საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Democratic Republic of Georgia ← 1918 – 1921 → Flag Coat of arms Anthem Dideba Zetsit Kurtheuls ("Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings") Map of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from November 1918 to May 1920. Capital Tbilisi Language(s) Georgian Religion Georgian Orthodox Christianity Government Republic Chairman  - 1918 Noe Ramishvili  - 1918-1921 Noe Zhordania Historical era Interwar period  - Established May 26, 1918  - Soviet invasion 11 February 1921  - Soviet annexation 25 February, 1921 Population  - 1919 est. c. 2,500,000  Currency Georgian maneti

The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა, Sakartvelos Demokratiuli Respublika), 1918–1921, was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia. Flag Russian Transcaucasia immediately prior to the formation of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_Federation. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg‎ Flag of the Transcaucasian SFSR File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Soviet Union Republics of the Soviet Union Estonian SSR Byelorussian SSR Kazakh SSR Turkmen SSR Karelo-Finnish SSR... The Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic was a short-lived (1922-1936) Soviet republic, consisting of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, which were traditionally known as the Transcaucasian Republics in the Soviet Union. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Georgia_(1990-2004). ... Image File history File links Georgia_COA_1918-1921. ... Flag ratio: 2:3 The official flag of Georgia is the five-cross flag, restored to official use on January 14, 2004 after a break of some 500 years. ... This is Georgias coat of arms adopted on 1 October 2004. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogising the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognised either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Dideba zetsit kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings, დიდეგა ზეცით კურთეულს in Georgian) is the old national anthem of Georgia. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x1123, 725 KB)The Democratic Republic of Georgia from November 1918 to May 1920. ... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... Location of Tbilisi in Georgia Coordinates: , Country Georgia Established c. ... The Georgian Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church (Saqartvelos Samotsiqulo Avtokepaluri Martlmadidebeli Eklesia in Georgian language) is one of the worlds most ancient Christian Churches, founded in the 1st century by the Apostle Andrew. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Prime Minister of Georgia is the most senior minister within the Cabinet of the Republic of Georgia. ... Noe Ramishvili Noe Ramishvili (Georgian: ; his name is also transliterated as Noah or Noi) (1881 - December 7, 1930) was a Georgian politician and one of the leaders of the Menshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. ... Noe Zhordania Noe Zhordania (January 2, 1868 – January 11, 1953) was a Georgian journalist and politician. ... Europe between 1929 and 1938. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants •  Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic •  Republic of Turkey •  Georgian SSR •  Democratic Republic of Georgia Commanders •  Anatoli Gekker • Mikhail Velikanov • Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze •  Kazım Karabekir • Giorgi Kvinitadze • Giorgi Mazniashvili • Valiko Jugheli Strength ~50,000 (Red Army) ~35,000 Casualties Unknown, dead estimated at 5,500 Soviet soldiers Unknown, dead estimated... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The maneti (მანეთი) was the currency of the Democratic Republic of Georgia and the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic between 1919 and 1923. ...

The DRG was created after the collapse of the Russian Empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917. Its established borders were with Russia and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus in the north, Ottoman Empire, Democratic Republic of Armenia, and Azerbaijan in the south. It had a total land area of roughly 107,600 km² (by comparison, the total area of today's Georgia is 69,700 km²), and a population of 2.5 million. The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Flag Capital Temir-Khan-Shura Language(s) Chechen, Ingush, Ossetic, Dagestani languages Government Republic Historical era Interwar period  - Independence March, 1917  - Incorporated by the Soviet Union June, 1920 Currency Ruble The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC; also known as the Mountain Republic or the Republic of the Mountaineers... Ottoman redirects here. ... Motto None Anthem Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland) Map of the Democratic Republic of Armenia from March 1919 to March 1920. ...

Georgia's capital was Tbilisi, and its state language was Georgian. Proclaimed on May 26, 1918, on the break-up of the Transcaucasian Federation, it was led by the Social Democratic Menshevik party. Facing permanent internal and external problems, the young state was unable to withstand the invasion by the Russian SFSR Red Armies, and collapsed between February and March of 1921 to become a Soviet republic. Location of Tbilisi in Georgia Coordinates: , Country Georgia Established c. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Trans-Caucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TCDFR, Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Рес&#1087... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Leaders of the Menshevik Party at Norra Bantorget in Stockholm, Sweden, May 1917. ... State motto: Russian: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Moscow Official language Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until November 7, 1917 November 7, 1917 December 12, 1991 (dissolution) Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 1st in the USSR 17,075,200 km² 13% Population  - Total   - Density Ranked 1st in the... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... State motto: პროლეტარ ყველა ქვეყნისა, შეერთდით! Official language Georgian since 1978 Capital Tbilisi Chairman of the Supreme Council Zviad Gamsakhurdia (at independence) Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until February 25, 1921 December 30, 1922 April 9, 1991 Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 10th in former Soviet Union 69,700 km² -- Population  - Total (1989)  - Density Ranked...

