 Comparison of the perceived harm for various psychoactive drugs from a poll among medical psychiatrists specialized in addiction treatment [1] - This article is an overview of the nontherapeutic use of alcohol and drugs of abuse. For the mental health classification, see substance abuse.
Drug abuse has a wide range of definitions related to taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. All of these definitions imply a negative judgement of the drug use in question (compare with the term responsible drug use for alternative views). Some of the drugs most often associated with this term include alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methaqualone, and opium alkaloids. Use of these drugs may lead to criminal penalty in addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, both strongly depending on local jurisdiction.[2] Other definitions of drug abuse fall into four main categories: public health definitions, mass communication and vernacular usage, medical definitions, and political and criminal justice definitions. Drug addiction, or dependency is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. ...
Also see Alcoholism and Drug addiction. ...
Also see Alcoholism and Drug addiction. ...
An assortment of psychoactive drugs A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ...
Doping drugs on display at The Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland In sports, doping refers to the use of performance-enhancing drugs, such as anabolic steroids, particularly those that are forbidden by the organizations that regulate competitions. ...
The concept of responsible drug use is that a person can use recreational drugs with reduced or eliminated risk of negatively affecting other parts of ones life or other peoples lives. ...
Grain alcohol redirects here. ...
Amphetamine is a synthetic drug originally developed (and still used) as an appetite suppressant. ...
Barbituric acid, the basic structure of all barbiturates Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ...
Alprazolam 2 mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , often abbreviated to benzos) are a class of sedative hypnotic psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are mediated by slowing down the central nervous system. ...
For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ...
Methaqualone tablets and capsules. ...
An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ...
An estimated 4.7% of the global population aged 15 to 64, or 185 million people, consume illicit drugs annually.[3][4]
Public health definitions Public health practitioners have attempted to look at drug abuse from a broader perspective than the individual, emphasising the role of society, culture and availability. Rather than accepting the loaded terms alcohol or drug "abuse," many public health professionals have adopted phrases such as "alcohol and drug problems" or "harmful/problematic use" of drugs. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (960x720, 22 KB) Summary Source: A Public Health Approach to Drug Control in Canada Health Officers Council of British Columbia, October 2005 http://www. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (960x720, 22 KB) Summary Source: A Public Health Approach to Drug Control in Canada Health Officers Council of British Columbia, October 2005 http://www. ...
Public health is the study and practice of addressing threats to the health of a community. ...
The Health Officers Council of British Columbia — in their 2005 policy discussion paper, A Public Health Approach to Drug Control in Canada — has adopted a public health model of psychoactive substance use that challenges the simplistic black-and-white construction of the binary (or complementary) antonyms "use" vs. "abuse". This model explicitly recognizes a spectrum of use, ranging from beneficial use to chronic dependence (see diagram to the right). Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 5th Total 944...
Look up Antonym in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article is about the concept of addiction. ...
Medical definitions In the modern medical profession, the two most used diagnostic tools in the world, the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), no longer recognise 'drug abuse' as a current medical diagnosis. Instead, they have adopted substance abuse[5] as a blanket term to include drug abuse and other things.Physical dependence, abuse of, and withdrawal from drugs and other miscellaneous substances is outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) ). It's section Substance dependence begin with: Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ...
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a handbook for mental health professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder and the criteria for diagnosing them, according to the publishing organization the American Psychiatric Association. ...
WHO redirects here. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
Also see Alcoholism and Drug addiction. ...
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a handbook for mental health professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder and the criteria for diagnosing them, according to the publishing organization the American Psychiatric Association. ...
Drug addiction, or substance dependence is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. ...
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- "Substance dependence When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. This, along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders...." [5]
However, other definitions differ; they may entail psychological or physical dependence [5] , and may focus on treatment and prevention in terms of the social consequences of substance uses. Drug addiction, or substance dependence is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. ...
Also see Alcoholism and Drug addiction. ...
Drug addiction, or substance dependence is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. ...
Historical medical use of the term "In the early 1900s, the first edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders referred to both alcohol and drug abuse as part of Sociopathic Personality Disturbances, which were thought to be symptoms of deeper psychological disorders or moral weakness [6]. By the third edition, in the 1940s, drug abuse was grouped into 'substance abuse'."[citation needed] Due to the epidemic of medical errors, readers are cautioned to be aware that the American Psychiatric Association isnt immune to this. ...
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a handbook for mental health professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder and the criteria for diagnosing them, according to the publishing organization the American Psychiatric Association. ...
In 1932, the American Psychiatric Association created a definition that used legality, social acceptability, and even cultural familiarity as qualifying factors:
“ …as a general rule, we reserve the term drug abuse to apply to the illegal, nonmedical use of a limited number of substances, most of them drugs, which have properties of altering the mental state in ways that are considered by social norms and defined by statute to be inappropriate, undesirable, harmful, threatening, or, at minimum, culture-alien."” - Glasscote, R.M., Sussex, J.N., Jaffe, J.H., Ball, J., Brill, L. (1932). The Treatment of Drug Abuse: Programs, Problems, Prospects. Washington, D.C.: Joint Information Service of the American Psychiatric Association and the National Association for Mental Health.
In 1966, the American Medical Association’s Committee on Alcoholism and Addiction defined abuse of stimulants (amphetamines, primarily) in terms of ‘medical supervision’: The American Medical Association (AMA) is the largest association of medical doctors in the United States. ...
