It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Separation barrier. (Discuss) A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China and the Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. Beyond their defensive utility value many walls also had important symbolic functions - representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Separation barriers (separation walls, security fences) are constructed to prevent the movement of people across a certain line or border or to separate two populations. ...
Download high resolution version (1024x768, 248 KB)Brasov defence walls This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Download high resolution version (1024x768, 248 KB)Brasov defence walls This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Braşov (Hungarian: Brassó, German: Kronstadt) is a city in Romania, residence of Braşov county. ...
Table of Fortification, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. ...
Location of the Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China (Simplified Chinese: 万里长城; Traditional Chinese: è¬é‡Œé•·åŸŽ; Pinyin: Wà nlÄ Chángchéng; literally 10,000 Li¹ long wall) is a Chinese fortification built from 3rd century BC until the beginning of the 17th century, in order to protect the various...
German coast artillery in the Pas-de-Calais area, with laborers at work on casemate. ...
Night view of Taipei City. ...
Walls are invariably masonry structures, although brick and timber-built variants are also known. Depending on the topography of the area surrounding the city or the settlement the wall is intended to protect, elements of the terrain (e.g. rivers or coastlines) may be incorporated in order to make the wall more effective. Surface of the Earth Topography, a term in geography, has come to refer to the lay of the land, or the physiogeographic characteristics of land in terms of elevation, slope, and orientation. ...
Walls may only be crossed by entering the appropriate city gate and are often supplemented with towers. In the middle ages, it was a privilege to be granted to build a defensive wall, and was usually granted by the so-called "right of fortification". The practice of building these massive walls, though having its origins in prehistory, was refined during the rise of city-states, and energetic wall-building continued into the medieval period and beyond in certain parts of Europe. Categories: Stub ...
The Eiffel Tower Fire-observation watchtower in Kostroma, Russia. ...
A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. ...
History Defensive walls are an evolved form of the palisades and other defensive measure employed to protect early settlements. From very early history to modern times, walls have been a near necessity for every city. Exceptions were few - notably, ancient Rome did not have a wall for a long time, choosing to rely on its legions for defense instead. Palisades is also a general term for steep cliffs next to a river. ...
Main street in Bastrop, Texas, a small town A town is a residential community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ...
City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC (mythical), early 1st millennium BC (archaeological) Region Latium Area - City Proper 1285 km² Population - City (2004) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 2,553,873 almost 4,300,000 1. ...
In Central Europe, the Celts built large fortified settlements known as oppida, whose walls seem partially influenced by those built in the Mediterranean. The fortifications were continuously expanded and improved, until the Celts were driven away by the immigrating German tribes. A Celtic cross. ...
An oppidum (pl: oppida) was Latin for the main settlement in any administrative area of the Roman Empire. ...
Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ...
Initially, these fortifications were simple constructions of wood and earth, which were later replaced by mixed constructions of stones piled on top of each other without mortar. The Romans fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone walls. The most famous remainder of this type is the Porta Nigra in Trier, though there also some left in Regensburg and Cologne. The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ...
Trier: The Porta Nigra, viewed from outside The Porta Nigra (black gate), a UNESCO world heritage site in Trier, Germany, is a large Roman gatehouse with two four-storied towers, projecting as near semi-circles on the outer side. ...
Trier (French: Trèves, Spanish: Treveris, Italian: Treviri) is Germanys oldest city. ...
Regensburg (English formerly Ratisbon, Latin Ratisbona) is a city (population 150,212 in 2004) in Bavaria, south-east Germany, located at the confluence of the Danube and Regen rivers, at the northernmost bend in the Danube. ...
Cologne (German: ; Kölsch: Kölle) is Germanys fourth-largest city after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich and is the largest city both in the German Federal District of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the largest European metropolitan areas with over 12 million...
Apart from these, the early Middle Ages also saw the creation of some towns built around castles. These cities were only rarely protected by simple stone walls and more usually by a combination of both walls and ditches. From the 12th century AD hundreds of settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, who very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterwards. Table of Fortification, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
The founding of urban centres was an important means of territorial expansion and many cities, especially in eastern Europe, were founded precisely for this purpose during the period of Eastern Colonisation. These cities are easy to recognise due to their regular layout and large market spaces. The fortifications of these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the current level of military development. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Composition At its simplest, a defensive wall consists of a wall enclosure and its gates. For the most part, the top of the walls were accessible, with the outside of the walls having tall parapets with embrasures or merlons. North of the Alps, this passageway at the top of the walls occasionally had a roof. Image File history File linksMetadata Nuremberg_city_wall_north_part_east_maxtor_inner_f_w. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Nuremberg_city_wall_north_part_east_maxtor_inner_f_w. ...
Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ...
A parapet consists of a dwarf wall along the edge of a roof, or round a lead flat, terrace walk, etc. ...