Background

After the February Revolution of 1917 and collapse of the Tsarist administration in the Caucasus, most power was held by the Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom, short for Osobyi Zakavkazskii Komitet) of the Provisional Government. All of the Soviets in Georgia were firmly controlled by the Mensheviks, who followed the lead of the Petrograd Soviet and supported the Provisional Goverjhjhghfhfytfdtrdytfjhgjhghhgghhggggh shitttttnment. The Bolshevist coup in October changed the situation drastically. The Caucasian soviets refused to recognize Lenin's regime. Threats from the increasingly Bolshevistic deserting soldiers of the former Caucasus army, ethnic clashes and anarchy in the region forced the Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani politicians to create a unified regional authority known as the Transcaucasian Commissariat (November 14, 1917) and later a legislature, the Sejm (January 23, 1918). On April 22 1918, the Sejm declared the Transcaucasus an independent democratic federation. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Росси́йская Импе́рия, (also Imperial Russia) covers the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great into the Russian Empire stretching from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom : Osobyi Zakavkazskii Komitet, Особый Закавказский Комитет) was established in 1917 by the Russian Provisional Government in the Transcaucasia as the highest organ of civil administrative body. ... The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire and the abdication of the Tsars. ... Soviet redirects here. ... Leaders of the Menshevik Party at Norra Bantorget in Stockholm, Sweden, May 1917. ... An assembly of the Petrograd Soviet, 1917 The Petrograd Soviet, or the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies, was the council set up in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg, Russia) in March 1917 as the representative body of the citys workers. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... The Trans-Caucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TCDFR, Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Рес&#1087...

Many Georgians, influenced by the ideas of Ilia Chavchavadze and other intellectuals from the late 19th century, insisted on national independence. A cultural national awakening was further strengthened by the restoration of the autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church (12 March 1917) and establishment of a national university in Tbilisi (1918). In contrast, the Georgian Mensheviks regarded the independence from Russia as a temporary step against the Bolshevik revolution and considered the calls for Georgia's independence chauvinistic and separatist. The union of Transcaucasus was short-lived though. Undermined by increasing internal tensions and the pressure from the German and Ottoman empires, the Federation collapsed on May 26, 1918 when Georgia declared independence followed by Armenia and Azerbaijan within the next two days. Prince Ilia Chavchavadze, known as Saint Ilia the Righteous, (October 27, 1837-August 30, 1907) was a prominent figure of new Georgian literature, famous public benefactor, jurist, leader of the Georgias National-liberation movement in 1861-1907. ... The Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church is one of the worlds most ancient Christian Churches, founded in the 1st century by the Apostle Andrew. ... Image:TSU2. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

History

The Meeting of the National Council (May 26, 1918)

Georgia was immediately recognized by Germany and the Ottoman Empire. The young state had to place itself under German protection and to cede its largely Muslim-inhabited regions (including the cities of Batum, Ardahan, Artvin, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki) to the Ottoman government (Treaty of Batum, June 4). However, German support enabled the Georgians to repel the Bolshevik threats from Abkhazia. The German forces were almost certainly under the command of Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein. The British-held Batum remained, however, out of Georgia's control until 1920. On December 25 1918, a British force was deployed also in Tbilisi. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... The Treaty of Poti was a provisional agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... A view of Batumi, circa, 1911, towards the mountains Batumi (also Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city (population: approximately 137,000) on the Black Sea coast and capital of Ajaria, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia. ... shows the Location of the Province Ardahan Ardahan is a province in the northwestern-most corner of Turkey, along part of the border with Georgia. ... Artvin is a city in north-eastern Turkey. ... Akhaltsikhe (old name - Lomsia and Ahıska) is a small city in southwestern Georgia, Mkhare (Province) of Samtskhe-Javakheti. ... Akhalkalaki (Georgian for New City) is a small Armenian (and old) city in the Georgias southern region of Javakheti. ... Capital Sokhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Georgian Government  -  Chairman, Cabinet of Ministers  -  Chairman, Supreme Council Temur Mzhavia Autonomous republic of Georgia  -  Georgian independence Declared Recognised 9 April 1991 25 December 1991  Currency Georgian lari (GEL) Anthem Aiaaira Capital Sukhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Russian1 Government  -  President Sergei Bagapsh  -  Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab... The German Caucasus Expedition was a military expedition sent by the German Empire to the formerly Russian Transcaucasia during the World War I, its prime aim being securing oil supplies to Germany and stabilizing a nascent pro-German Democratic Republic of Georgia. ... Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein (April 24, 1870 - October 16, 1948) was a German General and a member of the group of German officers who assisted in the direction of the Ottoman Army during World War I. Kress von Kressenstein was part of Otto Liman von Sanders military mission to... Location of Tbilisi in Georgia Coordinates: , Country Georgia Established c. ...

