NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Doxycycline

Doxycycline (INN) (IPA: [ ˌdɒksɪˈsaɪklin ]) is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer Inc. and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin. Vibramycin received FDA approval in 1967, becoming Pfizer's first once-a-day broad-spectrum antibiotic. Other brand names include Monodox, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs, Doryx, Vibrox, Adoxa®, Doxyhexal and Atridox (topical doxycycline hyclate for Periodontitis). In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... Periodontics is the study of clinical aspects of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, alveolar (jaw) bone, root cementum, and the periodontal ligament in health and disease. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... Intramuscular injection is an injection of a substance directly into a muscle. ... An International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as designated by the World Health Organization. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the â€œInternational Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... This article deals with the group of antibiotics known as the Tetracyclines . ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... Pfizer Incorporated (NYSE: PFE) is the worlds largest research-based pharmaceutical company[1].[1] The company is based in New York City. ... Periodontitis, formerly known as Pyorrhea, is the name of a collection of inflammatory diseases affecting the tissues that surround and support the teeth. ...

Indicated uses

As well as the general indications for all members of the tetracycline antibiotics group, Doxycycline is frequently used to treat chronic prostatitis, sinusitis, syphilis, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease^[1]^[2], acne and rosacea^[3]^[4]. In addition it is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and malaria. Its mechanism of action against malaria is to specifically impair in the progeny the apicoplast genes resulting in their abnormal cell division.^[5] This article deals with the group of antibiotics known as the Tetracyclines . ... Oxytetracycline is known as a broad-spectrum antibiotic due to its activity against such a wide range of infections. ... This article deals with the group of antibiotics known as the Tetracyclines . ... Prostatitis is any form of inflammation of the prostate gland. ... Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may or may not be as a result of infection, from bacterial, fungal, viral, allergic or autoimmune issues. ... Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum. ... Chlamydia is a common term for infection with any bacterium belonging to the phylum Chlamydiae. ... Pelvic inflammatory disease (or disorder) (PID) is a generic term for infection of the female uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries as it progresses to scar formation with adhesions to nearby tissues and organs. ... Rosacea (IPA: ) is a common but often misunderstood condition that is estimated to affect over 45 million people worldwide. ... Prophylaxis refers to any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure, disease. ... Binomial name Bacillus anthracis Cohn 1872 Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Bacillus. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... The Apicoplast is a relict, non-photosynthetic plastid found in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. ...

It is also effective against Yersinia pestis (the infectious agent of bubonic plague) and is prescribed for the treatment of Lyme disease^[6]^[7]^[8], ehrlichiosis^[9]^[10] and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Doxycycline, like other antibiotics, will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. Binomial name Yersinia pestis (Lehmann & Neumann, 1896) van Loghem 1944 Yersinia pestis is a facultative anaerobic bipolar-staining (giving it a safety pin appearance) bacillus bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. ... Lyme disease (Borreliosis) is a bacterial infection with a spirochete from the species complex Borrelia burgdorferi, which is most often acquired from the bite of an infected Ixodes, or black-legged, tick, also known as a deer tick. ... It has been suggested that Ehrlickiosis be merged into this article or section. ... Binomial name Rickettsia rickettsii Wolbach, 1919 Wikispecies has information related to: Ixodidae Wikispecies has information related to: Rickettsia Rocky Mountain spotted fever is the most severe and most frequently reported rickettsial illness in the United States, and has been diagnosed throughout the Americas. ...

Elephantiasis is a disease caused by a nematode (worm) Wuchereria bancrofti. It causes swollen limbs and genitals (Filariasis) and affects over 120 million people in the world. Previous anti-nematode treatments have been limited by poor levels of effectiveness, drug side effects and high costs. Doxycycyline was shown in 2003 to kill the symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria upon which the nematodes are dependent.^[11] Field trials in 2005 showed that Doxycycline almost completely eliminates blood-borne filaria when given for an 8 week course.^[12]^[13] Elephantiasis (Greek ÎµÎ»ÎµÏ†Î±Î½Ï„Î¯Î±ÏƒÎ¹Ï‚, from ÎµÎ»ÎÏ†Î±Î½Ï„Î±Ï‚, the elephant) is a disease that is characterized by the thickening of the skin and underlying tissues, especially in the legs and genitals. ... Classes Adenophorea Subclass Enoplia Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea Subclass Rhabditia Subclass Spiruria Subclass Diplogasteria Subclass Tylenchia The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema): thread + -ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ... Wuchereria bancrofti (named for O.E.H. Wucheria and Joseph Bancroft), a parasitic filarial nematode, affects over 120 million people, and is spread by mosquitoes. ... Wolbachia is a genus of inherited bacterium that infects arthropod species, including a high proportion of all insects. ...

When bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug, doxycycline may be used to treat:

E. coli redirects here. ... Binomial name Enterobacter aerogenes is a Gram-negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, rod-shaped bacterium. ... Lyme disease (Borreliosis) is a bacterial infection with a spirochete from the species complex Borrelia burgdorferi, which is most often acquired from the bite of an infected Ixodes, or black-legged, tick, also known as a deer tick. ... Species S. boydii S. dysenteriae S. flexneri S. sonnei This article is about the bacteria. ... Species A. baumannii A. lwoffii etc. ... Respiratory tract infections can refer to: Lower respiratory tract infection Upper respiratory tract infection Category: ... Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann & Neumann 1896) Winslow 1917 Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. ... UTI is an acronym for Urinary Tract Infection and the calculator programming group United-TI. ... Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, and clinically the most important member of the Klebsiella genus of Enterobacteriaceae. ... Binomial name (Klein 1884) Chester 1901 Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic diplococcus bacterium and a member of the genus Streptococcus. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1020x936, 110 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Doxycycline Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1020x936, 110 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Doxycycline Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create...

Cautions and side effects

Cautions and side effects are similar to other members of the tetracycline antibiotic group. However the 10% risk of photosensitivity skin reactions is of particular importance for those intending long-term use for malaria prophylaxis. Reports of GERD have been cited with the use of Doxycycline. This article deals with the group of antibiotics known as the Tetracyclines . ... Photodermatitis is a reaction of the skin to UV rays of the sun. ... Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD; or GORD when spelling Å“sophageal, the BrE form) is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus[1]. This is commonly due to transient or permanent changes in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach. ...

Unlike some other members of the tetracycline group, it may be used in those with renal impairment.

Doxycycline impairs the effectiveness of many types of hormonal contraception due to CYP450 induction, and physicians recommend the use of barrier contraception for people taking the drug to prevent unwanted pregnancy. It may also reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives by decreasing the normal flora in the intestines. This can reduce the flora's ability to remove glucuronide groups off of estrogen as it re-enters the GI tract via enterohepatic circulation. Estrogens are glucuronidated in the liver and re-circulated to the gut. Therefore, Doxycycline's effect on efficacy of oral contraceptives can be two-fold. Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the hormonal system. ... The human body contains a large number of bacteria, most of them performing tasks that are useful or even essential to human survival. ... Glucuronide is a substance produced by attaching glucuronic acid to another substance with glycosidic bonds. ... Estriol. ... Enterohepatic circulation, is the excretion of a drug (or a metabolite of it) through the bile to be re-absorbed in the gut and sent again to the liver along the portal vein, so the excretion-reabsortion cycle can start again. ...

It should be taken with a full glass of water to prevent irritation of the esophagus and stomach. Also, there is a slim risk of liver damage during prolonged use of the drug. However, other medicines that treat conditions such as acne have a higher risk. ^{[citation needed]}

Experimental applications

At subantimicrobial doses, doxycycline is an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, and has been used in various experimental systems for this purpose. Doxycycline has been used successfully in the treatment of one patient with lymphangioleiomyomatosis, an otherwise progressive and fatal disease.^[14] Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases; other family members are adamalysins, serralysins, and astacins. ... Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is the result of disorderly smooth muscle proliferation throughout the bronchioles, alveolar septa, perivascular spaces, and lymphatics, resulting in the obstruction of small airways (leading to pulmonary cyst formation and pneumothorax) and lymphatics (leading to chylous pleural effusion). ...

Doxycycline is also used in "Tet-on" and "Tet-off" tetracycline controlled transcriptional activation to regulate transgene expression in organisms and cell cultures. Tetracycline Controlled Transcriptional Activation is a method of inducible expression where transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of the antibiotic tetracycline or one of its derivatives (etc. ... A transgene is a gene or genetic material which has been transferred by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another. ... Epithelial cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) Cell culture is the term applied when cells are grown in a synthetic environment. ...

SEM micrograph of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. ... Pasteurella multocida is a small, Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillus that is penicillin-sensitive. ... Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is traditionally considered a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints. ... In medicine, pulmonology is the specialty that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract. ... Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (medium-size airways) in the lungs. ...