Categories: Fortification | Architectural elements | Stub ...
A merlon, in architecture, forms the solid part of an embattled parapet between the embrasures, sometimes pierced by loopholes. ...
In addition to this, many different enhancements were made over the course of the centuries:
- City ditch: a ditch dug in front of the walls, occasionally filled with water.
- Gate tower: a tower built next to, or on top of the city gates to better defend the city gates.
- Wall tower: a tower built on top of a segment of the wall, which usually extended outwards slightly, so as to be able to cover the walls.
- Pre-wall: wall built outside the wall proper, usually of lesser height - the space in between was usually further subdivided by additional walls.
- Additional obstacles in front of the walls.
The defensive towers of west and south European fortifications in the Middle Ages were often very regularly and uniformly constructed (cf. Ávila, Provins), whereas Central European city walls tend to show a variety of different styles. In these cases, the gate and wall towers often reach up to considerable heights, and gates equipped with two towers on either side are much rarer. Apart from the purely military, defensive purpose, towers also played an important representative and artistic role in the conception of a fortified complex. In many senses, the architecture of the city thus competed with that of the castle of the noble men and city walls were often a manifestation of the pride of a particular city. Complete name of this city: Ãvila de los Caballeros Ãvila is a town in the south of Old Castile, the capital of the province of the same name, now part of the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. ...
Provins is a commune of France. ...
Urban areas outside the city walls, so-called Vorstädte, were often enclosed by their own set of walls and integrated into the defense of the city. These areas were often inhabited by the poorer population and held the "noxious trades". In many cities, a new wall was built once the city had grown outside of the old wall. This can often still be seen in the layout of the city, for example in Nördlingen, and sometimes even a few of the old gate towers are preserved, such as the white tower in Nürnberg. Additional constructions prevented the circumvention of the city, through which many important trade routes passed, thus ensuring that tolls were payed when the caravans passed through the city gates, and that the local market was visited by the trade caravans. Furthermore, additional signalling and observation towers were frequently built outside the city, and were sometimes fortified in a castle-like fashion. The border of the area of influence of the city was often partially or fully defended by elaborate ditches, walls and/or hedges. The crossing points were usually guarded by gates or gate houses. These defenses were regularly checked by riders, who often also served as the gate keepers. Long stretches of these defenses can still be seen to this day, and even some gates are still intact. To further protect their territory, rich cities also established castles in their area of influence. A famous examples of this practice is the Rumanian "Dracula Castle" Bran in Törzburg, which was intended to protect Kronstadt (today's Brasov). Vorstadt is a German term that could be considered roughly considered equivalent to a suburb, i. ...
Nördlingen is a town in Bavaria, Germany. ...
Nuremberg coat of arms Location of Nuremberg Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ...
Braşov (Hungarian: Brassó, German: Kronstadt) is a city in Romania, residence of Braşov county. ...
The city walls were often connected to the fortifications of hill castles via additional walls . Thus the defenses were made up of city and castle fortifications taken together. Several examples of this are preserved, for example in Germany Hirschorn on the Neckar, Königsberg and Pappenheim, Franken, Burghausen in Oberbayern and many more. A few castles were more directly incorporated into the defensive strategy of the city (e.g Nürnberg, Zons, Carcassonne), or the cities were directly outside the castle as a sort of "pre-castle" (Coucy-le-Chateau, Conwy and others). Larger cities often had multiple stewards - for example Augsburg was divided into a Reichstadt and a bishopal (clerical) city. These different parts were often separated by their own fortifications. Former German name of the city of Kaliningrad. ...
Pappenheim was a German statelet in western Bavaria, Germany, located on the Altmühl River between Treuchtlingen and Solnhofen, and south of Weissenburg. ...
Burghausen, Altötting Burghausen, Bad Kissingen Burghausen, Freising Category: ...
Oberbayern (Upper Bavaria) is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the south of Bavaria, around the city Munich. ...
Nuremberg coat of arms Location of Nuremberg Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ...
Location within France Cathars being expelled from Carcassone in 1209. ...
Conwy (formerly anglicised as Conway) is a town in Conwy county borough, North Wales, United Kingdom, which faces the resort of Llandudno across the Conwy Estuary. ...
Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. ...
In the Holy Roman Empire, an imperial free city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of...