This article is part of the series on: Image File history File links Size of this preview: 504 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (600 × 714 pixels, file size: 116 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... History of Georgia Georgia has one of the world’s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ...

Prehistoric Georgia

Colchis

Egrisi

Caucasian Iberia

Medieval History

Tao-Klarjeti

Kingdom of Abkhazeti-Egrisi

Russian Rule

Georgia Under Imperial Russia

Early Independence

Democratic Republic of Georgia

Soviet Georgia

Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

March 9 Tragedy

April 9 Tragedy

Modern Georgia

Republic of Georgia

Georgian Civil War

Rose Revolution

Post-Shevardnadze

History By Autonomous Republics

History of Abkhazia

History of Adjara This box: view • talk • edit

Georgia's relations with the neighbours were uneasy. Territorial disputes with Armenia, Denikin's White Russian government and Azerbaijan led to armed conflicts in the first two cases. A British military mission attempted to mediate these conflicts in order to consolidate all anti-Bolshevik forces in the region. The prehistory of Georgia is the period between the first human habitation of the territory of modern-day nation of Georgia and the time when Assyrian and Urartian, and more firmly, the Classical accounts, brought the proto-Georgian tribes into the scope of recoded history. ... In ancient geography, Colchis (sometimes spelled also as Kolchis) (Greek: Κολχίς, kŏl´kĬs; Georgian: კოლხეთი, Kolkheti) was a nearly triangular district in Caucasus. ... Egrisi (or Kolkheti) known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Lazica and Persians as Lazistan was a kingdom in the western part of Georgia, which flourished between the 6th century BC and the 7th century AD. It covered the territory of the former kingdom Kolkha (Colchis) and the territory... Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. ... Tao-Klarjeti is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian principalities, now forming part of north-eastern Turkey and divided among the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Ardahan and Kars. ... The Abkhazian Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Abkhazians refers to an early medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which lasted from the 780s until being united, through dynastic succession, with the Kingdom of the Georgians (see Tao-Klarjeti) in 1008. ... Georgia has one of the world’s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ... State motto: პროლეტარ ყველა ქვეყნისა, შეერთდით! Official language Georgian since 1978 Capital Tbilisi Chairman of the Supreme Council Zviad Gamsakhurdia (at independence) Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until February 25, 1921 December 30, 1922 April 9, 1991 Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 10th in former Soviet Union 69,700 km² -- Population  - Total (1989)  - Density Ranked... The article refers to a bloody crackdown of peaceful demonstration by the Soviet troops in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR on March 9, 1956. ... The April 9 tragedy refers to the events in Tbilisi, Georgia on April 9, 1989, when an anti-Soviet demonstration was dispersed by the Soviet army, resulting in 20 deaths and hundreds of injuries. ... Georgia has one of the world’s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ... The Georgian Civil War consisted of inter-ethnic conflicts in the regions of South Ossetia (1991-1992) and Abkhazia (1992-1993), as well as the overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia and his subsequent uprising in an attempt to regain power (1991-1993). ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Georgia has one of the world’s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ... Georgia is divided into two autonomous republics (Georgian: ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა) and ten regions (Georgian: მხარე). The autonomous republics (Abkhazia and Ajaria) were established during the soviet regime and are recognized by the modern Georgian Constitution. ... The article refers to the history of Georgia’s autonomous republic of Abkhazia. ... The article refers to the history of Georgia’s autonomous province of Adjaria. ... Image File history File links Bagrationgerbial75674. ... Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. ... In ancient geography, Colchis (sometimes spelled also as Kolchis) (Greek: Κολχίς, kŏl´kĬs; Georgian: კოლხეთი, Kolkheti) was a nearly triangular district in Caucasus. ... Egrisi (or Kolkheti) known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Lazica and Persians as Lazistan was a kingdom in the western part of Georgia, which flourished between the 6th century BC and the 7th century AD. It covered the territory of the former kingdom Kolkha (Colchis) and the territory... Georgia has one of the world’s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ... Tao-Klarjeti is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian principalities, now forming part of north-eastern Turkey and divided among the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Ardahan and Kars. ... The Abkhazian Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Abkhazians refers to an early medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which lasted from the 780s until being united, through dynastic succession, with the Kingdom of the Georgians (see Tao-Klarjeti) in 1008. ... Hereti was a historic province in eastern Georgia. ... Categories: Caucasus geography stubs | Georgia (country) ... Kartli is the largest and most populated province of Eastern Georgia. ... Imereti is a historic province in Western Georgia, situated along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni river. ... State motto: პროლეტარ ყველა ქვეყნისა, შეერთდით! Official language Georgian since 1978 Capital Tbilisi Chairman of the Supreme Council Zviad Gamsakhurdia (at independence) Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until February 25, 1921 December 30, 1922 April 9, 1991 Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 10th in former Soviet Union 69,700 km² -- Population  - Total (1989)  - Density Ranked... Motto ძალა ერთობაშია(Georgian) Strength is in Unity Anthem Tavisupleba Freedom Capital (and largest city) Tbilisi Official languages Georgian1 Demonym Georgian Government Semi-presidential unitary republic  -  President Mikheil Saakashvili  -  Prime Minister Zurab Noghaideli Consolidation  -  Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia c. ... Anton Denikin on the day of his resignation in 1920 Anton Ivanovich Denikin (Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин) (December 16, 1872 - August 8, 1947) was a Russian army officer before and during... White Army redirects here. ...

