NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Donkey Kong (arcade game)

Donkey Kong (ドンキーコング Donkī Kongu^?) is an arcade game released by Nintendo in 1981. The game is an early example of the platform genre; gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main character across a series of platforms while dodging obstacles. The storyline is thin but well developed for its time. In it, Mario (originally called Jumpman) must rescue a damsel in distress from a giant ape named Donkey Kong. The hero and ape would go on to be two of Nintendo's more popular characters. Image File history File links LinkFA-star. ... Image File history File links Dkong_title. ... A video game developer is a software developer (a business or an individual) that creates computer or video games. ... Nintendo Company, Limited (Japanese: ä»»å¤©å ‚, ãƒ‹ãƒ³ãƒ†ãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ¼ NintendÅ; NASDAQ: NTDOY.pk, TYO: 7974 ) is a multinational corporation founded on November 6,[citation needed] 1889 in Kyoto, Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce handmade hanafuda cards, for use in a Japanese playing card game of the same name. ... Video game publishers are companies that publish video games that they have either developed internally or have had developed by a video game developer. ... Nintendo Company, Limited (Japanese: ä»»å¤©å ‚, ãƒ‹ãƒ³ãƒ†ãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ¼ NintendÅ; NASDAQ: NTDOY.pk, TYO: 7974 ) is a multinational corporation founded on November 6,[citation needed] 1889 in Kyoto, Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce handmade hanafuda cards, for use in a Japanese playing card game of the same name. ... A game designer is a person who designs games. ... Shigeru Miyamoto as a conductor for a virtual orchestra during E3, demonstrating the new functions of the Wii-console Shigeru Miyamoto , born November 16, 1952) is a Japanese electronic game designer. ... 1981 1981 in games 1980 in video gaming 1982 in video gaming Notable events of 1981 in computer and video games. ... This is a listing of computer and video game genres with brief descriptions and examples from each genre. ... Platform game, or platformer, is a video game genre characterized by the character having to climb up and down, or jump from and to, platforms and ledges, while fighting enemies and collecting objects required to complete the game. ... This arcade cabinet, containing Centipede, is an upright. ... An arcade system board is a standardized printed circuit board or group of printed circuit boards that are used as the basis for multiple arcade games with very similar hardware requirements. ... CPU redirects here. ... ZiLOG, often seen as Zilog, is a manufacturer of 8-bit CPUs, and is most famous for its Intel 8080-compatible Z80 series. ... The Zilog Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Zilog from 1976 onwards. ... The Intel 8048 microcontroller (ÂµC), Intels first ÂµC, was used in the Magnavox OdysseyÂ² video game console and (in its 8042 variant) in the original IBM PC keyboard. ... In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC or D-to-A) is a device for converting a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage or charges). ... A sample refers to a value or set of values at a point in time and/or space. ... Nineteen inch (48 cm) CRT computer monitor A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer peripheral device capable of showing characters and/or still or moving images generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card. ... Suppose the smiley face in the top left corner is an RGB bitmap image. ... For other uses, see Joystick (disambiguation). ... In computer science, porting is the adaptation of a piece of software so that it will function in a different computing environment to that for which it was originally written. ... The Apple II was one of the most popular personal computers of the 1980s. ... An Atari 800XL, one of the most popular machines in the series. ... The Atari 2600, released in 1977, is the first successful video game console to use plug-in cartridges instead of having one or more games built in. ... The Atari 7800 is a video game console released by Atari in 1986 (a test market occurred in June 1984). ... A CBS ColecoVision unit The ColecoVision was Coleco Industries third-generation home video game console, released in August of 1982. ... For the hip hop group, see Commodore 64 (band). ... VIC-20 with accessories. ... The e-Reader with card. ... Fire, 1981. ... GBA redirects here. ... One of the first PCs from IBM - the IBM PC model 5150. ... The Intellivision is a video game console released by Mattel in 1980; development of the console began in 1978 (less than a year after the introduction of its main competitor, the legendary Atari 2600). ... MSX official logo Sony MSX 1, Model HitBit-10-P MSX is the name of a standard for home computers in the 1980s. ... NES redirects here. ... The Texas Instruments TI-99/4A was an early home computer, released in June 1981, originally at a price of $525. ... Centipede by Atari is a typical example of a 1980s era arcade game. ... Nintendo Company, Limited (Japanese: ä»»å¤©å ‚, ãƒ‹ãƒ³ãƒ†ãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ¼ NintendÅ; NASDAQ: NTDOY.pk, TYO: 7974 ) is a multinational corporation founded on November 6,[citation needed] 1889 in Kyoto, Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce handmade hanafuda cards, for use in a Japanese playing card game of the same name. ... 1981 1981 in games 1980 in video gaming 1982 in video gaming Notable events of 1981 in computer and video games. ... Platform game, or platformer, is a video game genre characterized by the character having to climb up and down, or jump from and to, platforms and ledges, while fighting enemies and collecting objects required to complete the game. ... Gameplay includes all player experiences during the interaction with game systems, especially formal games. ... For other uses of this name, see Mario (disambiguation). ... A poster for The Perils of Pauline (1914). ... Donkey Kong promotional art for Donkey Kong Jungle Beat. ...