Model of Göttingen's city defenses during the thirty year war. With the development of firearms came the necessity to expand the existing installation, which occurred in multiples stages. Firstly, additional, half-circular towers were added in the interstices between the walls and pre-walls (s.a.) in which a handful of cannons could be placed. Soon after, reinforcing structures - or "bastions" - were added in strategically relevant positions, e.g. at the gates or corners. A well-preserved example of this is the Spitalbastei in Rothenburg. However, at this stage the cities were still only protected by relatively thin walls which could offer little resistance to the cannons of the time. Therefore new, star forts with numerous cannons and thick earth walls reinforced by stone were built. These could resist cannon fire for prolonged periods of time. However, these massive fortifications severely limited the growth of the cities, as it was much more difficult to move them as compared to the simple walls previously employed - to make matters worse, it was forbidden to build "outside the city gates" for strategic reasons and the cities became more and more densely populated as a result. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2848x2136, 491 KB) Description: Göttingen, Stadtmuseum, model of city, ca. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2848x2136, 491 KB) Description: Göttingen, Stadtmuseum, model of city, ca. ...
Göttingen ( ) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. ...
A small Civil War-era cannon on a carriage A cannon is any large tubular firearm designed to fire a heavy projectile over a considerable distance. ...
The point of a bastion on a reconstructed French fort in Illinois. ...
Town Hall Square of Rothenburg Rothenburg ob der Tauber is a town in the Ansbach (district) of Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia), the Franconia region of Bavaria, Germany, well known for its well-preserved medieval old town. ...
A Star Fort is a fortification in the style that evolved during the Age of Blackpowder when cannon came to dominate the battlefield. ...
Decline In the wake of city growth and the ensuing change of defensive strategy, focussing more on the defense of forts around cities, most city walls were demolished. Nowadays, the presence of former city fortifications can often only be deduced from the presence of ditches or parks. Furthermore, some street names hint at the presence of fortifications in times past, for example when words such as "gate", "wall, or "glacis" occur. Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ...
In the 19th century, less emphasis was placed on preserving the fortifications for the sake of their architectural or historical value - on the one hand, complete fortifications were restored (Carcassone), on the other hand many structures were demolished in an effort to modernise the cities. A notable exception in this is the "monument preservation" law by the Bavarian King Ludwig I., which led to the nearly complete preservation of many impressive monuments such as the Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Nördlingen and Dinkelsbühl . The countless small fortified towns in the Franken region were also preservered as a consequence of this edict. For other uses of the name Carcassonne, see Carcassonne (disambiguation). ...
Town Hall Square of Rothenburg Townwall of Rothenburg Rothenburg ob der Tauber is a town in the Ansbach (district) of Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia), the Franconia region of Bavaria, Germany, well known for its well-preserved medieval old town. ...
Nördlingen is a town in Bavaria, Germany. ...
Dinkelsbühl is a historic city in Bavaria, Germany. ...
The Franconian Rake is the symbol and unofficial coat of arms of Franconia, also appearing in emblems of many Franconian cities Franconia (German: Franken), a historic region in Germany, now forms three administrative districts of the state of Bavaria: Lower Franconia (Unterfranken), Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken), and Upper Franconia (Oberfranken). ...
Modern era Walls and fortified wall structures were built in the modern era, too. They did not, however have the original purpose of being a structure able to resist a prolonged siege or bombardment. Image File history File links Berlin_Wall_graffiti&death_strip. ...
Image File history File links Berlin_Wall_graffiti&death_strip. ...
East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 1961-11-20 In the last phase of the wall´s development, the death strip between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would-be escapees from the East. ...
The Berlin's city wall from the 1730s to the 1860s was partially made of wood. Its primary purpose was to enable the city to impose tolls on goods and, secondarily, also served to prevent the desertion of soldiers from the garrison in Berlin.
The Berlin wall was a different form of wall, in that it did not primarily serve the purpose of protection of an enclosed settlement. Its primary purpose was to prevent the crossing of the Berlin border between the DDR and the BRD exclave of west-Berlin. East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 1961-11-20 In the last phase of the wall´s development, the death strip between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would-be escapees from the East. ...
BRD is an unofficial abbreviation for Bundesrepublik Deutschland, the German name of the Federal Republic of Germany. ...
D is Bs exclave, but is not an enclave. ...
West Berlin, as of 1978. ...
Further walls of the 20th century are found in Israel where many exclaves of Jewish settlements are surrounded by fortified walls. Additionally, in some countries, different embassies may be grouped together in a single "embassy district", enclosed by a fortified complex with walls and towers - this usually occurs in regions where the embassies run a high risk of being target of attacks.
Most of these "modern" city walls are made of steel and concrete. Vertical concrete plates are put together so as to allow the least space in between them, and are rooted firmly in the ground. The top of the wall is often protruding and beset with barbed wire in order to make climbing them more difficult. These walls are usually built in straight lines and covered by watchtowers at the corners. Double walls, i.e. two walls with an interstitial "zone of fire" (cf. the Berlin wall) are rare. A selection of forms of barbed wire. ...
Africa - Zinder, Niger was well known for its city wall, the remains of which can still be seen.
Zinder is the second largest city in Niger, lying north of Kano in Nigeria. ...