Noe Ramishvili became the first leader of the DRG. In 1930, he was assassinated by a Bolshevik spy in Paris

On February 14 1919, Georgia held parliamentary elections won by the Social Democrats with 81.5% of the votes. On March 21, Noe Zhordania formed a new government, thus consolidating much power in the hanimes, leading to armed peasants' revolts excited by the local Bolshevik activists and largely supported from Russia, and becoming more troublesome when carried out by ethnic minorities such as Abkhazians and Ossetians. Image File history File links Noeramishvilipic. ... Image File history File links Noeramishvilipic. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Noe Zhordania Noe Zhordania (January 2, 1868 – January 11, 1953) was a Georgian journalist and politician. ... Capital Sokhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Georgian Government  -  Chairman, Cabinet of Ministers  -  Chairman, Supreme Council Temur Mzhavia Autonomous republic of Georgia  -  Georgian independence Declared Recognised 9 April 1991 25 December 1991  Currency Georgian lari (GEL) Anthem Aiaaira Capital Sukhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Russian1 Government  -  President Sergei Bagapsh  -  Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab... Anthem unknown Capital Tskhinvali Official languages Ossetian1 Government  -  President Eduard Kokoity  -  Prime Minister Yury Morozov De facto independence from Georgia  -  Declared November 28, 1991   -  Recognition none  Currency Russian ruble (RUB) Russian in widespread use by government and other institutions. ...

However, the land reform was finally well handled by the Menshevik government and the country established a multi-party system in sharp contrast with the "dictatorship of the proletariat" established by the Bolsheviks in Russia. In 1919, the reforms in judicial system and local self-governance were carried out. Abkhazia was granted autonomy. Yet, ethnic issues continued to trouble the country, especially on the side of the Ossetians as in May 1920. Some contemporaries observed also increasing nationalism among the Mensheviks. The Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1918-1920) comprised a series of uprisings, which took place in the Ossetian-inhabited areas of what is now South Ossetia, a breakaway republic in Georgia, against the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic and then the Menshevik-dominated Democratic Republic of Georgia which claimed several thousands of...

The year 1920 was marked by increased threats from the Russian SFSR. With the defeat of the White movement and the Red Armies' advance toward the Caucasus frontiers, the situation around the DRG became extremely tense. In January, the Soviet leadership offered Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan to form an alliance against the White armies in South Russia and the Caucasus. The Government of the DRG refused to enter any military alliance, referring to its policy of neutrality and noninterference, but suggested to start negotiations on political settlement of the relations between two countries in the hope that this would apparently lead to the recognition of Georgia's independence by Moscow. Severe criticism of the Georgian refusal by the Russian leaders was followed by several attempts of local Communists to organize mass anti-governmental protests, which ended unsuccessfully. State motto: Russian: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Moscow Official language Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until November 7, 1917 November 7, 1917 December 12, 1991 (dissolution) Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 1st in the USSR 17,075,200 km² 13% Population  - Total   - Density Ranked 1st in the... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

The leaders of the Second International visit Tbilisi, 1920

In April 1920, the 11th Red Army established a Soviet regime in Azerbaijan, and the Georgian Bolshevik Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze requested from Moscow permission to advance into Georgia. Though official consent was not given by Lenin and Sovnarkom, local Bolsheviks attempted to seize the Military School of Tbilisi as a preliminary to a coup d'état on May 3, 1920, but were successfully repulsed by General Kvinitadze. Georgian government began mobilization and appointed Kvinitadze as commander-in-chief. In the meantime, in response to Georgia's alleged assistance to the Azeri nationalist rebellion in Ganja, Soviet forces attempted to penetrate Georgian territory, but were repelled by Kvinitadze in brief border clashes at the Red Bridge. In a few days, peace talks were resumed in Moscow. By the controversial Moscow Peace Treaty of May 7, Georgian independence was recognized in return for the legalization of Bolshevik organizations and a commitment not to allow foreign troops on Georgian soil. Image File history File links International_II_leaders_in_Tiflis. ... Image File history File links International_II_leaders_in_Tiflis. ... The Second International was an organization formed in 1889 (after several years of preparation) by socialist and labour parties who wished to work together for international socialism. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... Grigoriy Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze (Russian:Григорий Константинович Орджоникидзе), generally known as Sergo Ordzhonikidze (Серго) (October 12, 1886 - February 18, 1937) was a member of the Politburo, and close friend to Stalin. ... This article or section should be merged with Peoples Commissar Sovnarkom (Russian language СовНарКом, the abbreviation of the phrase Совет Народных Комиссар&#1086... Giorgi Kvinitadze (in Georgian: გიორგი კვინიტაძე) (1874_1970) was a Georgian general and one of the most prominent military leaders of the Democratic Republic of Georgia. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... Ganja (Azerbaijani GÉ™ncÉ™) is Azerbaijans second largest city. ... The Democratic Republic of Georgia The Treaty of Moscow (Russian: , Georgian: , Moskovis khelshekruleba), signed between Soviet Russia (RSFSR) and the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) in Moscow on May 7, 1920, granted Georgia de jure recognition of independence in exchange of the promise not to grant asylum on Georgian soil...