The game was the latest of Nintendo's efforts to break into the North American market. Nintendo's president, Hiroshi Yamauchi, assigned the project to a first-time game designer named Shigeru Miyamoto. Drawing from a wide range of inspirations, including Popeye and King Kong, Miyamoto developed the scenario and designed the game alongside Nintendo's chief engineer, Gunpei Yokoi. The two men broke new ground by using graphics as a means of characterization, including cut scenes to advance the game's plot, and integrating multiple stages into the gameplay. Hiroshi Yamauchi Hiroshi Yamauchi (å±±å†…æº¥, Yamauchi Hiroshi, born November 7, 1927) was the third president of Nintendo beginning in 1949 until stepping down on May 31, 2002. ... A game designer is a person who designs games. ... Shigeru Miyamoto as a conductor for a virtual orchestra during E3, demonstrating the new functions of the Wii-console Shigeru Miyamoto , born November 16, 1952) is a Japanese electronic game designer. ... A Popeye comic book cover shows Popeye, with his characteristic corncob pipe and single good eye, and his girlfriend Olive Oyl. ... King Kong battles a pterosaur in the original 1933 version. ... Gunpei Yokoi Gunpei Yokoi, also seen as Gumpei Yokoi (æ¨ªäº• è»å¹³ Yokoi Gunpei, first name means plain army in Japanese. ... A cut scene or cutscene (sometimes also referred to as a cinematic) is a sequence in a video game over which the player has no control. ...

Despite initial misgivings on the part of Nintendo's American staff, Donkey Kong proved a tremendous success in both North America and Japan. Nintendo licensed the game to Coleco, who developed home console versions for numerous platforms. Other companies simply cloned Nintendo's hit and avoided royalties altogether. Miyamoto's characters appeared on cereal boxes, television cartoons, and dozens of other places. A court suit brought on by Universal City Studios, alleging that Donkey Kong violated their trademark of King Kong, ultimately failed. The success of Donkey Kong and Nintendo's win in the courtroom helped position the company to dominate the video game market in the 1980s and early 1990s. World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... It has been suggested that Licensing (strategic alliance) be merged into this article or section. ... Coleco was a company founded in 1932 by Maurice Greenberg as Connecticut Leather Company to sell leather supplies to shoemakers. ... A video game console is a dedicated electronic machine designed to play video games. ... In the computer and video game industry, a clone is a game which is very similar to a previous popular game. ... A royalty is a sum paid to the creator of performance art for the use of that art. ... The current Universal Studios logo Universal Studios, a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a Big Ten movie studio that has production studios and offices located at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California, an unincorporated area of Los Angeles County between Los Angeles and Burbank. ...

Story and characters

The eponymous Donkey Kong plays the game's de facto villain. He is the pet of a carpenter named Jumpman (along the same lines as Walkman and Pac-Man, later renamed Mario).^[1] The carpenter mistreats the ape, so Donkey Kong escapes and kidnaps Jumpman/Mario's girlfriend, originally known as the Lady, but later renamed Pauline. The player must take the role of Jumpman/Mario and rescue the girl. This was the first occurrence of the inherently heterosexual damsel-in-distress scenario that would provide the template for countless video games to come.^[2] Donkey Kong promotional art for Donkey Kong Jungle Beat. ... Sony Walkman Official Logo(2000) The Walkman is a popular Sony brand used by the company to market its portable audio players, and is synonymously used to refer to the original Walkman portable personal stereo player. ... Pac-Man is an arcade game developed by Namco and licensed for distribution by Midway Games in 1979. ... For other uses of this name, see Mario (disambiguation). ... Pauline in the Game Boy remake of Donkey Kong. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A poster for The Perils of Pauline (1914). ...

The game uses graphics and animation as vehicles of characterization. Donkey Kong smirks upon Jumpman/Mario's demise. The Lady/Pauline is instantly recognized as female from her pink dress and long hair,^[3] and "HELP!" appears frequently beside her. Jumpman/Mario, depicted in red overalls and cap, is an everyman character, a type common in Japan. Graphical limitations forced his design: Drawing a mouth was too difficult, so the character got a mustache;^[4] the programmers could not animate hair, so he got a cap; and to make his arm movements visible, he needed white gloves and colored overalls.^[5] The artwork used for the cabinets and promotional materials make these cartoon-like character designs even more explicit. The Lady/Pauline, for example, appears as a disheveled Fay Wray in a torn dress and stiletto heels. Everyman is a 16th century English morality play. ... Publicity photo for King Kong, ca. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...

Donkey Kong is the first example of a complete narrative told in video game form, and it employs cut scenes to advance its plot. The game opens with the gorilla climbing a pair of ladders to the top of a construction site. He sets the Lady/Pauline down and stamps his feet, causing the steel beams to change shape. He then moves to his final perch and sneers. This brief animation sets the scene and adds background to the gameplay, a first for video games. Upon reaching the end of the stage, another cut scene begins. A heart appears between Jumpman/Mario and the Lady/Pauline, but Donkey Kong grabs the woman and climbs higher, causing the heart to break. The narrative concludes when Jumpman/Mario reaches the end of the final stage. He and the Lady/Pauline are reunited, and a short intermission plays.^[6] The game then starts over at a higher level of difficulty. Image File history File links Dkong_end. ... Image File history File links Dkong_end. ... For other uses of this name, see Mario (disambiguation). ... Pauline in the Game Boy remake of Donkey Kong. ... In non-technical terms, no matter what the context (whether scientific, philosophical, legal, etc) a narrative is a story, an interpretation of some aspect of the world that is historically and culturally grounded and shaped by human personality (per Walter Fisher). ... A cut scene or cutscene (sometimes also referred to as a cinematic) is a sequence in a video game over which the player has no control. ...

Gameplay

Donkey Kong is an early example of the platform genre (it is sometimes said to be the first platform game, although it was preceded by Space Panic and Apple Panic).^[7] The game is divided into four different one-screen stages. Each represents 25 meters of the structure Donkey Kong has climbed, one stage being 25 meters higher than the previous. The final screen occurs at 100m. Platform game, or platformer, is a video game genre characterized by the character having to climb up and down, or jump from and to, platforms and ledges, while fighting enemies and collecting objects required to complete the game. ... Space Panic was a 1981 arcade game that would later be ported to the Apple II computer as Apple Panic. ... Apple Panic is a 1982 platform game for the Apple II programmed by Ben Serki of Broderbund Software. ...