Austria Vienna (German: Wien [viËn]; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: BeÄ, Czech: VÃdeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...
The Ringstraße at night The Ringstraße is a circular road surrounding the Innere Stadt district of Vienna and is one of its main sights. ...
Bruck an der Leitha is a city located in Lower Austria at the border to the Burgenland, which is marked by the Leitha river. ...
Azerbaijan - Baku, retaines most of its city walls that separate the historic Inner City from the newer parts of the city developed after 19-th century.
Satellite view of Baku The Baku harbour on the south of Absheron peninsula The Maiden Tower in old town Baku Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı), sometimes known as Baky or Baki, is the capital of Azerbaijan. ...
Canada Motto: « Don de Dieu feray valoir » (I shall put Gods gift to good use) Site in the province of Québec Official logo Provincial region Province Country Capitale-Nationale Québec Canada Gentilé Québécois, Québécoise Mayor Jean-Paul LAllier 1989-Dec. ...
Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Capital Quebec City Largest city Montréal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 2nd 1,542,056 km² 1,183,128 km² 176...
The Americas (sometimes referred to as America) is the area including the land mass located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, generally divided into North America and South America. ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Capital Quebec City Largest city Montréal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total • Land • Water (% of total) Ranked 2nd 1,542,056 km² 1,183,128 km² 176...
City motto: Concordia Salus (Latin: Well-being through harmony) Province Quebec Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area - % water 366. ...
China Location of the Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China (Simplified Chinese: 万里长城; Traditional Chinese: è¬é‡Œé•·åŸŽ; Pinyin: Wà nlÄ Chángchéng; literally 10,000 Li¹ long wall) is a Chinese fortification built from 3rd century BC until the beginning of the 17th century, in order to protect the various...
The MÃng Dynasty (Chinese: 明æœ; Pinyin: MÃng Cháo) was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. ...
Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ...
The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清æœ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China, expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing the...
Nickname: Changan Official website: http://www. ...
Beijing (Chinese: 北京; ; IPA: ), a city in northern China (formerly spelled in English as Peking or Peiking), is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...
Metro is: a general term, synonymous with rapid transit, subway or underground, for an urban underground rail public transit system (see list of rapid transit systems); any of several specific public transport systems, including: Bi-State Development Agency in Missouri and Illinois, d/b/a Metro since 2003 Buffalo Metro...
Beijing (Chinese: 北京; ; IPA: ), a city in northern China (formerly spelled in English as Peking or Peiking), is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...
The city wall of Beijing was a fortification built around 1435. ...
Nanjing (Chinese: å—京 [ ]; Romanizations: NánjÄ«ng (Pinyin) , Nan-ching (Wade-Giles), Nanking (Postal System Pinyin) ) is the capital of Chinas Jiangsu Province and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. ...
Remains of the Nanjing Ming city wall The City Wall of Nanjing was designed by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang after he founded the Ming Dynasty and established Nanjing as the capital 600 years ago. ...
Jingzhou (Simplified Chinese: è†å·ž; Traditional Chinese: èŠå·ž; pinyin: ) is a city in the Hubei province of the Peoples Republic of China, on the banks of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). ...
Pingyao (å¹³é¥, pinyin: PÃngyáo) is a Chinese county in central Shanxi province. ...
Most of the walled villages in Hong Kong are located in the New Territories. ...
The highlighted area in the map is what is commonly known as mainland China. Mainland China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½å¤§é™†; Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹å¤§é™¸; Pinyin: ZhÅnggúo Dà lù, lit. ...
Croatia - Dubrovnik has well-preserved city fortifications including towers, gate, rampart walk and two citadels guarding the docks.
- Stone walls built in 14th-16th century, at the isthmus of the Pelješac peninsula, to the north of Dubrovnik; 890 meters long town wall and 5 km Great Wall outside the town
- Karlovac city walls, built in 1579 as a six-point star with bastions.
- The town of Split retains much of its ancient wall.
- Zadar retains about half of its wall
County Dubrovnik–Neretva Area 14 335 km² Location Population 43,770 Mayor Dubravka Šuica Official website www. ...
Table of Fortification, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
This article is about a type of fortification. ...
Sedimentary, volcanic, plutonic, metamorphic rock types of North America. ...
Pelješac (Italian Sabioncello) is a peninsula in southern Croatia, in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county. ...
Karlovac is a city in central Croatia with 59,395 inhabitants (2001), center of the Karlovac county. ...
Events January 6 - The Union of Atrecht united the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain. ...
Split (Italian: Spalato, Latin: Spalatum, Greek: Aspalathos) is the largest and most important city in Dalmatia, the administrative center of Croatias Split-Dalmatia county. ...
Zadar (Italian Zara, Latin Iader or Iadera) is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, with a population of 82 000 (2005). ...
