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Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent of the definition is to describe ions, not chemical compounds or actual minerals. Furthermore, once dissolved, so-called minerals do not exist as such, sodium chloride breaks down into sodium ions and chloride ions in aqueous solution. Some dietitians recommend that these heavier elements should be supplied by ingesting specific foods (that are enriched in the element(s) of interest), compounds, and sometimes including even minerals, such as calcium carbonate. Sometimes these "minerals" come from natural sources such as ground oyster shells. Sometimes minerals are added to the diet separately from food, such as mineral supplements, the most famous being iodine in "iodized salt." Dirt eating, called pica or geophagy is practiced by some as a means of supplementing the diet with elements. The chemical composition of soils will vary depending on the location. The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Organic chemistry is a specific discipline within chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of chemical compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen, which may contain any number of other elements, including nitrogen, oxygen, halogens as well... Look up chemical compound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with the chemical formula CaCO3. ... For other uses, see Oyster (disambiguation). ... Iodised salt is ordinary table salt mixed with a tiny amount of iodine salts, so that it prevents disease of the thyroid gland. ... Pica is an appetite for non-nutritive substances (e. ... Geophagy is a practice of eating earthy substances such as clay, chalk, and laundry starch, often to augment a mineral-deficient diet. ...

Vitamins, which are not considered minerals, are organic compounds, some of which contain heavy elements such as iodine and cobalt. The dietary focus on "minerals" derives from an interest in supporting the biosynthetic apparatus with the required elemental components.^[1] Appropriate intake levels of certain chemical elements is thus required to maintain optimal health. Commonly, the requirements are met with a conventional diet. Excessive intake of any element (again, usually as an ion) will lead to poisoning. For example, large doses of selenium are lethal. On the other hand, large doses of zinc are less dangerous but can lead to a harmful copper deficiency (unless compensated for, as in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study). Retinol (Vitamin A) For the record label, see Vitamin Records A vitamin is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism. ... Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. ... The Age-Related Eye Disease Study was a clinical trial sponsored by the National Eye Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health in the United States. ...

Dietary minerals classified as "macromineral" are required in relatively large amounts. Conversely "microminerals" or "trace minerals" are required relatively in minute amounts. There is no universally accepted definition of the difference between "large" and "small" amounts.

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Macrominerals

A variety of elements are required to support the biochemical processes, many play a role as electrolytes or in a structural role.^[2] In Human nutrition, the dietary bulk "mineral elements" (RDA > 200 mg/day) are in alphabetical order (parenthetical comments on folk medicine perspective): An electrolyte is a substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium. ... Nutrition is interpreted as the study of the organic process by which an organism assimilates and uses food and liquids for normal functioning, growth and maintenance and to maintain the balance between health and disease. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Daily values. ...

• Calcium (for muscle and digestive system health, builds bone, neutralizes acidity, clears toxins, helps blood stream)
• Chloride (for production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach)
• Magnesium required for processing ATP and related reactions (health, builds bone, causes strong peristalsis, increases flexibility, increases alkalinity)
• Phosphorus required component of bones (see apatite) and energy processing and many other functions (bone mineralization)^[3]
• Potassium required electrolyte (heart and nerves health)
• Sodium electrolyte
• Sulfur for three essential amino acids and many proteins and cofactors (skin, hair, nails, liver, and pancreas health)
• Sodium Chloride (salt) Combination of both sodium and chloride (they both regulate movement of fluids and minerals in and out of body cells)

For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. ... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH-, F-, or Cl- ions, respectively, in the crystal. ... General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... An electrolyte is a substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium. ... For sodium in the diet, see Edible salt. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... R-phrases 36 S-phrases none Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Other anions NaF, NaBr, NaI Other cations LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 Related salts Sodium acetate Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

Trace minerals

A variety of elements are required in trace amounts, unusually because they play a role in catalysis in enzymes.^[1] Some trace mineral elements (RDA < 200 mg/day) are (alphabetical order):^{[citation needed]} In chemistry and biology, catalysis is the acceleration (increase in rate) of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself not consumed by the overall reaction. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ...