Refused entry into the League of Nations, Georgia gained de jure recognition from the Allies on 27 January 1921. This, however, did not prevent the country from being attacked by Soviet Russia a month later. The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919–1920. ...

After Azerbaijan and Armenia had been Sovietized by the Red Army, Georgia found itself surrounded by hostile Soviet republics. In addition, as the British had already evacuated the Caucasus, the country was left without any foreign support. Sovietization is term that may be used with two distinct (but related) meanings: the adoption of a political system based on the model of soviets (workers councils). ...

The 11th Red Army occupies Tbilisi. 25 February 1921

According to Soviet sources, relations with Georgia deteriorated over alleged violations of the peace treaty, re-arrests of Georgian Bolsheviks, obstructiveness to the passage of convoys passing through to Armenia, and a strong suspicion that Georgia was aiding armed rebels in the North Caucasus. On the other hand, Georgia accused Moscow of fomenting anti-governmental riots in various regions of the country, and of provoking border incidents in Zaqatala region, disputed with the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Lorri “neutral zone” was another challenge as Soviet Armenia categorically demanded that Georgia withdraw its troops stationed in the region since the fall of the Armenian Republic. Image File history File links Red_Army_in_Tiflis;_Feb_25_1921. ... Image File history File links Red_Army_in_Tiflis;_Feb_25_1921. ... Municipality: Zaqatala Altitude: 500m Population: 35,000 census Zaqatala is a rayon of Azerbaijan. ... Motto: None Anthem: AzÉ™rbaycan Respublikasının DövlÉ™t Himni March of Azerbaijan Map of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic from 1919 to 1920. ... Categories: Stub | Provinces of Armenia ... State motto: Armenian: ÕŠÖ€Õ¸Õ¬Õ¥Õ¿Õ¡Ö€Õ¶Õ¥Ö€ Õ¢Õ¸Õ¬Õ¸Ö€ Õ¥Ö€Õ¯Ö€Õ¶Õ¥Ö€Õ«, միացեք! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Yerevan Official language Armenian and Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until November 29, 1920 December 30, 1922 September 21, 1991 Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 15th in the USSR 29,800 km² 4. ...

Government and law

The Act of Independence of Georgia declared on May 26 1918, in brief, outlined the main principles of the nation's future democracy. In accordance with it, “the Democratic Republic of Georgia equally guarantees to every citizen within her limits, political rights irrespective of nationality, creed, social rank or sex". The first government formed the same day was led by Noe Ramishvili. In October 1918, the National Council of Georgia was renamed into Parliament which prepared new elections held on February 14 1919. Noe Ramishvili Noe Ramishvili (Georgian: ; his name is also transliterated as Noah or Noi) (1881 - December 7, 1930) was a Georgian politician and one of the leaders of the Menshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. ...

Noe Zhordania, the Menshevik leader and the second Head of the Government of the DRG

During its two-year history (1919–1921), the newly elected Constituent Assembly adopted 126 laws. Notably, the laws on citizenship, local elections, the country's defence, official language, agriculture, legal system, political and administrative arrangements for ethnic minorities (including an act about the People's Council of Abkhazia), a national system of public education, and some other laws and regulations on fiscal/monetary policy, the Georgian railways, trade and domestic production, etc. On February 21, 1921, facing the onset of Soviet aggression, the Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, the first modern fundamental law in the nation's history. Image File history File links Noe_Zhordania. ... Image File history File links Noe_Zhordania. ... Noe Zhordania Noe Zhordania (January 2, 1868 – January 11, 1953) was a Georgian journalist and politician. ... Capital Sokhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Georgian Government  -  Chairman, Cabinet of Ministers  -  Chairman, Supreme Council Temur Mzhavia Autonomous republic of Georgia  -  Georgian independence Declared Recognised 9 April 1991 25 December 1991  Currency Georgian lari (GEL) Anthem Aiaaira Capital Sukhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Russian1 Government  -  President Sergei Bagapsh  -  Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab...