“ …‘use’ refers to the proper place of stimulants in medical practice; ‘misuse’ applies to the physician’s role in initiating a potentially dangerous course of therapy; and ‘abuse’ refers to self-administration of these drugs without medical supervision and particularly in large doses that may lead to psychological dependency, tolerance and abnormal behavior. ”
Political and criminal justice definitions -
Most countries have legislation designed to criminalise some drug use. Usually however the legislative process is self-referential, defining abuse in terms of what is made illegal.[citation needed] The legislation concerns lists of drugs specified by the legislation. These drugs are often called illegal drugs but, generally, what was illegal is their unlicensed production, supply and possession. The drugs are also called controlled drugs or controlled substances. Most countries have legislation designed to criminalise some drug use. ...
Legislation (or statutory law) is law which has been promulgated (or enacted) by a legislature or other governing body. ...
To licence or grant licence is to give permission. ...
Potential for harm Depending on the actual compound, drug use may lead to health problems, social problems, physical dependence, or psychological addiction.
Drug abuse makes central nervous system (CNS) effects, which produce changes in mood, levels of awareness or perceptions and sensations. Most of these drugs also alter systems other than the CNS. Some of these are often thought of as being abused. Some drugs appear to be more likely to lead to uncontrolled use than others.[7] A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
Traditionally, new pharmacotherapies are quickly adopted in primary care settings, however, drugs for substance abuse treatment have faced many barriers. Naltrexone, a drug originally marketed under the name "ReVia," and now marketed in intramuscular formulation as "Vivitrol" or in oral formulation as a generic, is a medication approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence. This drug has reached very few patients. This may be due to a number of factors, including resistance by Addiction Medicine specialists and lack of resources. [8] Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. ...
Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
Legal approaches - Related articles: Prohibition (drugs), Arguments for and against drug prohibition
Most governments have designed legislation to criminalise certain types of drug use. These drugs are often called "illegal drugs" but generally what is illegal is their unlicensed production, distribution, and possession. These drugs are also called "controlled substances". Even for simple possession, legal punishment can be quite severe (including the death penalty in some countries). Laws vary across countries, and even within them, and have fluctuated widely throughout history. For the general concept, see Prohibitionism. ...
The prohibition of drugs is a subject of considerable controversy. ...
Legislation (or statutory law) is law which has been promulgated (or enacted) by a legislature or other governing body. ...
To licence or grant licence is to give permission. ...
Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ...
Attempts by government-sponsored drug control policy to interdict drug supply and eliminate drug abuse have been largely unsuccessful. In spite of the huge efforts by the U.S., drug supply and purity has reached an all time high, with the vast majority of resources spent on interdiction and law enforcement instead of public health.[9] In the United States, the number of nonviolent drug offenders in prison exceeds by 100,000 the total incarcerated population in the EU, despite the fact that the EU has 100 million more citizens. For the band, see The Police. ...
Public health is the study and practice of addressing threats to the health of a community. ...
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: European Union The European Union On-Line Official EU website, europa. ...
Despite drug legislation (and some might argue because of it), large, organized criminal drug cartels operate world-wide. Advocates of decriminalization argue that drug prohibition makes drug dealing a lucrative business, leading to much of the associated criminal activity. Retail selling Street selling is the bottom of the chain and can be accomplished through purchasing from prostitutes, through cloaked retail stores or refuse houses for users in the act located in red-light districts which often also deal in paraphernalia, dealers marketing merriment at night clubs and other events...
See also Dr. Bruce K. Alexander Rat Park was a study into drug addiction conducted in the 1970s by American psychologist Bruce K. Alexander at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada. ...
In sports, doping refers to the use of performance-enhancing drugs, particularly those that are forbidden by the organizations that regulate competitions. ...
The Yogurt Connection was a drug smuggling ring which operated out of Indianapolis, Indiana in the late 1970s and eary 1980s. ...
Combat at Guangzhou during the Second Opium War The Opium Wars (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 respectively,[1] the climax of a trade dispute between China and the United Kingdom. ...
An aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) used for administration of asthma medication. ...
Santa Cruz 4/20 celebration at Porter Meadow on UCSC campus in 2007 On April 20th 2007, at 4:20pm PST more than 700 people gathered at City Hall in Victoria, BC to celebrate Victorias 10th annual 4/20 celebration. ...
Cannabis has an ancient history of ritual usage as a trance inducing drug and is found in pharmacological cults around the world. ...
Cannabis Culture Magazine was founded in the spring of 1995 by Marc Emery, BC Marijuana Party President, well-known as Canadas Prince of Pot. The magazine evolved from a publication called The Marijuana & Hemp Newsletter launched in 1994. ...
A stoner film (or stoner movie) is colloquial term referring to a subgenre of movies depicting the use and/or the users of marijuana. ...
Drug subcultures are examples of countercultures, primarily defined by recreational drug use. ...
Notes - ^ Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C (2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet 369 (9566): 1047–53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4 . PMID 17382831.
- ^ (2002). Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Drug abuse definition, p. 552. Nursing diagnoses, p. 2109. ISBN 0-323-01430-5.
- ^ The Global War on Drugs
- ^ Combating Drug Abuse
- ^ a b c DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:Substance Dependence
- ^ schaeffer
- ^ Jaffe, J.H. (1975). Drug addiction and drug abuse. In L.S. Goodman & A. Gilman (Eds.) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (5th ed.). New York: MacMillan. pp. 284–324.
- ^ Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences and Education (BCSSE). (2004) New Treatments for Addiction: Behavioral, Ethical, Legal, and Social Questions. The National Academies Press. pp. 7–8, 140–141
- ^ Wood, Evan, et al. (Apr 29, 2003). "Drug supply and drug abuse". Letters. Canadian Medical Association Journal 168:(9). See also: CMAJ, 2003;168(2):165-9.
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
External links Drug abuse at the Open Directory Project The Open Directory Project (ODP), also known as dmoz (from , its original domain name), is a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links owned by Netscape that is constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. ...
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