• Cobalt required for biosynthesis of vitamin B12 family of coenzymes
• Copper required component of many redox enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase
• Fluorine for tooth enamel which contains fluoroapatite (see Water fluoridation controversy)
• Iodine required for the biosynthesis of thyroxin
• Iron required for many proteins and enzymes, notably hemoglobin
• Manganese (processing of oxygen)
• Molybdenum required for xanthine oxidase and related oxidases
• Nickel present in urease
• Selenium reqiured for peroxidase (antioxidant proteins)
• Vanadium (There is no established RDA for vanadium. No specific biochemical function has been identified for it in humans, although vanadium is found in lower organisms.)
• Zinc required for several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, liver alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase. Zinc is pervasive.

Iodine is required in larger quantities than the other trace minerals in this list and is sometimes classified with the bulk minerals. Sodium is not generally found in dietary supplements, despite being needed in large quantities, because the ion is very common in food. Many other elements have been suggested as required in human nutrition, in varying quantities. Standards of evidence vary for different elements, and not all have been definitively established as essential to human nutrition. Candidates include: For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... Cobalamin or vitamin B12 is a chemical compound that is also known as cyanocobalamine. ... Coenzyme A Coenzymes are small organic non-protein molecules that carry chemical groups between enzymes. ... Copper has played a significant part in the history of mankind, which has used the easily accessible uncompounded metal for nearly 10,000 years. ... Cytochrome c oxidase The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (PDB 2OCC, EC 1. ... Distinguished from fluorene and fluorone. ... Tooth enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body , and with dentin, cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major parts of the tooth. ... Fluoroapatite, often with the alternate spelling of fluorapatite, is a mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F. Fluoroapatite is a hard crystalline solid. ... Water fluoridation controversy refers to the debate about the safety of the addition of fluoride to public water supplies. ... For other uses, see Iodine (disambiguation). ... Thyroxine, or 3:5,3:5 tetra­iodothyronine (often abbreviated as T4) is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... Structure of hemoglobin. ... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... General Name, Symbol, Number molybdenum, Mo, 42 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 95. ... Xanthine Oxidase The enzyme xanthine oxidase, or XO, (bovine milk enzyme is PDB 1FIQ, EC 1. ... For other uses, see Nickel (disambiguation). ... Helicobacter Pylori Urease drawn from PDB 1E9Z. Urease (EC 3. ... For other uses, see Selenium (disambiguation). ... Glutathione Peroxidase 1 A peroxidase (eg. ... General Name, symbol, number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Standard atomic weight 50. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... Carboxypeptidase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the first peptide or amide bond at the carboxyl or C-terminal end of proteins and peptides. ... Carbonic anhydrase (carbonate dehydratase) is a family of metalloenzymes (enzymes that contain one or more metal atoms as a functional component of the enzyme) that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. ...

Elements for which convincing scientific evidence is lacking are marked as suspect:

• Bismuth (component of the "Peptobismol")
• Boron (Increases bone density)
• Bromine
• Chromium is speculated to be required in trace amounts for sugar metabolism in humans.
• Indium (It has been speculated to enhance the absorption of all other minerals in a healthful matter. It may also help the healthy mineralization of organs.)^[4]
• Rubidium
• Silicon (proposed to be relevant to bone and cartilage formation, but role of silicon in human health remains controversial).
• Titanium
• Tungsten (some organisms utlilize tungsten in place of molybdenum.)

General Name, Symbol, Number bismuth, Bi, 83 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 15, 6, p Appearance lustrous reddish white Atomic mass 208. ... General Name, Symbol, Number boron, B, 5 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 13, 2, p Appearance black/brown Standard atomic weight 10. ... Bromo redirects here. ... REDIRECT [[ Insert text]]EWWWWWWWWWWWWW YO General Name, symbol, number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... General Name, Symbol, Number indium, In, 49 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 114. ... General Name, Symbol, Number rubidium, Rb, 37 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 5, s Appearance grey white Atomic mass 85. ... Not to be confused with Silicone. ... General Name, symbol, number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ... For other uses, see Tungsten (disambiguation). ...

