 1621 to 1665 and also King of Portugal until 1640. ... The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a revolutionary wave which erupted in Sicily and then, further triggered by the revolutions of 1848 in France, soon spread to the rest of Europe and as far afield as... Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 38 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation. ... Cologne (German: , IPA: ; local dialect: Kölle ) is Germanys fourth-largest city after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich, and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Alexander of Serbia was the King of Serbia between 1842 and 1858. ... Draga MaÅ¡in, also known as Queen Draga, was a former lady-in-waiting to the mother of King Alexander of Serbia. ... This article is about the criminal society. ... For the 19th century gang leader, see Max Zwerbach. ... The Half Moon Hotel in Coney Island, New York was where Abe Reles, informant for the FBI who brought down numerous members of Murder, Inc. ... For other uses, see Coney Island (disambiguation). ... Mathematically the term trajectory refers to the ordered set of states which are assumed by a dynamical system over time (see e. ... is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan Masaryk (September 14, 1886 – March 10, 1948) was a Czechoslovak diplomat and politician. ... Giuseppe Pinelli (1928-1969) was an Italian railway worker and left-wing political activist. ... For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Investigative journalism is a branch of journalism that usually concentrates on a very specific topic, and typically requires a lot of work to yield results. ... Ivan Safronov Ivan Ivanovich Safronov (Russian: ) (1955 - March 2, 2007) was a Russian journalist and columnist who covered military affairs for the daily newspaper Kommersant and died after falling from the fifth floor of the Moscow building where he lived. ...

Cultural responses to defenestration

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• In 18th century works of the Marquis de Sade, defenestrations are a common (fictional) event. They are less gruesome than many of the atrocities in his works, but they are typically lethal.
• In 1997, Brian Goggin and a team of artists create an absurdist site-specific art installation on two sides of an empty four-story building at the corner of Sixth and Howard Streets in San Francisco entitled "Defenestration", which depicted seemingly animated furniture apparently leaping out the windows and off the parapet.^[4][5]
• In the James Thurber short story "The Greatest Man In the World", Jacky Smurch, the story's protagonist, is thrown out of a window by dignitaries that had gathered to figure out what to do with such an ill-behaved national hero.
• In the movie Braveheart, the English king Longshanks throws his son's homosexual lover out the window, after the latter gave unsolicited military advice.
• The West Philadelphia based anarchist paper, The Defenestrator, draws its name from the defenestrations of Prague.
• The comic series Hitman by Garth Ennis features a Terminator parody character named the Defenestrator, who defeats criminals by tossing them through a window frame that he carries with him, as part of the super group Section 8.
• In the movie The Departed, Martin Sheen's character, Captain Queenan, is tossed from a vacant building in Boston by members of the Irish Mob
• In the movie Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith, Emperor Palpatine throws Mace Windu out of a window using Sith lightning.

Donatien Alphonse François de Sade (Marquis de Sade) (June 2, 1740 – December 2, 1814) (pronounced IPA: ) was a French aristocrat, french revolutionary and writer of philosophy-laden and often violent pornography. ... Absurdism is a philosophy, usually translated into different art forms, that holds that any attempt to understand the universe will fail. ... Installation art is a genre of Western contemporary art which came to prominence in the 1970s. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... For the political scientist, see James A. Thurber. ... For the moshing term Braveheart, see Wall of death (moshing). ... Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as Edward the Lawgiver or the English Justinian because of his legal reforms, and as Hammer of the Scots,[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and tried to do the same to Scotland. ... Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... “Tommy Monaghan” redirects here. ... Garth Ennis (born January 16, 1970 in Holywood, Northern Ireland) is a Northern Irish comics writer, best known for the DC/Vertigo series Preacher, co-created with artist Steve Dillon. ... Section 8 is a superhero team created by Garth Ennis and John McCrea which frequently appeared in the pages of Hitman. ... The Departed is an Academy Award winning 2006 crime thriller film directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson and Mark Wahlberg. ... Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith is the third episode of the Star Wars film series (but the sixth film to be produced), to be released on Thursday, May 19, 2005. ... Palpatine, (84 BBY - 4 ABY, spirit destroyed 11 ABY) is a fictional character of the Star Wars universe. ... Windu redirects here. ...

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