Chairman of the Government was the chief executive post approved by the parliament for one-year terms of office (the post could not be held more than two times running). The chairman assigned ministers, and was responsible for governing the country and represented Georgia in foreign relations. The Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile continued to be recognized by Europe as the only legal government of Georgia for some time. 1919 Goverment of Georgia adopted law on jury trials. Right to jury trials was later incorporated into Constitution of Democratic Republic of Georgia of 1921. Noe Zhordania remained the head of the government in its French exile. ... For the 1980s television show, see Trial by Jury. ... For the 1980s television show, see Trial by Jury. ...

Political geography

Soviet and Turk invasion of Georgia in 1921

Georgia's 1918–1921 borders were formed through the border conflicts with its neighbours and ensuing treaties and conventions. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x2531, 560 KB)The Transcaucasus Campaign of the Red Army, 1921. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x2531, 560 KB)The Transcaucasus Campaign of the Red Army, 1921. ...

In the north, Georgia was bordered by various Russian Civil War polities until the Bolshevik power was established in North Caucasus in the spring of 1920. The international border between Soviet Russia and Georgia was regulated by the 1920 Moscow Treaty. During the Sochi conflict with the Russian White movement, Georgia briefly controlled the Sochi district (1918). Combatants Local Soviet powers led by Russian SFSR and Red Army Chinese mercenaries White Movement Central Powers (1917-1918): Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire German Empire Allied Intervention: (1918-1922) Japan Czechoslovakia Greece  United States  Canada Serbia Romania UK  France Foreign volunteers: Polish Italian Local nationalist movements, national states, and decentralist... North Caucasus in Russia The North Caucasus (sometimes referred to as Ciscaucasia or Ciscaucasus) is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. ... The Sochi conflict was a three-party border conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary White Russian forces, Bolshevik Red Army and the Democratic Republic of Georgia each of which sought the control over the Black Sea town Sochi and the adjacent region. ... White Army redirects here. ... Sochi (Russian: , IPA: [soʨɪ]) is a Russian resort city, situated in Krasnodar Krai just north of the southern Russian border. ...

Territoial losses of Georgia, 1921-1931

In the southwest, the DRG's border with Ottoman Empire changed with the course of the World War I and was modified after the Ottoman defeat in the hostilities. Georgia regained control over Artvin, Ardahan, part of Batum province, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki. Batum was finally incorporated into the republic after the British evacuated the area in 1920. The Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 granted Georgia control over eastern Lazistan including Rize and Hopa. However, the Georgian government, unwilling to be involved in a new war with Turkish Revolutionaries, did nothing to take control of these areas. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (935x597, 149 KB)The Democratic Republic of Georgia: territorial losses during Sovietization Copyright©2004 Andrew Andersen Compare Atlas of Conflicts File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (935x597, 149 KB)The Democratic Republic of Georgia: territorial losses during Sovietization Copyright©2004 Andrew Andersen Compare Atlas of Conflicts File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The Treaty of Sèvres is a peace treaty that the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire signed on 10 August 1920 after World War I. Representatives from the governments of the parties involved signed the treaty in Sèvres, France. ... Lazistan (Lazona - ლაზონა in Laz, ლაზეთი - Lazeti or ჭანეთი - Chaneti in Georgian) was the Ottoman administrative name for the sanjak (under vilayet of Trabzon) comprising the Laz or Lazuri-speaking population on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea. ... Rize is the capital of Rize Province, in north-east Turkey, on the Black Sea coast. ... Hopa is a district of Artvin Province of Turkey. ... The people who master mind the Turkish National Movement: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Ismet Inonu Fevzi Cakmak Kazim Karabekir Ali Fuat Cebesoy ...

The border disputes with Democratic Republic of Armenia over a part of Borchalu district led to a brief war between the two countries in December 1918, see: Georgian-Armenian War 1918. With the British intervention the Lorri “neutral zone” was created only to be reoccupied by Georgia after the fall of the Armenian republic at the end of 1920. The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Categories: Stub | Provinces of Armenia ...

In the southeast, Georgia was bordered by Azerbaijan which claimed the control of Zaqatala district. The dispute, however, never led to hostilities and the relations between the two countries were generally peaceful until the Sovietization of Azerbaijan. Zaqatala is a rayon of Azerbaijan. ...

The 1919 projects and 1921 constitution of Georgia granted Abkhazia, Ajaria and Zaqatala a degree of autonomy. Capital Sokhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Georgian Government  -  Chairman, Cabinet of Ministers  -  Chairman, Supreme Council Temur Mzhavia Autonomous republic of Georgia  -  Georgian independence Declared Recognised 9 April 1991 25 December 1991  Currency Georgian lari (GEL) Anthem Aiaaira Capital Sukhumi Official languages Abkhaz, Russian1 Government  -  President Sergei Bagapsh  -  Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab... Official language Georgian Capital Batumi ISO code GE.AJ Head of the Government Levan Varshalomidze Area  - Total  - % water 2,900 km² n/a Population  - Total (1989)  - Density 392,432 135. ...