Food sources

• Dairy products, calcium-fortified foods, canned fish with bones (salmon, sardines), and green leafy vegetables for calcium
• Nuts, soy beans, and cocoa for magnesium
• Table salt (sodium chloride, the main source), sea vegetables, olives, milk, and spinach for sodium
• Legumes, potato skin, tomatoes, and bananas for potassium
• Table salt is the main dietary source for chlorine
• Meat, eggs, and legumes for sulfur
• Red meat, leafy green vegetables, fish (tuna, salmon), eggs, dried fruits, beans, whole grains, and enriched grains for iron

A large body of research suggests that humans often can benefit from mineral supplementation.^{[citation needed]} This is especially true for humans consuming a low variety of foods. Vitamins and minerals are interdependent, requiring the presence of one another for full benefit; taking a multivitamin without minerals is not nearly as effective as taking one with minerals. Extensive university research also demonstrates that the most bioavailable form of supplemental mineral is the chelated mineral (one that is bonded to a specific-size amino acid).^{[citation needed]} Dairy products are generally defined as foodstuffs produced from milk. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... Fish as a food describes the edible parts of water-dwelling, cold-blooded vertebrates with gills, as well as certain other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish. ... Chinese cabbage Swiss chard Leaf vegetables, also called greens or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots. ... For other uses, see Nut (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Glycine max Soybeans (US) or soya beans (UK) (Glycine max) are a high-protein legume (Family Fabaceae) grown as food for both humans and livestock. ... For other uses, see Cocoa (disambiguation). ... Edible salt is a mineral, one of the few rocks people eat. ... Seaweed-covered rocks in the UK For the rock musician, see; Seaweed (musician) Seaweeds are any of a large number of marine benthic algae. ... Binomial name L. 19th century illustration The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from Lebanon and the maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea. ... A glass of cows milk. ... Binomial name Spinacia oleracea L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... This article is about the fruit of the plants also called legumes. For the plants themselves, see Fabaceae . ... For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Tomato (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Edible salt is a mineral, one of the few rocks people eat. ... This article is about the food. ... An egg is a body consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing of some type, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo. ... This article is about the fruit of the plants also called legumes. For the plants themselves, see Fabaceae . ... Red meat in culinary terminology refers to meat which is red-colored when raw, while in nutritional terminology, it refers to meat from mammals. ... Chinese cabbage Swiss chard Leaf vegetables, also called greens or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots. ... Fish as a food describes the edible parts of water-dwelling, cold-blooded vertebrates with gills, as well as certain other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish. ... An egg is a body consisting of an ovum surrounded by layers of membranes and an outer casing of some type, which acts to nourish and protect a developing embryo. ... Dried fruit is fruit that has been dried, either naturally or through use of a machine, such as a dehydrator. ... Green beans Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genera of Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae) used for food or feed. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Endosperm is the albumen tissue produced in the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. ...

See also

• Macronutrient
• Micronutrient
• Essential nutrient

Macronutrients are essential nutrients needed by the human body in large quantities for it to fuction normally. ... Micronutrients for plants: There are about eight nutrients essential to plant growth and health that are only present in very small quantities. ... An essential nutrient is a nutrient required for normal body functioning that cannot be synthesized by the body. ...

External links

• Metals in Nutrition
• The Minerals in Your Food

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Lippard, Stephen J.; Jeremy M. Berg (1994). Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books, 411. ISBN 0935702725. 
2. ^ Nelson, David L.; Michael M. Cox (2000-02-15). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Third Edition, 3 Har/Com, W. H. Freeman, 1200. ISBN 1572599316. 
3. ^ Corbridge, D. E. C. (1995-02-01). Phosphorus: An Outline of Its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology, 5th, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Pub Co, 1220. ISBN 0444893075. 
4. ^ Schroeder HA, Nason AP (1976). "Interactions of trace metals in mouse and rat tissues; zinc, chromium, copper, and manganese with 13 other elements". J. Nutr. 106 (2): 198-203. PMID 1249646. 

• Donatelle, Rebecca J. (2004-03-29). Health: The Basics, 6th edition, San Frnacisco: Benjamin Cummings, 480. ISBN 0805328521.