Winning the game requires patience and the ability to accurately time Jumpman's ascent.^[2] In addition to presenting the goal of saving the Lady/Pauline, the game also gives the player a score. Points are awarded for finishing screens; leaping over obstacles; destroying objects with a hammer power-up; collecting items such as hats, umbrellas, and purses (presumably belonging to the Lady/Pauline); and completing other tasks. The player receives three lives with a bonus awarded for every 7,000 points. The screens are as follows: In a game the score refers to the amount of points achieved by a player or team. ... Power Up, the Professional Organization of Women in Entertainment Reaching Up is an organization with the stated mission to promote the visibility and integration of gay women in entertainment, the arts, and all forms of media. Power Up provided funding and assistance to the 2003 short film . ... The 1-Up Mushroom of the Mario series is the most-recognized symbol of 1-Up. ...

These screens combine to form levels, which become progressively harder. For example, Donkey Kong begins to hurl barrels more rapidly and sometimes diagonally, and fireballs get quicker. The victory music alternates between levels 1 and 2. The 22nd level is unofficially known as the kill screen due to an error in the game's programming that starts the clock with far less time than is necessary to complete the stage. At four screens, Donkey Kong at its debut was the biggest video game ever produced. In fact, the only use of multiple levels to precede it was Gorf by Midway Games. NES redirects here. ... Gorf is an arcade game, released in 1981 by Midway. ... Midway Games (NYSE: MWY) is an American video game publisher known for such game series as Mortal Kombat, NBA Jam and Spy Hunter. ...

Development

By the late 1970s, Nintendo's efforts to crack the North American video game market had all failed, culminating with the flop Radar Scope in 1979. In order to keep the company afloat, company president Hiroshi Yamauchi decided to convert unsold Radar Scope games into something new. He approached a young industrial designer named Shigeru Miyamoto, who had been working for Nintendo since 1977, to see if Miyamoto thought that he could design an arcade game. Miyamoto said that he could.^[8] Yamauchi appointed Nintendo's head engineer, Gunpei Yokoi, to supervise the project. Nintendo Company, Limited (Japanese: ä»»å¤©å ‚, ãƒ‹ãƒ³ãƒ†ãƒ³ãƒ‰ãƒ¼ NintendÅ; NASDAQ: NTDOY.pk, TYO: 7974 ) is a multinational corporation founded on November 6,[citation needed] 1889 in Kyoto, Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce handmade hanafuda cards, for use in a Japanese playing card game of the same name. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Radar Scope is an early arcade game made by Nintendo, and released in 1980. ... Hiroshi Yamauchi Hiroshi Yamauchi (å±±å†…æº¥, Yamauchi Hiroshi, born November 7, 1927) was the third president of Nintendo beginning in 1949 until stepping down on May 31, 2002. ... Industrial Design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved. ... Shigeru Miyamoto as a conductor for a virtual orchestra during E3, demonstrating the new functions of the Wii-console Shigeru Miyamoto , born November 16, 1952) is a Japanese electronic game designer. ... Gunpei Yokoi Gunpei Yokoi, also seen as Gumpei Yokoi (æ¨ªäº• è»å¹³ Yokoi Gunpei, first name means plain army in Japanese. ...

At the time, Nintendo was pursuing a license to make a game based on the Popeye comic strip. When this fell through, Nintendo decided that it would take the opportunity to create new characters that could then be marketed and used in later games.^[5] Miyamoto came up with many characters and plot concepts, but he eventually settled on a gorilla/carpenter/girlfriend love triangle that mirrored the rivalry between Bluto and Popeye for Olive Oyl.^[1] Bluto became an ape, who in Miyamoto's words was "nothing too evil or repulsive". He would be the pet of the main character, "a funny, hang-loose kind of guy".^[9] Miyamoto has also named "Beauty and the Beast" and the 1933 film King Kong as influences.^[10] Although its origin as a comic strip license played a major part, Donkey Kong marked the first time that the storyline for a video game preceded the game's programming rather than simply being appended as an afterthought.^[11] A Popeye comic book cover shows Popeye, with his characteristic corncob pipe and single good eye, and his girlfriend Olive Oyl. ... A love triangle refers to a romantic relationship involving three people. ... Bluto, in Im in the Army Now (1936) Bluto is a cartoon character created in 1933 by Fleischer Studios for its Popeye the Sailor theatrical animated series. ... A Popeye comic book cover shows Popeye, with his characteristic corncob pipe and single good eye, and his girlfriend Olive Oyl. ... Olive Oyl in Little Swee Pea (1936). ... Beauty and the Beast is a traditional folktale (type 425C -- search for a lost husband -- in the Aarne-Thompson classification). ... This is about the original movie and novel. ... For programming in music, see Programming (music). ...

Yamauchi wanted to primarily target the North American market, so he mandated that the game be given an English title. Miyamoto decided to name the game for the ape, whom he felt to be the strongest character.^[1] The story of exactly how Miyamoto came up with the name Donkey Kong varies; one telling claims that he looked in a Japanese-English dictionary for something that would mean stubborn gorilla.^[12] Another version claims that Donkey was meant to convey silly and that Kong was common Japanese slang for gorilla.^[5] Another claim is that he worked with Nintendo's export manager to come up with the name, and that Donkey was meant to represent stupid and goofy.^[13]

Miyamoto had high hopes for his new project. He lacked the technical background to program it himself, so he instead came up with concepts and ran them by the technicians to see if they were possible. He wanted to make the characters different sizes, move them in different manners, and make them react in various ways. Yokoi declared Miyamoto's original design too complex.^[14] Another idea that Yokoi himself suggested was to use see-saws that the hero could use to catapult himself across the screen; this too proved too difficult to program. Miyamoto then came up with the idea to use sloped platforms, barrels, and ladders. When he specified that the game would have multiple stages, the four-man programming team complained that he was essentially asking them to make the game over and over.^[15] Nevertheless, they followed Miyamoto's design, creating about 20k of code.^[16] Meanwhile, Miyamoto composed the game's music on an electronic keyboard.