France Ramparts of the Town of Aigues-Mortes, one of the Municipalities of Languedoc. ...
Map of western Mediterranean, showing location of Arles Arles (Arle in Provençal) is a city in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône département, of which it is a sous-préfecture, in the former province of Provence. ...
View over the Rhône River to North-East with Mt Ventoux at the rear Palais des papes Square below the Palace of the Popes Paul Vs coat-of-arms on the Palais des papes The Notre Dame des Doms cathedral is located in the heart of Avignon, near...
Location within France Cathars being expelled from Carcassone in 1209. ...
Steep street from Dinan to the river Dinan is a walled Breton town and a commune in the Côtes-dArmor département, France. ...
La Couvertoirade is a village and commune in the Aveyron département, in southern France. ...
Categories: France geography stubs | Communes of Haute-Marne ...
The Maginot Line (IPA: [maʒino], named after French minister of defense André Maginot) was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy in the wake of World War II. Generally the term...
Categories: France geography stubs | Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine ...
Estonia County Harju County Mayor Jüri Ratas Area 159. ...
Germany
 The great bulwark in Büdingen Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 95 KB) Beschreibung: Das Große Bollwerk in Büdingen Ursprung: Selbst fotografiert von Hagrid am 16. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 95 KB) Beschreibung: Das Große Bollwerk in Büdingen Ursprung: Selbst fotografiert von Hagrid am 16. ...
This article has been translated, and needs attention from someone approaching dual fluency. ...
Categories: Districts of Rhineland-Palatinate ...
Annaberg-Buchholz is a town in Saxony, Germany, in the Erzgebirge, capital of the district Annaberg. ...
Map of Germany showing Amberg (currently incorrect) Amberg is a city in Bavaria, Germany. ...
Andernach is a town in the district Mayen-Koblenz, in Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, It is situated on the left bank of the Rhine river, just north of Koblenz. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Bautzen (pronounced , listen, until 1868: Budissin; Upper Sorbian: BudyÅ¡in; Lower Sorbian: BudyÅ¡yn; , listen; Polish: Budziszyn; Czech: BudyÅ¡Ãn) is a city in eastern Saxony, Germany, and capital of the eponymous district. ...
This article is about the capital city of Germany. ...
East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 1961-11-20 In the last phase of the wall´s development, the death strip between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would-be escapees from the East. ...
GDR redirects here. ...
A memorial statue in Hanko, Finland, commemorating the thousands of emigrants who left the country to start a new life in the United States Emigration is the act and the phenomenon of leaving ones native country to settle abroad. ...
Bernau bei Berlin (english Bernau near Berlin) is a german city in the Barnim district. ...
Blankenburg am Harz is a town and health resort in the district of Wernigerode, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, at the N. foot of the Harz Mountains, 12 m. ...
Boppard (or Baudobriga) is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the left bank of the Rhine. ...
Brandenburg an der Havel is a town in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. ...
This article has been translated, and needs attention from someone approaching dual fluency. ...
Dinkelsbühl is a historic city in Bavaria, Germany. ...
Known as Nordschwabens freundliche Mitte (North Swabias Friendly Center), Donauwörth is a city in the German State of Bavaria (Bayern), in the region of Swabia (Schwabenland). ...
Eichstätt (not to be confused with Eichstädt) is a town in the federal state of Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district Eichstätt. ...
Forchheims location in Germany Forchheim is a large district city in Franconia in northern Bavaria, and also the seat of the administrative region of Upper Franconia (Oberfranken in German). ...
Freiberg is the name of two cities in Germany (note there is also a Freiburg) Freiberg, Saxony Freiberg (Neckar) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Location Freinsheim is a town and a municipality in the district of Bad Dürkheim, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. ...
Fritzlar is a small German town (pop. ...
Gerolzhofen is a town in the district of Schweinfurt, Bavaria, Germany. ...
Ingolstadt is a city in the Federal State of Bavaria, Germany. ...
Jena is a town in central Germany on the River Saale. ...
Karlstadt am Main, a town on the Main river in Bavaria, Germany, is the capital of the Landkreis Main-Spessart (Main-Spessart district). ...
Kaufbeuren is an independent city in the Regierungsbezirk of Schwaben, southern Bavaria. ...
Korbach, an over 1000 year old town, is Kreisstadt (capital of the district) of Waldeck-Frankenberg in the north of Hesse (Germany). ...
Kronach is a town in Bavaria, capital of the district Kronach. ...
Landsberg am Lech is a town in the southwest of Bavaria, Germany, about 50 kilometers west of Munich and 35 kilometers south of Augsburg. ...