References

^ Sweet RL, Schachter J, Landers DV, Ohm-Smith M, Robbie MO. Treatment of hospitalized patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease: comparison of cefotetan plus doxycycline and cefoxitin plus doxycycline. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Mar;158(3 Pt 2):736-41.
^ Gjonnaess H, Holten E. Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pelvic inflammatory disease. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1978;57(2):137-9.
^ Maatta M, Kari O, Tervahartiala T, Peltonen S, Kari M, Saari M, Sorsa T. Tear fluid levels of MMP-8 are elevated in ocular rosacea--treatment effect of oral doxycycline. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006 Aug;244(8):957-62. Epub 2006 Jan 13.
^ Quarterman MJ, Johnson DW, Abele DC, Lesher JL Jr, Hull DS, Davis LS. Ocular rosacea. Signs, symptoms, and tear studies before and after treatment with doxycycline. Arch Dermatol. 1997 Jan;133(1):49-54.
^ Dahl E, Shock J, Shenai B, Gut J, DeRisi J, Rosenthal P (Sep 2006). "Tetracyclines specifically target the apicoplast of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 (9): 3124-31. PMID 16940111.
^ Nadelman RB, Luger SW, Frank E, Wisniewski M, Collins JJ, Wormser GP. Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in the treatment of early Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Aug 15;117(4):273-80.
^ Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D, Falco RC, Freeman K, McKenna D, Welch P, Marcus R, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Dennis DT, Wormser GP. Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jul 12;345(2):79-84.
^ Karlsson M, Hammers-Berggren S, Lindquist L, Stiernstedt G, Svenungsson B. Comparison of intravenous penicillin G and oral doxycycline for treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Neurology. 1994 Jul;44(7):1203-7.
^ Weinstein RS. Human ehrlichiosis. Am Fam Physician. 1996 Nov 1;54(6):1971-6.
^ Karlsson U, Bjoersdorff A, Massung RF, Christensson B. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis--a clinical case in Scandinavia. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(1):73-4.
^ Hoerauf A, Mand S, Fischer K, Kruppa T, Marfo-Debrekyei Y, Debrah AY, Pfarr KM, Adjei O, Buttner DW (2003). "Doxycycline as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from Wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production". Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 192 (4): 211-6. PMID 12684759.
^ Taylor MJ, Makunde WH, McGarry HF, Turner JD, Mand S, Hoerauf A (2005). "Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet 365 (9477): 2116-21. PMID 15964448.
^ Outland, Katrina. "New Treatment for Elephantitis: Antibiotics", The Journal of Young Investigators, 2005 Volume 13.
^ Moses MA, Harper J, Folkman J (2006). "Doxycycline treatment for lymphangioleiomyomatosis with urinary monitoring for MMPs". N Engl J Med 354 (24): 2621–22.
^ Saraiva IH, Jones RN, Erwin M, Sader HS. Evaluation of antimicrobial sensitivity of 87 clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 1997 Jul-Sep;43(3):217-22.
^ Dibb WL, Digranes A. Characteristics of 20 human Pasteurella isolates from animal bite wounds. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [B]. 1981 Jun;89(3):137-41.
^ Sreekanth VR, Handa R, Wali JP, Aggarwal P, Dwivedi SN. Doxycycline in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis--a pilot study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 Aug;48(8):804-7.
^ Nordstrom D, Lindy O, Lauhio A, Sorsa T, Santavirta S, Konttinen YT. Anti-collagenolytic mechanism of action of doxycycline treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 1998;17(5):175-80.
^ Raza M, Ballering JG, Hayden JM, Robbins RA, Hoyt JC. Doxycycline decreases monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human lung epithelial cells. Exp Lung Res. 2006 Jan-Feb;32(1-2):15-26.
^ Chodosh S, Tuck J, Pizzuto D. Comparative trials of doxycycline versus amoxicillin, cephalexin and enoxacin in bacterial infections in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1988;53:22-8.
^ Bachelez H, Senet P, Cadranel J, Kaoukhov A, Dubertret L. The use of tetracyclines for the treatment of sarcoidosis. Arch Dermatol. 2001 Jan;137(1):69-73.
^ El Sayed F, Dhaybi R, Ammoury A. Subcutaneous nodular sarcoidosis and systemic involvement successfully treated with doxycycline. J Med Liban. 2006 Jan-Mar;54(1):42-4.