Hiroshi Yamauchi knew that Nintendo had a hit on its hands and called up Minoru Arakawa, head of Nintendo's operations in the U.S., to tell him.^[17] Nintendo's American distributors, Ron Judy and Al Stone, brought Arakawa to a lawyer named Howard Lincoln to secure a trademark patent. Minoru Arakawa (è’å·å¯¦, Arakawa Minoru; born September 3, 1946) was the president of Nintendo of America (NOA) from 1980 to 2002. ... Howard Charles Lincoln (b. ...

The game was sent to Nintendo of America for testing. The sales manager hated it for being too different from the maze and shooter games common at the time,^[18] and Judy and Lincoln expressed reservations over the strange title. Still, Arakawa swore that it would be big.^[17] American staffers pleaded with Yamauchi to at least change the name, but he refused. Resigned, Arakawa and the American staff set about translating the storyline for the cabinet art and naming the other characters. They chose Pauline for the girl, after Polly James, wife of Nintendo's Redmond, Washington, warehouse manager, Don James. Mario was named for Mario Segale, the warehouse landlord.^[19] These character names were printed on the American cabinet art and used in promotional materials. Donkey Kong was ready for release. Image File history File linksMetadata Donkey_Kong_flier. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Donkey_Kong_flier. ... Nintendo Corporation, Limited (Japanese: 任天堂; Ninten is translated roughly as leave luck to heaven or in heavens hands, do is a common suffix for names of shops or laboratories; TSE: NTDOY) was originally founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce handmade hanafuda cards, for use in a Japanese... Shooter games cover a fairly broad spectrum of sub-genres that have the commonality of controlling a character who is usually armed with a firearm that can be freely aimed. ... Official website: http://www. ... Don James (born December 31, 1932 in Massillon, Ohio) was a college football coach at the University of Washington. ...

Stone and Judy convinced the managers of two bars in Seattle, Washington, to set up Donkey Kong machines. The managers initially showed reluctance, but when they saw sales of $30 a day—or 120 plays—for a week straight, they requested more units.^[20] In their Redmond headquarters, a skeleton crew composed of Arakawa, his wife Yoko, James, Judy, Phillips, and Stone set about gutting 2,000 surplus Radar Scope machines and converting them with Donkey Kong motherboards and power supplies from Japan. The game officially went on sale in July 1981. Flag Seal Nickname: The Emerald City Location Location of Seattle in King County and Washington Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Washington King County Incorporated December 2, 1869 Mayor Greg Nickels Geographical characteristics Area City 369. ...

In his 1982 book Video Invaders, Steve Bloom describes Donkey Kong as "another bizarre cartoon game, courtesy of Japan."^[21] To American and Canadian gamers, however, Donkey Kong was irresistible. The game's initial 2,000 units sold through, and more orders poured in. Arakawa began manufacturing the electronic components in Redmond because waiting for shipments from Japan was taking too long.^[22] By October, Donkey Kong was selling 4,000 units a month, and by late June 1982, Nintendo had sold 60,000 Donkey Kong games overall and earned some $180 million.^[23] Judy and Stone, who worked on straight commission, became millionaires.^[22] Arakawa used Nintendo's profits to buy 27 acres of land in Redmond in July 1982.^[24] The game made another $100 million in its second year of release.^[25] It remained Nintendo's top seller even into summer 1983.^[26] Donkey Kong sold steadily in Japan, as well.^[27]

Its success entrenched the game in American popular culture. In 1982, Buckner and Garcia and R. Cade and the Video Victims both recorded songs based on the game. Artists like DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince and Trace Adkins referenced the game in songs, as did episodes of The Simpsons. Even today, sound effects from the Atari 2600 version often serve as generic video game sounds in films and television shows. The Killer List of Videogames ranks Donkey Kong the third most popular arcade game of all time and places it at #25 on the "Top 100 Videogames" list. Today, Donkey Kong is the fifth most popular arcade game among collectors.^[28] This article serves as an overview of the customs and culture of the United States; for the popular (pop) culture of the United States, see arts and entertainment in the United States. ... Buckner & Garcia are the duo of Jerry Buckner and Gary Garcia. ... Jeff Townes, AKA DJ Jazzy Jeff DJ Jazzy Jeff (born Jeffrey A. Townes on January 22, 1965 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American hip hop DJ/turntablist and hip hop/R&B record producer. ... Will Smith listens intently to a reporters questions at the media scrum for the 2006 Time 100, as covered by vlog Rocketboom. ... Trace Adkins Tracy Darrell Trace Adkins (born January 13, 1962) is an American country music singer from Sarepta, Louisiana. ... The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox network. ... The Killer List of Videogames (otherwise known simply as KLOV, pronounced Kay-El-Oh-Vee) is a website devoted to cataloging arcade games past and present. ...

Licensing and ports

By late June 1982, Donkey Kong's success had prompted more than 50 parties in the U.S. and Japan to license the game's characters.^[29] Mario and his simian nemesis appeared on cereal boxes, board games, pajamas, and manga. In 1983, the animation studio Ruby-Spears produced a Donkey Kong cartoon (as well as Donkey Kong Jr) for the Saturday Supercade program on CBS. In the show, mystery crime-solving plots in the mode of Scooby-Doo are framed around the premise of Mario and Pauline chasing Donkey Kong, who has escaped from the circus. The show lasted two seasons. It has been suggested that Licensing (strategic alliance) be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Manga (disambiguation). ... 12 drawings per second is the typical rate for an animated cartoon. ... Ruby-Spears Productions is a California-based entertainment production company that specializes in animation. ... Saturday Supercade was a Saturday morning television cartoon series produced by Ruby-Spears Productions. ... CBS (formerly an acronym for Columbia Broadcasting System, the former legal name of the network) is one of the largest television networks, and formerly one of the largest radio networks, in the United States. ... Detective fiction is a branch of crime fiction that centers upon the investigation of a crime, usually murder, by a detective, either professional or amateur. ... Scooby-doo is also British naval divers slang for civilian sport scuba diver. Scooby-Doo is an important character in animation up to this day Scooby-Doo is a long-running animated series produced for television by Hanna-Barbera Productions from 1969 to 1986, 1988 to 1991, and from 2002...