The Soviet occupation of the DRG led to significant territorial rearrangements by which Georgia lost almost 1/3 of its territories. Artvin, Ardahan and part of Batumi provinces were ceded to Turkey; Armenia gained control of Lorri, and Azerbaijan obtained Zaqatala district. A portion of the Georgian marches along the Greater Caucasus Mountains was taken by Russia. Greater Caucasus (Russian: , sometimes translated as Caucasus Major, Big Caucasus or Large Caucasus) is the major mountain range of Caucasus mountains. ...

Military

People's Guard of Georgia

The People's Guard was the privileged military force in the country. Founded on September 5 1917 as the Worker's Guard it was later renamed into the Red Guard, and finally into the People's Guard. It was a highly politicized military structure placed directly under the control of the Parliament rather than the Ministry of War. Throughout its existence (1917–1921), the Guard was commanded by the Menshevik activist Valiko Jugheli. Image File history File links Menshevik_People's_Guard. ... Image File history File links Menshevik_People's_Guard. ... Vladimir “Valiko” Jugheli (Georgian: (?-1924) was a Georgian politician and military commander. ...

The DRG formed also its own regular army. Only a part of them were armed in peacetime, the majority being on furlough and following their callings. If the Republic had been in danger, they would have been called up by the General Staff, supplied with arms, and allotted to their places. Although Georgia had almost 200,000 veterans of World War I with skilled generals and officers, the government failed to build up an effective defense system, a factor that greatly contributed to the fall of the first Georgian republic. A General Staff is a group of professional military officers who act in a staff or administrative role under the command of a general officer. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

Economy

Agriculture was a mainstay of the local economy of Georgia, a typical agrarian country with long wine-making traditions. Land reform well managed by the government contributed to a degree of stability in this field. This page is a candidate to be copied to Wikibooks. ...

The manganese industry at Chiatura had very great importance in the field of European metallurgy, providing about 70% of the manganese supply of the world early in the 20th century. Traditionally, Georgia served also as an international transportation corridor through the key Black Sea ports of Batumi and Poti. General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... Chiatura is a city in Imereti region of Western Georgia. ... Georg Agricola, author of De re metallica, an important early book on metal extraction Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their compounds, which are called alloys. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... A general view of Batumi Batumi Batumi (Georgian: , formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and capital of Adjara, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia. ... Poti is a city in the Samegrelo province in the west of the Republic of Georgia. ...

However, the lack of international recognition and the government's not completely successful policy in the field hindered the economic development of the DRG and the country suffered an economic crisis. Some signs of improvement were observed towards 1920–1921.

Education, science and culture

Georgian inteligentsia of the 1900s: the Amirejibi family, Georgi, Tamar, Kutsna from the left to right

The most important event in the country's cultural life during this turbulent period was indeed the foundation of a national university in Tbilisi (now known as the Tbilisi State University) (1918), a long-time dream of Georgians thwarted by the Imperial Russian authorities for several decades. Other educational centers included gymnasiums in Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi, Ozurgeti, Poti and Gori, Tbilisi Military School, Gori Pedagogical Seminary, the Pedagogical Seminary for Women, etc. Georgia had also a number of schools for ethnic minorities. Image File history File links Amirajabifamily. ... Image File history File links Amirajabifamily. ... Image:TSU2. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... Location of Tbilisi in Georgia Coordinates: , Country Georgia Established c. ... A general view of Batumi Batumi Batumi (Georgian: , formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and capital of Adjara, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia. ... Kutaisi (Georgian: ; ancient names: Aea/Aia, Kutatisi, Kutaïssi ) is Georgias second largest city in the western province of Imereti. ... Ozurgeti is a town and the regional capital of Western Georgian province of Guria. ... Poti is a city in the Samegrelo province in the west of the Republic of Georgia. ... Gori may refer to: Gori - city in Georgia (country) Gori - District in Georgia (country) Gori Province, Ottoman Empire Gori, Chad Gori River (India) Pietro Gori Giuseppe Gori Kathy Gori also: Gory Guerrero This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

The National Museum of Georgia, theaters in Tbilisi and Kutaisi, Tbilisi National Opera House, the National Academy of Art were in the vanguard of cultural life.

The newspapers — Sakartvelos Respublika (“Republic of Georgia”), Sakartvelo (“Georgia”), Ertoba (“Unity”), Samshoblo (“Motherland”), Sakhalkho Sakme (“Public Affair”), The Georgian Messenger and The Georgian Mail (both published in English) — led the national press. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Legacy

The 1918–1921 independence of Georgia, though short-lived, was of particular importance for the development of national feeling among the Georgians, a major factor that made the country one of the most active independent forces within the Soviet Union. Leaders of the national movement of the late 1980s frequently referred to the DRG as a victory in the struggle against the Russian Empire and made parallels with the contemporary political situation creating somewhat an idealized image of the Georgian First Republic. The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ...