The small city of Mainbernheim, a medieval, walled village 4 kilometers to the south of Kitzingen (Landkreis, County Kitzingen) in the direction of Nürnberg, was first recorded in the chronicles of 889, during the reign of King Arnulf, the church being recognized by the influential bishopric of nearby W...
Memmingen is a town in the Bavarian administrative region Swabia in Germany. ...
Mühlhausen is a city in the federal state Thuringia, Germany. ...
The City of Müncheberg is a small town in Märkisch-Oderland, Germany approximately half-way between the capital of Germany, Berlin, and the German-Polish borderline. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Neubrandenburg is a city in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. ...
Neuburg an der Donau, literally Neuburg on the Danube river, is a town which is the capital of the Neuburg-Schrobenhausen district in the state of Bavaria in Germany. ...
Neustadt (new city) is a common name for cities and municipalities in the German-speaking countries. ...
Nördlingen is a town in Bavaria, Germany. ...
Nuremberg coat of arms Location of Nuremberg Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ...
Oberwesel is a town in the Rhein-Hunsrück district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. ...
Ochsenfurt is a town of Germany, in Bavaria, situated on the left bank of the River Main, here crossed by a stone bridge, 13 miles south from Würzburg by the railway to Munich, and at the junction of a line to Röttingen. ...
Pappenheim was a German statelet in western Bavaria, Germany, located on the Altmühl River between Treuchtlingen and Solnhofen, and south of Weissenburg. ...
Rostock is a city in northern Germany. ...
Town Hall Square of Rothenburg Townwall of Rothenburg Rothenburg ob der Tauber is a town in the Ansbach (district) of Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia), the Franconia region of Bavaria, Germany, well known for its well-preserved medieval old town. ...
Schongau is a small town in Bavaria, near the Alps. ...
Soest is the name of two localities, one in the Netherlands and one in Germany: Soest, Netherlands Soest, Germany and the district around Soest, Germany is also called Soest: Soest (district) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Stralsund coat of arms Stralsund (Polish: Strzałów, Strzałowo) is a city in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. ...
Templin city hall Templin is a small city in Brandenburg, Germany, with a population of 17,535 (2004). ...
Ulm is a city in the German Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg (about 100 km south-east of Stuttgart). ...
Warburg is a city in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the district Höxter. ...
Wemding is a town in the Donau-Ries district of Bavaria, Germany. ...
Weißenburg in Bayern is a city in Bavaria, Germany. ...
Würzburg is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany. ...
Zerbst is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany and the capital of the Anhalt-Zerbst district. ...
Zwickau is a city of Germany, in the Bundesland Saxony (Sachsen), situated in a valley at the foot of the Erzgebirge, on the left bank of the Zwickauer Mulde, 130 km (82 miles) southwest of Dresden, south of Leipzig and south west of Chemnitz. ...
Greece This is just a short list To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
For the village in Corinthia, see Heraklion, Corinthia. ...
Rhodes, Greek Ρόδος (pron. ...
Monemvassia (Greek: Μονεμβασία, or Monemvasia, Malvasy) is a medieval fortress with an adjacent town, located on a small peninsula off the east coast of the Peloponnese in the Greek prefecture of Laconia. ...
Ioannina (Greek: Ιωάννινα, often Γιάννενα /janena/ or Γιάννινα /janina/); is a city in Epirus, north-western Greece, with a population of approximately 100,000 including suburbs. ...
Hungary Buda (German: Ofen) is the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest on the right bank of the Danube. ...
Israel Jerusalems Old City Walls encompass an area of barely 1 km². They were built in the 16th century (1535-1538) by the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Turks after they had been razed in 1219 by al-Muazzim. ...
The Old City of Akko in the 19th or early 20th century, looking south-west from atop the Land Wall Promenade, the open space now a parking lot. ...
(17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl...
Ireland - Derry has a complete set of city walls dating from 1618, which helped protect the city during the siege of 1688.
- Pale
WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 54. ...
The Pale or the English Pale comprised a region in a radius of 20 miles around Dublin which the English in Ireland gradually fortified against incursion from Gaels. ...
Macedonia - Ohrid Ancient city wall surrounds the old part of Ohrid, which is called Varos.
Ohrid (in Macedonian: Охрид, see also different names) is a city on the eastern shore of Lake Ohrid in western Republic of Macedonia. ...
Middle East - Jericho's Ancient City Walls - probably the most ancient stone wall ever discovered.
Jericho (Arabic (help· info); ʼArīḥÄ; Hebrew (help· info); Standard Hebrew YÉ™riḥo; Tiberian Hebrew YÉ™rîḫô, YÉ™rîḥô, Greek ΊεÏιχώ = ΊεÏή ηχώ, HierÄ“ Ä“chÅ - Holy echo) is a town in the West Bank, near the Jordan River. ...
Morocco and Western Sahara Patterns in the sand Sand is an example of a class of materials called granular matter. ...