External link

Categories: Articles to be expanded since January 2007 | All articles to be expanded | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements | Tetracycline antibiotics | Antimalarial agents Stomatology is an international training course in specialised medicine recognised in the European Union relating to the mouth and its diseases. ... A division of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System A Alimentary tract and metabolism A01A Stomatological preparations A01AA Caries prophylactic agents A01AA01 Sodium fluoride A01AA02 Sodium monofluorophosphate A01AA03 Olaflur A01AA04 Stannous fluoride A01AA30 Combinations A01AA51 Sodium fluoride, combinations A01AB Anti-infectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment A01AB02 Hydrogen peroxide... Caries is a progressive destruction of any kind of bone structure, including the skull, the ribs and other bones. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound with the formula NaF. This colourless solid is the main source of the fluoride ion in diverse applications. ... Sodium monofluorophosphate Sodium monofluorophosphate (also disodium monofluorophosphate or MFP) is a chemical with the formula Na2PO3F. Its molecular weight is 143. ... Stannous fluoride is commonly used in toothpaste to protect tooth enamel from attack by bacteria, similar to sodium fluoride. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... An antiseptic solution of iodine applied to a cut Antiseptics (Greek Î±Î½Ï„Î¯, against, and ÏƒÎ·Ï€Ï„Î¹ÎºÏŒÏ‚, putrefactive) are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ... Chlorhexidine Gluconate is a chemical antiseptic, to combat both gram positive and gram negative microbes. ... Amphotericin B (FungilinÂ®, FungizoneÂ®, AbelcetÂ®, AmBisomeÂ®, FungisomeÂ®, AmphocilÂ®, AmphotecÂ®) is a polyene antimycotic drug, used intravenously in systemic fungal infections. ... Oxyquinoline is an antiseptic/disinfectant. ... Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments and eyedrops. ... Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent commonly applied topically (to the skin) or mucus membranes to cure fungal infections. ... Natamycin, also known as pimaricin, is a polyene antifungal drug. ... Hexetidine is an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent commonly used in both vetinary and human medicine. ... Tetracycline (INN) (IPA: ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. ... Benzoxonium chloride is an antiseptic/disinfectant. ... Metronidazole (INN) (IPA: ) is a nitroimidazole anti-infective drug used mainly in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms, particularly anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. ... Clotrimazole is a potent, specific inhibitor of p450 enzymes. ... Sodium perborate (PBS), also called perboric acid or metaborate peroxyhydrate, is a white, odorless, water-soluble chemical compound with chemical formula NaBO3. ... Chlortetracycline (AureomycinÂ®, Lederle) is the first tetracycline antibiotic to be discovered. ... Minocycline hydrochloride, also known as minocycline, is a member of the broad spectrum tetracycline antibiotics, and has a broader spectrum than the other members. ... Eugenol (C10H12O2), is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i. ... In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. ... Triamcinolone (trade names Kenalog, Aristocort, Nasacort, Tri-Nasal, Triderm, Azmacort, Trilone, Tristoject, Fougera;) is a synthetic corticosteroid given orally, by injection, inhalation, or as a topical ointment or cream. ... Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid hormones. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Benzidamine is a part of Tantum verde ... Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (IPA: ), (acetosal) is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (to relieve minor aches and pains), antipyretic (to reduce fever), and as an anti-inflammatory. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... This article deals with the group of antibiotics known as the Tetracyclines . ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Chlortetracycline (AureomycinÂ®, Lederle) is the first tetracycline antibiotic to be discovered. ... Clomocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. ... Demeclocycline (marketed as DeclomycinÂ®, DeclostatinÂ® and LedermycinÂ®) is a tetracycline antibiotic used in various types of bacterial infections. ... Lymecycline is a tetracycline broad-spectrum antibiotic. ... Metacycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. ... Minocycline hydrochloride, also known as minocycline, is a member of the broad spectrum tetracycline antibiotics, and has a broader spectrum than the other members. ... Oxytetracycline is known as a broad-spectrum antibiotic due to its activity against such a wide range of infections. ... Penimepicycline (INN, also known as mepicycline penicillinate) is an antibiotic. ... Rolitetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. ... Tetracycline (INN) (IPA: ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. ... Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. ... Tigecycline Tigecycline is an antibiotic developed and marketed by Wyeth under the brand name TygacilÂ®. It was given an FDA fast-track approval and was approved on June 17, 2005. ...

Contents

Cautions and side effects

Experimental applications

References

External link