Makers of video game consoles were interested, as well. Taito offered a considerable sum to buy all rights to Donkey Kong, but Nintendo turned them down.^[30] Rivals Coleco and Atari approached Nintendo in Japan and the United States respectively. In the end, Yamauchi granted Coleco exclusive home-version and tabletop rights to Donkey Kong because he felt that "It [was] the hungriest company".^[31] In addition, Arakawa felt that as a more established company in the U.S., Coleco could better handle marketing. In return, Nintendo would receive an undisclosed lump sum plus $1.40 per game cartridge sold and $1 per tabletop unit. On 24 December 1981, Howard Lincoln drafted the contract. He included language that Coleco would be held liable for anything on the game cartridge, an unusual clause for a licensing agreement.^[32] Arakawa signed the document the next day, and on 1 February 1982, Yamauchi persuaded the Coleco representative in Japan to sign without running the document by the company's lawyers.^[33] Image File history File links Donkey_Kong_tabletop_instructions. ... Image File history File links Donkey_Kong_tabletop_instructions. ... A video game console is a dedicated electronic machine designed to play video games. ... Taitos current logo The Taito Corporation (ã‚¿ã‚¤ãƒˆãƒ¼æ ªå¼ä¼šç¤¾, taitÅ kabushikigaisha) TYO: 9646 is a Japanese developer of video game software and arcade hardware. ... Coleco was a company founded in 1932 by Maurice Greenberg as Connecticut Leather Company to sell leather supplies to shoemakers. ... For the concept Atari (å½“ãŸã‚Š) in the board game of Go, see Atari (go term). ... Tabletop game is a general term used to refer to card games, board games, parlor games, role-playing games, miniature wargames, tile-based games and other games that are normally played on a table or other flat surface. ... December 24 is the 358th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (359th in leap years). ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Coleco did not offer the game stand-alone; instead, they bundled it with their ColecoVision. The units went on sale in July 1982. Coleco's version is very close to the arcade, more so than ports of earlier games that had been done. Six months later, Coleco offered Atari 2600, Intellivision, and VCS versions, too. Coleco's sales doubled to $500 million and their earnings quadrupled to $40 million.^[34] A CBS ColecoVision unit The ColecoVision was Coleco Industries third-generation home video game console, released in August of 1982. ... The Atari 2600, released in 1977, is the first successful video game console to use plug-in cartridges instead of having one or more games built in. ... The Intellivision is a video game console released by Mattel in 1980; development of the console began in 1978 (less than a year after the introduction of its main competitor, the legendary Atari 2600). ... Veritas Cluster Server (also known as VCS) is a High-availability cluster software package for Unix computer systems, created by Veritas Software (now part of Symantec). ...

Meanwhile, Atari got the rights to the floppy disk version of Donkey Kong and prepared the Atari 800 version of the game. When Coleco unveiled the Adam Computer, playing a port of Donkey Kong at the 1983 Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago, Illinois, Atari protested. Yamauchi demanded that Arnold Greenberg, Coleco's president, shelve his Adam port. This version of the game was cartridge-based, and thus not a violation of Nintendo's license with Atari; still, Greenberg complied. Ray Kassar of Atari was fired the next month, and the home PC version of Donkey Kong fell through.^[35] Image File history File links screenshot Colecovision Donkey Kong (arcade game) by me This is a screenshot of a copyrighted computer game or video game. ... Image File history File links screenshot Colecovision Donkey Kong (arcade game) by me This is a screenshot of a copyrighted computer game or video game. ... A CBS ColecoVision unit The ColecoVision was Coleco Industries third-generation home video game console, released in August of 1982. ... A 3,5 inch diskette, removed from its casing A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. ... An Atari 800XL, one of the most popular machines in the series. ... Memory console and keyboard for Coleco Adam computer expansion for the Colecovision The Coleco Adam was a home computer, an attempt in the early 1980s by American toy manufacturer Coleco to follow on the success of its Colecovision game console. ... The International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) is a trade show held each January in Las Vegas, Nevada, and is sponsored by the Consumer Electronics Association. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 606. ... Arnold Greenberg is an American businessman best known as the CEO of Coleco in the 1970s and 1980s. ... Raymond E. Kassar (born January 2, 1928) was president, and later CEO, of Atari from 1978 to 1983. ...

Miyamoto created a greatly simplified version for the Game & Watch multiscreen, and in 1983, Donkey Kong was an early release for the NES in Japan. This version remained in production until 1988. Other ports include the Apple II, Atari 7800, Commodore 64, Commodore VIC-20, PC, ZX Spectrum, Mini-Arcade, and TI-99/4A. Fire, 1981. ... The 1977 Apple II, complete with integrated keyboard, color graphics, sound, a plastic case and eight expansion slots. ... The Atari 7800 is a video game console released by Atari in 1986 (a test market occurred in June 1984). ... For the hip hop group, see Commodore 64 (band). ... VIC-20 with accessories. ... One of the first PCs from IBM - the IBM PC model 5150. ... The Sinclair ZX Spectrum was a home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research. ... 1981 TI-99/4A 1979 TI-99/4 with RF modulator, optional Speech Synthesizer, keyboard overlays, and a cartridge. ...

