NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Defraud

In the broadest sense, a fraud is a deception made for personal gain, although it has a more specific legal meaning, the exact details varying between jurisdictions. Many hoaxes are fraudulent, although those not made for personal gain are not best described in this way. Not all frauds are hoaxes - electoral fraud, for example. Fraud permeates many areas of life, including art, archaelogogy and science. In the broad legal sense a fraud is any crime or civil wrong for gain that utilises some deception practiced on the victim as its principal method. A hoax is an attempt to trick an audience into believing that something false is real. ... Electoral fraud is the deliberate interference with the process of an election. ... Art forgery means creating and especially selling works of art that are falsely attributed to be work of other, usually more famous artists. ... Archaeological forgery is a manufacture of supposedly ancient items that are sold to the antiquities market and may even end up in the collections of museums. ... Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in professional scientific research. ... Law (a loanword from Danish- Norwegian lov), in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules or norms of conduct which mandate, proscribe or permit specified relationships among people and organizations, provide methods for ensuring the impartial treatment of such people, and provide punishments for those who do not follow...

In criminal law, fraud is the crime or offense of deliberately deceiving another in order to damage them -- usually, to obtain property or services from him unjustly.[1] (http://www.lectlaw.com/def/f079.htm). Fraud can be accomplished through the aid of forged objects. In criminal law it is called "theft by deception." Fraud can be committed through many methods, including mail, wire, phone, and the Internet. Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of law that regulates governmental sanctions (such as imprisonment and/or fines) as retaliation for crimes against the social order. ... Deception is providing intentionally misleading information to others. ... Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive (fraud is the use of objects obtained through forgery). ... This article needs cleanup. ... Wire fraud is a legal concept in the United States Code which provides for enhanced penalty of any criminal activity if it is determined that the occurrence of the crime involved electronic communications of any sort, at any phase of the event. ... Whether in the form of the consumer attempting to defraud the telephone company, the telephone company attempting to defraud the consumer, or a third party attempting to defraud either of them, fraud has been a part of the telephone system almost from the beginning. ...

Fraud, in addition to being a criminal act, is also a type of civil law violation known as a tort. A tort is a civil wrong for which the law provides a remedy. A civil fraud typically involves the act of making a false representation of a fact susceptible of actual knowledge which is relied upon by another person, to that person's detriment. A bait and switch is a form of fraud in which the fraudster lures in customers by advertising a good at an unprofitably low price, then reveals to potential customers that the advertised good is not available but that a substitute good is. ... A confidence trick, confidence game, or con for short (also known as a scam) is an attempt to intentionally mislead a person or persons (known as the mark) usually with the goal of financial or other gain. ... The Spanish Prisoner is a confidence game dating back to at least the 17th century. ... The shell game (also known as thimblerig) is a gambling game, often used to perpetrate fraud. ... False advertising is an act of deliberately misleading a potential client about a product, service or a company in general by reporting false or misrepresenting information or data in advertising or other promotional materials. ... Identity theft is the deliberate assumption of another persons identity, usually to gain access to their finances or frame them for a crime. ... False billing is a fraudulant act of invoicing or otherwise requesting funds from an individual or firm without showing obligation to pay. ... Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive (fraud is the use of objects obtained through forgery). ... Quackery is the practice of fraudulent medicine, usually in order to make money or for ego gratification and power. ... Quackery is the practice of fraudulent medicine, usually in order to make money or for ego gratification and power. ... A long firm is a trading company set up for fraudulent purposes; the basic operation is to run the company as an apparently legitimate business, gradually extending the amount of cash advances from customers at the same time as increasing the amount of credit from suppliers; when the pot is... Insurance fraud or false insurance claims are insurance claims filed with the intent to defraud an insurance company. ... Securities are tradeable interests representing financial value. ... The financial fraud known as pump and dump involves artificially inflating the price of a stock or other security through promotion, in order to sell at the inflated price. ... In the common law, a tort is a civil wrong for which the law provides a remedy. ...

English Law

In England and Wales fraud is a generic term used to describe a number of offences in which the overriding component is that of deception. There are allied torts at civil law such as Conversion. Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... For alternate meanings, see Wales (disambiguation) National motto: Cymru am byth (Welsh: Wales for ever) Official languages: English and Welsh Capital: Cardiff First Minister: Rhodri Morgan AM Area - Total: - % water: Ranked 3rd UK 20,779 km² xx% Population - Total (2001): - Density: Ranked 3rd UK 2,903,085 140/km² NUTS...