On April 9, 1991 the independence of Georgia was restored when the Act of the Restoration of State Independence of Georgia was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia. The national symbols used by the DRG were reestablished as those of the newly independent nation and were in use until 2004. May 26, the day of the establishment of the DRG, is still celebrated as a national holiday — the Independence Day of Georgia. is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia was the first National Parliament of the Republic of Georgia in the post-Soviet era (in 1990 - 1992). ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• "Legal Acts of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)", Tbilisi, 1990 (in Georgian)
• I. Tseretelli, "Separation de la Transcaucasie et de la Russie et Independence de la Georgie", Paris, Imprimerie Chaix, 1919 (in French)
• P. Surguladze, "The international importance of the independence of Georgia", Istanbul, 1918 (in Georgian)
• P. Surguladze, "Georgia as the independent country", Istanbul, 1918 (in Georgian)
• D. Ghambashidze, "Mineral resources of Georgia and Caucasia. Manganese industry of Georgia", London, 1919
• K. Salia, "The History of Georgian Nation", Paris, 1983
• Al. Manvelichvili, "Histoire de la Georgie", Paris, 1951 (in French)
• Z. Avalishvili, "The Independence of Georgia in the International Politics of 1918-1921", Paris, 1923 (in Russian)
• Karl Kautsky: Georgien. Eine sozialdemokratische Bauernrepublik. Eindrücke und Beobachtungen. Wiener Volksbuchhandlung, Wien 1921
• K. Kandelaki, "The Georgian Question Before the Free World", Paris, 1951
• G. Kvinitadze, "My answer", Paris, 1954 (in Georgian)
• Jan V. Nanuashvili, "What everyone in the Free World should know about Russia", Vantage Press, New York - Washington - Hollywood, 1973
• V. Tevzadze, "The memoirs of the Georgian Officer". J. "Iveria", No 32, Paris, 1988 (in Georgian)
• N. Matikashvili, M. Kvaliashvili, "Cadets". J. "Iveria", No 32, Paris, 1988 (in Georgian)
• O. Janelidze, "From May 26 to February 25", Tbilisi, 1990 (in Georgian)
• G. Mazniashvili, "The Memoirs", Batumi, 1990 (in Georgian)
• L. Urushadze, "Bolshevism-Menshevism and the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)", 2nd edition, Publishing House "Ena da Kultura", Tbilisi, 2005, ISBN 99940-23-56-X (in Georgian, English summary)
• R. Tsukhishvili, "The English-Georgian Relations (1918–1921)", Tbilisi, 1995 (in Georgian, English summary)

See also

• History of Georgia
• List of Georgian people associated with the Democratic Republic of Georgia
• Democratic Republic of Armenia
• Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
• Aftermath of World War I
• August Uprising

Georgia has one of the world’s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ... This is an incomplete list of the Georgian people associated with the short-lived Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG), 1918-1921 Kote Abkhazi, General Ambrosi, Catholicos Patriarch of All Georgia Alexandre Andronikashvili, General Razhden Arsenidze, Member of Parliament for the Social Democratic Party Zurab Avalishvili, historian, diplomatist Shakro Bakradze, General... Motto None Anthem Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland) Map of the Democratic Republic of Armenia from March 1919 to March 1920. ... Motto: None Anthem: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Himni March of Azerbaijan Map of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic from 1919 to 1920. ... Woodrow Wilson and the American peace commissioners during the negotiations on the Treaty of Versailles. ... Combatants Red Army, Cheka Committee for the Independence of Georgia, other guerrilla groups Commanders Sergo Orjonikidze, Semyon Pugachev, Solomon Mogilevsky, Levan Gogoberidze, Lavrenti Beria, Shalva Tsereteli Spiridon Chavchavadze, Kakutsa Cholokashvili, Iason Javakhishvili, Mikheil Javakhishvili, Kote Andronikashvili, Mikheil Lashkarashvili, Svimon Tsereteli, Eko Tsereteli Sergo Matitaishvili, Avtandil Urushadze, Nikoloz Ketskhoveli, Evgen Gvaladze...

External links

• 70 years of Soviet Georgia by George Tarkhan-Mouravi
• The Awakening of Georgia by David Schaich
• Some national and ethnic problems in Georgia (1918–1922) by Avtandil Menteshashvili
• Map of 1918–1921 at Armenica.org
• Territorial rearrangements in Caucasus, 1920–1921
• Kartuli Idea — The Georgian Idea by Dr. Levan Urushadze, 2005, ISBN 99940-0-490-5
• "Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) by Dr. Levan Z. Urushadze, 2005, ISBN 99940-0-539-1
• Georgia by Karl Kautsky, an anti-Bolshevik pamphlet
• Between Red and White by Leon Trotsky, a pamphlet about Georgia

Karl Kautsky (October 18, 1854 - October 17, 1938) was a leading theoretician of social democracy. ... Leon Trotsky (Russian:  , Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) (November 7 [O.S. October 26] 1879 – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (), was a Ukrainian-born Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. ...