In 1994, Nintendo released an enhanced remake of Donkey Kong on the Game Boy, the first game with enhanced Super Game Boy support. This port features many new stages, enhanced graphics and controls. A version of the game appears in the Nintendo 64 game Donkey Kong 64 and another in the GameCube game Animal Crossing (although that is the NES port, not the original arcade version). In 2004, Nintendo released the NES version for the Game Boy Advance Classic NES series and on the e-Reader. In the video game subculture, an enhanced remake (also called updated classics) is an updated version of a video or computer game that was originally developed for a less advanced system. ... Donkey Kong is a 1994 Game Boy remake of the arcade game of the same name. ... The Game Boy ) line is a line of battery-powered handheld game consoles sold by Nintendo. ... Super Game Boy Box art. ... The Nintendo 64, commonly called the N64, is Nintendos third home video game console for the international market. ... Donkey Kong 64 is an adventure/platform video game developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64. ... The Nintendo GameCube (Japanese: ã‚²ãƒ¼ãƒ ã‚ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒ–; originally code-named Dolphin during development; officially abbreviated as GCN by Nintendo of America) is Nintendos fourth home video game console, belonging to the sixth generation eraâ€”the same generation as Segas Dreamcast, Sonys PlayStation 2, and Microsofts Xbox. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... GBA redirects here. ... The Classic NES Series in North America, Famicom Mini Series in Japan, or NES Classics in Europe are a series of Game Boy Advance games that were originally released on the Nintendo Entertainment System/Famicom and Famicom Disk System emulated on the Game Boy Advance. ... The e-Reader with card. ...

Clones and sequels

Other companies bypassed Nintendo completely. In 1981, O. R. Rissman, president of Tiger Electronics, obtained a license to use the name King Kong from Universal City Studios. Under this title, Tiger created a handheld game with a scenario and gameplay based directly on Nintendo's creation. Tiger logo Tiger Electronics is a USA-based toys manufacturer, best known for the Furby and Giga Pets. ... King Kong battles a pterosaur in the original 1933 version. ... The current Universal Studios logo Universal Studios, a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a Big Ten movie studio that has production studios and offices located at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California, an unincorporated area of Los Angeles County between Los Angeles and Burbank. ... A handheld game console is a lightweight, portable electronic machine for playing video games. ...

Crazy Kong is another example, a clone manufactured by Falcon and licensed for some non-American markets. Nevertheless, Crazy Kong machines found their way into some American arcades during the early 1980s, often installed in cabinets marked as Congorilla. Nintendo was quick to take legal action against those distributing the game in the U.S.^[36] Bootleg copies of Donkey Kong also appeared in both North America and France under the Crazy Kong or Donkey King names. In 1983, Sega created its own Donkey Kong clone called Congo Bongo. Despite being in isometric perspective, the gameplay is very similar. Crazy Kong (J: ã‚¯ãƒ¬ã‚¤ã‚¸ãƒ¼ã‚³ãƒ³ã‚°) is an arcade game created by Falcon, released in 1981 and is almost exactly the same as Nintendos Donkey Kong. ... In the computer and video game industry, a clone is a game which is very similar to a previous popular game. ... Copyright infringement (also known as piracy) is the unauthorized use of copyrighted material in a manner that violates one of the copyright owners exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make derivative works that build upon it. ... Sega Corporation ) is an international video game software and hardware developing company, and a former home computer and console manufacturer. ... Congo Bongo is an arcade game by SEGA, released in 1983. ... Isometric drawing of a cube. ...

Donkey Kong spawned two direct sequels: Donkey Kong Jr. and Donkey Kong 3. Mario Bros. is a spin-off featuring Mario. Rareware revived the Donkey Kong license in the 1990s for a series of platform games and spin-offs, beginning with Donkey Kong Country in 1994. Donkey Kong 64 (1999) is the latest in this series. In 2004, Nintendo released Mario vs. Donkey Kong, a title much more in the vein of the original arcade game. In it, Mario must chase Donkey Kong to ever greater heights in a toy factory. In 2004 Nintendo released the first of the Donkey Konga games, a series that involves a rhythm-based bongo controller. In 2005, the platform/puzzle game hybrid DK: King of Swing was released. Donkey Kong Jr. ... Donkey Kong 3 (1983) is the third video game in the original Donkey Kong series, originally produced by Nintendo as an arcade game but later for the NES. The storyline is that Donkey Kong has broken into Stanley the Bugmans greenhouse. ... Mario Bros. ... Rare Ltd. ... Donkey Kong Country is a video game developed by Rare and Nintendo, featuring the popular arcade character, Donkey Kong. ... Donkey Kong 64 is an adventure/platform video game developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64. ... Mario vs. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The correct title of this article is DK: King of Swing. ...

Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd.

Nintendo's success with Donkey Kong was not without obstacles. In April 1982, Sid Sheinberg, a seasoned lawyer and president of MCA and Universal City Studios, learned of the game's success and suspected it might be a trademark infringement of Universal's own King Kong.^[23] On 27 April, he met with Arnold Greenberg of Coleco and threatened to sue over Coleco's home version of Donkey Kong. Coleco agreed on 5 May to pay royalties to Universal of 3% of their Donkey Kong's net sale price, worth about $4.6 million.^[37] Meanwhile, Sheinberg revoked Tiger's license to make its King Kong game, but O. R. Rissman refused to acknowledge Universal's claim to the trademark.^[38] When Universal threatened Nintendo, Howard Lincoln and Nintendo refused to cave. In preparation for the court battle ahead, Universal agreed to allow Tiger to continue producing its King Kong game as long as they distinguished it from Donkey Kong. Universal City Studios, Inc. ... Sid Sheinburg was the head of Universal Studios productions from 1973 to 1995. ... The Music Corporation of America was a United States based corporation in the music business. ... Trademark infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights attaching to a registered trademark without the authorisation of the trademark owner or any licensees (provided that such authorization was within the scope of the license). ... King Kong battles a pterosaur in the original 1933 version. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... A royalty is a sum paid to the creator of performance art for the use of that art. ...