Each of the criminal offences have a further common element of dishonesty, although in some there is no requirement that the dishonest person is intent on gaining himself, it is sufficient that he has an intent to cause to loss to another. Dishonesty is a term which in common usage may be defined as the act of being dishonest; to act without honesty; a lack of probity, to cheat, lying or being deliberately deceptive; lacking in integrity; to be knavish, perfidious, corrupt or treacherous; charlatanism or quackery. ...

The criminal offences of fraud are to be found, principally, in the Theft Act 1968, the Theft Act 1978 and the Theft (Amendment) Act 1996 which created the new offence of Obtaining a Money Transfer by Deception. More specific offences may be found in other statutes such as Impersonation of a Police Officer as defined in Sec. 90 of the Police Act 1996; or Using a Forged Instrument within the terms of the Forgery & Counterfeiting Act 1981 (previously an offence known under the somewhat prosaic term of "Uttering"). The Theft Act 1968 (1968 c. ...

Known and alleged fraudsters and various forms of fraud

Alves Reis (????-1955) was a Portuguese businessman who forged real money on the large scale to gain control of Bank of Portugal. ... The escudo was the official currency of Portugal prior to the introduction of the euro in January 1, 1999 (euro coins and notes were not introduced until 2002). ... Frank William Abagnale, Jr. ... An impostor (or imposter, a common variant) is a person who pretends to be somebody else. ... Ivan Frederick Boesky (born March 6, 1937) was notable for his prominent role in an insider trading scandal that occurred in the mid-1980s. ... There are two kinds of trading that are referred to as insider trading: Trading of a security of a company (, shares or options) based on material nonpublic information. ... Cassie L. Chadwick (October 10, 1857 _ October 10, 1907) is the most famous name of a Canadian-born woman who defrauded Cleveland, Ohio banks by claiming to be an illegitimate daughter of Andrew Carnegie. ... Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835–August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist. ... Tino De Angelis was a New York-based commodities trader who bought and sold vegetable oil futures around the world. ... John T. Draper, also known as Captain Crunch (after Capn Crunch, the mascot of a breakfast cereal), was a phone phreaker. ... Phreaking is a slang term for the action of making a telephone system do something that it normally should not allow—in the words of one former practitioner, making the phone company bend over and grab its ankles. Sometimes, phreaking will be considered illegal, like in the act of toll... For other men with this name, see the disambiguation page: William Duer. ... The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department, a treasury, of the United States government established by an Act of U.S. Congress in 1789 to manage the revenue of the United States government. ... Billie Sol Estes (b. ... Megan Louise Ireland (born August 18, 1967) is a notable Australian con artist and thief who was involved in a worldwide Lotto scam and identity fraud. ... Ivar Kreuger (March 2, 1880–March 12, 1932) was a Swedish financier and industrialist. ... Poyais was 1820s fraudulent Central American country and creation of its supposed cazique Gregor MacGregor who used it to entice investment and even colonization. ... Poyais was 1820s fraudulent Central American country and creation of its supposed cazique Gregor MacGregor who used it to entice investment and even colonization. ... Robert Maxwel Ian Robert Maxwell (June 10, 1923 – November 5, 1991), British media proprietor, rose from poverty to build a great publishing empire, but was revealed after his mysterious death to have been misusing staff pension funds on a massive scale to prop up his ailing empire. ... Gaston Bullock Means, a. ... Mike Milken in 1984 Michael Robert Milken is a prominent American financier who almost single-handidly created a market for junk bonds during the 1980s. ... Barry Minkow (born March 17, 1967) was an American teenage entrepreneur who managed to present the front of a successful businessman for a number of years during the 1980s. ... Frederick Emerson Peters (1885-1959) was a US impostor who wrote bad checks masquerading as scholars and famous people. ... Charles Ponzi (1882–January 18, 1949) was an Italian immigrant to the United States who became one of the greatest swindlers in American history. ... A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation that involves paying returns to investors out of the money raised from subsequent investors, rather than from profits generated by any real business. ... Christopher Rocancourt (1967?) is a French-born impostor who defrauded celebrities in Hollywood and masqueraded as a Rockefeller. ... For other uses, see Hollywood (disambiguation) Greetings from Hollywood Hollywood is a district of the City of Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., that runs from about Vermont Avenue on the east to just beyond Laurel Canyon Boulevard above Sunset and Crescent Heights Boulevards on the west; the north to... Robert Vesco (born December 4, 1935) is a US financier who fled Securities and Exchange Commission and ended up in Cuba. ...

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Known and alleged fraudsters and various forms of fraud

See also

English Law