System of the Moroccan Walls in Western Sahara (territory outside them in yellow) The Moroccan Wall is a 2,720 km-long system of defensive walls/berms, running mainly through Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara. ...
The Polisario, Polisario Front, or Frente Polisario, from the Spanish abbreviation of Frente Popular de Liberación de SaguÃa el Hamra y RÃo de Oro (Peoples Liberation Front of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro) is an army and political movement in the Western Sahara, comprising...
the Netherlands Bourtange is a Dutch star fort and village in the Westerwolde region of the province of Groningen. ...
s-Hertogenbosch (literally The Dukes Forest in Dutch; translated in French as Bois-le-Duc), unofficially also called Den Bosch, is a municipality in the Netherlands, the capital of the province of North Brabant. ...
Maastricht (Dutch: Maastricht; Limburgish and city dialect: Mestreech) is a municipality, and capital of the province of Limburg. ...
Philippines Intramuros circa 1920s Intramuros, located along the southern bank of the Pasig River, is the oldest among the districts of the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. ...
Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II...
Fuerza de San Pedro is a military defence structure, built by the soldiers under the command of Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi and the Spanish Government in Cebu. ...
Cebu City is the capital of Cebu Province in the Philippines and is the second most important metropolitan center in the country. ...
Manila (Tagalog: Maynila) is the capital of the Philippines. ...
Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country, with Luzon and Visayas being the other two. ...
Description: oldtown Source: Dhirad 2004 please credit Dhirad if picture is used File links The following pages link to this file: Defensive wall Battle of Warsaw (1656) User:Deep750 Categories: GFDL images ...
Description: oldtown Source: Dhirad 2004 please credit Dhirad if picture is used File links The following pages link to this file: Defensive wall Battle of Warsaw (1656) User:Deep750 Categories: GFDL images ...
Poland - Chełmno - almost whole length of walls (2.2 km), with 17 watch towers and city gate, 13th-14th cent.
- Kraków - only the barbican, Floriańska Gate, two watch towers and some traces preserved
- Pyrzyce - until World War II best preserved city walls in Pomerania region, from 14th cent.
- Stargard Szczeciński - significant parts survived with 3 gates (including unique water gate - Brama Młyńska); one of the most interesting city walls in Poland
- Szydłów - city walls with Krakowska Gate and watch towers built in 14th cent.
- Toruń - several watch towers, three city gates and some sections (the longest and most impressive from Vistula) from 13th-15th centuries
- Warsaw - partially preserved, partially restored after World War II, barbican restored
- Zamość - complete renaissance and 19th century walls preserved
Chełmno (-Polish, German: Kulm) is a town in northern Poland with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of Chełmno Land. ...
Tomb of Kazimierz the Great St. ...
Barbican (from mediæval Latin barbecana) - a fortified outpost or gateway, such as an outer defence to a city or castle and any tower situated over a gate or bridge which was used for defence purposes. ...
Pyrzyce (Kashubian/Pomeranian: Pirzëce, see also Cities alternative names), is a town in Pomerania, north-western Poland, with some 11,000 inhabitants (1980) Capital of the Pyrzyce County in West Pomeranian Voivodship(since 1999), previously in Szczecin Voivodship (1975-1998). ...
Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II...
Stargard Szczeciński (Kashubian/Pomeranian: Stôrgard, German: Stargard in Pommern) is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with 73,000 inhabitants (1995). ...
The Mill gate The Brama Młyńska is an old city gate of Stargard Szczeciński, in Poland. ...
Szydłów is a large village in southern Poland in Świętokrzyskie Voivodship This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Toruń (Polish pronunciation: (?); German: ; Kashubian: Torń, see also other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula river. ...
Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ...
Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II...
Barbican (from mediæval Latin barbecana) - a fortified outpost or gateway, such as an outer defence to a city or castle and any tower situated over a gate or bridge which was used for defence purposes. ...
Zamość is a town in southeastern Poland with 66,633 inhabitants (2004), situated in the Lublin Voivodship (since 1999), previously capital of Zamość Voivodship (1975–1998). ...
Spain Complete name of this city: Ãvila de los Caballeros Ãvila is a town in the south of Old Castile, the capital of the province of the same name, now part of the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. ...
Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in Spain. ...
The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ...
Houses on the Onyar river in Girona Girona (Catalan: Girona, Spanish: Gerona, French: Gérone) is a city located in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the rivers Ter and Onyar. ...
Lugo is a city in northwestern Spain, the capital of the province of Lugo in the autonomous community of Galicia in Spain. ...
Location of Toledo in Spain Toledo is a city and municipality located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ...
Sweden - Visby
- Gothenburg has a part of the western city wall left, the bastion Carolus Rex at Esperanto platsen (Esperanto square) and most of the city moat is still left.