Universal officially sued Nintendo on 29 June 1982 and announced its license with Coleco. The company sent cease-and-desist letters to Nintendo's licensees, all of which agreed to pay royalties to Universal except Milton Bradley and Ralston Purina.^[39] June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Cease-and-desist is a legal term meaning essentially stop: It is used in demands for a person or organization to stop doing something (to cease and desist from doing it). ... The Milton Bradley Company was established by Milton Bradley in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1860. ... The Ralston Purina Company, based in St. ...

Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo, Co., Ltd. was heard in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York by Judge Robert W. Sweet. Over seven days, Universal's counsel, the New York firm Townley & Updike, argued that the names King Kong and Donkey Kong were easily confused and that the plot of the game was an infringement on that of the films.^[40] Nintendo's counsel, John Kirby, countered that Universal had themselves argued in a previous case that King Kong's scenario and characters were in the public domain. Judge Sweet ruled in Nintendo's favor, awarding the company Universal's profits from Tiger's game ($56,689.41), damages, and attorney's fees.^[41] The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (SDNY) is the Federal district court whose jurisdiction is comprised of the following counties: New York, Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, and Sullivan. ... John Kirby may refer to: John Kirby (1772-1846), Canadian businessman and politician John Kirby (1908-1952), jazz bassist and band leader John Kirby, Bishop of Clonfert in Ireland John Kirby (1690-1753), a landscape artist This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Universal appealed, trying to prove consumer confusion by presenting the results of a telephone survey and examples from print media where people had allegedly assumed a connection between the two Kongs.^[42] On 4 October 1984, however, the court upheld the previous verdict. Statistical surveys are used to collect quantitative information about items in a population. ... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Nintendo and its licensees filed counterclaims against Universal. On 20 May 1985, Judge Sweet awarded Nintendo $1.8 million for legal fees, lost revenues, and other expenses.^[43] However, he denied Nintendo's claim of damages from those licensees who had paid royalties to both Nintendo and Universal.^[44] Both parties appealed this judgment, but the verdict was upheld on 15 July 1986.^[45] A Counterclaim is made by the defendant to a civil procedure, in a main actions against the plaintiff or against the plaintiff and other persons. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... This article is about the year. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Nintendo thanked John Kirby with a $30,000 sailboat christened the Donkey Kong along with "exclusive worldwide rights to use the name for sailboats."^[46] More importantly, the court battle was a rite of passage for the company, teaching Nintendo that they could compete with the giants of the entertainment industry.^[47]

Notes

References

February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Categories: Donkey Kong platform games | Mario platform games | Arcade games | 1981 computer and video games | 1981 arcade games | Apple II games | Atari 2600 games | Atari 7800 games | Atari 8-bit family games | ColecoVision games | Commodore 64 games | Commodore VIC-20 games | E-Reader games | Game & Watch games | Game Boy Advance games | Intellivision games | NES games | TI-99/4A games | ZX Spectrum games MobowlGames is a website devoted to cataloging bowl cut and bowl cut videos, both past and present. ... Donkey Kong Junior ) is a 1982 arcade game by Nintendo. ... Donkey Kong 3 (1983) is the third video game in the original Donkey Kong series, originally produced by Nintendo as an arcade game but later for the NES. The storyline is that Donkey Kong has broken into Stanley the Bugmans greenhouse. ... Donkey Kong Country is a video game developed by Rare and Nintendo, featuring the popular arcade character, Donkey Kong. ... Donkey Kong Land is a video game developed by Rareware for the Game Boy. ... Donkey Kong Land 2 was the sequel to 1995s Game Boy hit, Donkey Kong Land. ... Donkey Kong Land III was the third and final entry in the Donkey Kong Land trilogy of games for the original Game Boy. ... Donkey Kong 64 is an adventure/platform video game developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64. ... Donkey Kong Jungle Beat Categories: Donkey Kong games | GameCube games | 2005 computer and video games | Computer and video game stubs ... Donkey Kong Wii is an upcoming video game for Nintendos Wii. ... Donkey Kong is a 1994 Game Boy remake of the arcade game of the same name. ... Mario vs. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Donkey Konga 3 is a music video game in the Donkey Kong series by Nintendo and Namco. ... Diddy Kong Racing is a racing game for the Nintendo 64 developed by Rareware. ... Diddy Kong Racing DS (tentative title) is a racing game for the Nintendo DS by Rare. ... DK Bongo Blast is a racing game for the Nintendo Game Cube, recently announced on May 9, 2006 at the E3 convention [1]. DK Bongo Blast at IGN Donkey Kong series Categories: | | | ... Donkey Kong Jr. ... The correct title of this article is DK: King of Swing. ... The correct title of this article is DK: King of Swing DS. The article title conflicts with an existing namespace. ... Screenshot shown at E3 2001 Donkey Kong Racing is a cancelled video game for the Nintendo GameCube. ... This article is a chronological list of Mario games. ... Donkey Kong Jr. ... Mario Bros. ... Super Mario Bros. ... SMB 2 title screen (Japanese version) Super Mario Bros. ... This article is about the version of Super Mario Bros. ... Super Mario Bros. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Super Mario World ) (commonly abbreviated SMW) was the first launch game for the Nintendo Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System game consoles. ... Screenshot from Super Mario Land 2 Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins is Marios second adventure for Game Boy. ... For the Nintendo DS enhanced remake, see Super Mario 64 DS. Super Mario 64 is a video game for the Nintendo 64. ... Super Mario Sunshine is a 3D platformer console title in the Mario series. ... This article may be excessively or inappropriately using first or second person, contrary to the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia entry. ... Super Mario Galaxy (working title) is the latest installment in the Mario series. ... Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars (スーパーマリオRPG) was the last Mario game made and released for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and was the last Square-produced game for a Nintendo video game console until 2003, with the debut of Final Fantasy: Crystal Chronicles for the... Paper Mario , Mario Story) is a role-playing video game for the Nintendo 64. ... Luigis Mansion ), released in 2001, was a launch title for the Nintendo GameCube system; it was also the first official Mario-series title for the system. ... Mario and Luigi: Superstar Saga is a video game made for Game Boy Advance. ... Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door is the sequel to the Nintendo 64 video game Paper Mario, and is the fourth in the series of Mario role-playing game titles that includes Super Mario RPG, Paper Mario, and Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga. ... Super Paper Mario is a video game currently in development by Intelligent Systems, a division of Nintendo. ... Super Mario Advance The Super Mario remake series was created by Nintendo as a program to modernize their games for the Game Boy system. ... Kaettekita Mario Bros. ... Super Mario All-Stars, known in Japan as Super Mario Collection ), is a video game that was developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1993. ... Super Mario Bros. ... The Super Mario remake series was created by Nintendo as a program to modernize their games for the Game Boy system. ... The Super Mario remake series was created by Nintendo as a program to modernize their games for the Game Boy system. ... Super Mario 64 DS is an enhanced remake of the 1996 video game Super Mario 64. ... Mario Party is a series of video games in which four human- or computer-controlled characters compete in a board gamestyle game with interspersed minigames, featuring characters in the Mario universe. ... Box art of Dr. Mario for the NES. The Dr. Mario series is a series of video games made by Nintendo, starting with Dr. Mario in 1990. ... Super Princess Peach ) is a 2D platform video game for the Nintendo DS, set in the Mario universe, starring Princess Peach. ... Mario Pinball Land, known in Japan and Europe as Super Mario Ball (ã‚¹ãƒ¼ãƒ‘ãƒ¼ãƒžãƒªã‚ªãƒœãƒ¼ãƒ«), is a pinball video game that was developed by Fuse Games and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance and released in 2004. ... Wrecking Crew was a game for the Nintendo Family Computer (also known as the Nintendo Entertainment System) starring Mario. ... Wrecking Crew 98 is an action puzzle game released in Japan only for the Super Famicom as part of the Japanese Nintendo Power download game service. ... Mario Clash is a Virtual Boy game produced by Nintendo in 1995. ... The Mario Picross game for the Game Boy, Super Famicom and SNES is a collection of paint by numbers logic puzzles involving a grid with numbers for every row and column which refer to the amount of marked squares within the grid. ... A screenshot from Mario Kart DS Mario Kart is a series of Nintendo racing games that feature characters from the Mario Bros. ... Mario Golf is a sports video game that was developed by Camelot Software Planning (known for the successful PlayStation title Hot Shots Golf) and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color and released in 1999. ... Mario Tennis is a video game series that began in 1995 with Marios Tennis for the Game Boy. ... Mario Superstar Baseball, known in Japan as Super Mario Stadium Miracle Baseball (ã‚¹ãƒ¼ãƒ‘ãƒ¼ãƒžãƒªã‚ªã‚¹ã‚¿ã‚¸ã‚¢ãƒ ãƒŸãƒ©ã‚¯ãƒ«ãƒ™ãƒ¼ã‚¹ãƒœãƒ¼ãƒ«), is a video game that was developed by Namco and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube in 2005. ... Super Mario Strikers (Mario Smash Football in Europe and Australia) is a soccer video game released exclusively for the Nintendo GameCube. ... Mario Hoops 3-on-3 (also known as Mario Basketball 3-on-3 in Japan) is a basketball game developed by Square Enix for the Nintendo DS. It was first completely unveiled at the E3 2006 showcase. ... Donkey Kong Junior ) is a 1982 arcade game by Nintendo. ... Donkey Kong is a 1994 Game Boy remake of the arcade game of the same name. ... Mario vs. ... Hotel Mario is a puzzle game produced and developed by Philips Media resulting from a failed deal with Nintendo to make a CD-ROM enhancement of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. ... Marios Early Years! is a Super Mario-spinoff series of 3 educational video games, made for the Super NES and PC. These games included Fun with Numbers, Fun with Letters, and Preschool Fun. ... Marios FUNdamentals (also known as Marios Game Gallery) is a PC game developed by Brainstorm and published by Mindscape in January of 1997. ... Mario is Missing! is a geography edutainment video game for the Super NES, NES, and PC. It was developed by The Software Toolworks and was released in 1992 (PC) and 1993 (SNES). ... Mario Paint is a productivity title created by Nintendo for use with the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and was released in 1992 along with the SNES mouse peripheral device. ... Mario Teaches Typing is an educational video game that designs for typing skills of children. ... Mario Teaches Typing 2 is a computer game starring Mario developed by Brainstorm and published by Interplay Entertainment. ... Marios Time Machine is a video game made for NES, SNES, and PC. It is considered to be a sequel to Mario Is Missing! In this game, Mario has to go back in time to restore some artifacts that were stolen from their original times and in the NES... Super Mario Bros. ... Super Marios Wacky Worlds was a cancelled video game planned for the Phillips CD-i, and was in development by NovaLogic. ... Super Mario 128 should also was the first Mario game with we Super FX chip, but th plan was going over to Nintendo 64 and released as the name Super Mario 64. ... Super Mario 64 2 was a rumored expansion and sequel to Super Mario 64. ... Super Mario 128 was a name given to perhaps a series of development projects to create a supposedly true sequel to Super Mario 64, in the years 1997 to 2005. ...

Contents

Story and characters GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");