- Stockholm has a small remainder of the medieval city wall preserved.
Visby is the largest city on the Swedish island of Gotland;it is arguably the best-preserved medieval town in Scandinavia, and has become a UNESCO World Heritage Site. ...
Gothenburg (Swedish: ) ) is a city and municipality on the west-coast of Sweden, in the County of Västra Götaland. ...
The point of a bastion on a reconstructed French fort in Illinois. ...
The moated manor house of Baddesley Clinton in Warwickshire, England Moats (also known as a Fosse) were deep and wide water-filled trenches, excavated to provide a barrier against attack upon castle ramparts or other fortifications. ...
The Old town in Stockholm from the air is the capital of Sweden, located on the south east coast of Sweden. ...
Thailand - Chiang Mai The Old City is surrounded by a moat and city walls which were rebuilt in the 19th century.
A street scene in Chiang Mai, showing (centre right), a gate of the old city wall. ...
Turkey Satellite image of Istanbul and the Bosphorus Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul) is Turkeys largest city, and its cultural and economic center. ...
United Kingdom London Wall was the defensive wall built by the Romans around Londinium, their strategically important port town on the river Thames in England. ...
For other senses of this name, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
Londinium may refer to: An ancient Roman name for London (see History of London) Londinium (movie) A song by Catatonia A fictional planet in the TV show Firefly, (see moons and planets in Firefly) Londinivm, a free MMORPG. Londinium (album), an album by the band Archive This is a disambiguation...
Interior showing the Mayors state coach The Museum of London documents the history of London from the Palaeolithic to the present day. ...
Tower Hill is an elevated spot outside the Tower of London and just outside the limits of the City of London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. ...
The city of York in Yorkshire, England has, since Roman times, been defended with walls of one form or another. ...
The Precinct in Coventry city centre. ...
Events February 1 - The Chinese pirate Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. ...
The Newcastle town wall is a defensive wall located in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. ...
This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ...
(17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Map sources for Berwick-upon-Tweed at grid reference NT9952 Berwick-upon-Tweed from across the river Berwick-upon-Tweed, (pronounced Berrick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost town in England, situated on the east coast on the mouth of the river Tweed. ...
For other uses, see Bath (disambiguation). ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
Caernarfon, 2002 Caernarfon (the Welsh spelling is now normally used in preference over the anglicised forms, Caernarvon or Carnarvon) is a royal town in north-west Wales. ...
Canterbury is a cathedral city in east Kent in South East England and is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Primate of All England and nominal head of the Anglican Communion. ...
This article is about Chester in England. ...
Chichester is a small city in the south of England, in the county of West Sussex, with a population of about 25,000. ...
Conwy (formerly anglicised as Conway) is a town in Conwy county borough, North Wales, United Kingdom, which faces the resort of Llandudno across the Conwy Estuary. ...
WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 54. ...
The city of Exeter is the county town of Devon, in England, UK. It is located at , . In the 2001 census its population was recorded at 111,066. ...
Broad St at the heart of Stirlings Old Town area called Top of the Town by locals on a rare snowy day Stirling Castle (Southwest aspect) The main courtyard inside Stirling Castle. ...
Southampton is a city and major port situated on the south coast of England. ...
Map sources for Warwick at grid reference SP2865 Warwick (pronounced warrick ) is the historic county town of Warwickshire in England and has a population of 25,434 (2001 census). ...
The Antonine Wall, looking east, from Barr Hill between Twechar and Croy The Antonine Wall, remains of Roman fortlet, Barr Hill, near Twechar Location of Hadrians Wall and the Antonine Wall in Scotland and Northern England. ...
Pieces of Hadrians Wall remain near Greenhead and along the route, though large sections have been dismantled over the years to use the stones for various nearby construction projects. ...
United States For other uses, see Wall Street (disambiguation). ...
Nickname: The Big Apple, The Capital of the World Official website: City of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ...
Rampart Street is a four-lane thoroughfare in the City of New Orleans, Louisiana. ...
New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ...
French Quarter: upper Chartres street looking down towards Jackson Square and the spires of St. ...
See also This article is about a type of fortification. ...
The Amsterdamse Poort, the only remaining city gate of Haarlem, the Netherlands, was built in 1355. ...
Table of Fortification, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
tubgirl. ...
A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. ...
Medieval fortification is the military aspect of Medieval technology that covers the development of fortification construction and use in Europe roughly from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance. ...
A siege is a prolonged military blockade and assault of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition. ...
References - Monika Porsche: Stadtmauer und Stadtentstehung - Untersuchungen zur frühen Stadtbefestigung im mittelalterlichen Deutschen Reich. - Hertingen, 2000. ISBN 3-930327-07-4
- Defensive Walls in German Wikipedia
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