Dzhokhar Dudaev and his son

Dzhokhar Dudaev and his family

Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (Chechen Latin: Dzoxar Dudayev; Cyrillic: Джоха́р Муса́евич Дуда́ев, 15 April 1944 – 21 April 1996) was a Soviet Air Force general and a Chechen leader, the first president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized breakaway state in the North Caucasus. November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Zelimkhan Yanderbiyev or Yandarbiyev (Russian: Зелимхан Абдумуслимович Яндарбиев) (September 12, 1952 – February 13, 2004) was an acting president of the breakaway Republic of Chechnya (1996 – 1997). ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Capital Grozny Area - total - % water Ranked 80th - 15,300 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 49th - est. ... The All-National Congress of the Chechen People (NCChP) of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria came to power on November 1, 1991 under president Dzhokhar Dudayev, a former commander of the Soviet air force base in Tartu, Estonia. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (426x640, 36 KB) This photo is from my collection and belong to me personally. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (426x640, 36 KB) This photo is from my collection and belong to me personally. ... Image File history File links Dudaev&family. ... Image File history File links Dudaev&family. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... The Soviet Air Force, also known under the abbreviation VVS, transliterated from Russian: ВВС, Военно-воздушные силы (Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily), formed the official designation of the airforce of the Soviet Union. ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... Chechen can mean: Chechen people, an ethnic group Chechen language Related to Chechnya This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (1861-1865) The majority of this article is about heads of states. ... Official language Chechen Capital Grozny (Dzhokhar, after 1996) President Doku Umarov Independence  â€“ Declared  â€“ Recognition From Russia  â€“ November 1, 1991  â€“ Georgian Republic National anthem Death or Freedom The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Нохчийн Республика Нохчийчоь) is the unrecognized secessionist government of Chechnya. ... The North Caucasus, also called Ciscaucasus, Forecaucasus, or Front Caucasus (Russian: ), is the northern part of the Caucasus region. ...

Early life

Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev was born in February 1944, during the enforced deportation of his family (together with the entire Chechen, Ingush, Balkar, Kalmyk, Crimean Tatar and other smaller nations, on the orders of Joseph Stalin) from their native village of Yalkhoroi in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region. He spent the first 13 years of his life in Kazakhstan. Following the 1957 repatriation of the Chechens and Ingush, he studied at evening school in Checheno-Ingushetia and qualified as an electrician. He entered flying school and graduated from the Tambov Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots in 1966. It is alleged he officially misrepresented his ethnicity as Ossetian in order to sidestep discrimination against the Chechen people. He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1968. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Chechen can mean: Chechen people, an ethnic group Chechen language Related to Chechnya This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Ingush are a people of the northern Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. ... The Balkar (малкъар /malqar/) people are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region, thet titular population of Kabardino-Balkaria. ... The Republic of Kalmykia ( Russian: Респу́блика Калмы́кия; Kalmyk: Хальм Тангч) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... For Crimean Tatar ethos see Crimean Tatars For Crimean Tatar language and alphabet see Crimean Tatar language ... Stalin redirects here. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Komunalnaya Ulitsa, Tambov Tambov (Тамбо́в) is a city in Russia, administrative center of Tambov Oblast. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... Map of Ossetia Ossetia is a region in the northern Caucasus Mountains, inhabited by the Ossetians, an Iranian people who speak the Ossetic language, (an Iranian Language). ... The word discrimination comes from the Latin discriminare, which means to distinguish between. To discriminate socially is to make a distinction between people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за = КПСС) was the name used by the successors of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party from 1952 to 1991, but the wording Communist Party was present in the partys name since 1918 when the Bolsheviks became the Russian... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ...

Dudayev served in a heavy bomber unit of the Soviet Air Force in Siberia and Ukraine. He studied at the Gagarin Air Force Academy (1971-74) and rose steadily in the Air Force, assuming command of the strategic air base at Tartu, Estonia, in 1987 with the rank of Major-General. Dudayev learned Estonian and showed great tolerance for Estonian nationalism when he ignored Soviet orders to shut down the Estonian television and parliament. A large room in the Barclay Hotel in Tartu, once used as Dudayev's office, is now called the "Dudayev Suite" in his honour. In 1990 his division was withdrawn from Estonia and he resigned from the Soviet military and in May 1990 returned to Grozny, the Chechen capital, to devote himself to local politics. The B-52 Stratofortress, a heavy bomber. ... Siberian Federal District (dark red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia. ... Gagarin may refer to: Yuri Gagarin, the first man to travel in outer space. ... For other uses, see Airport (disambiguation). ... County Tartu County Mayor Laine Jänes Area 38. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Major General or Major-General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology [1] that holds that a nation is the fundamental unit for human social life, and takes precedence over any other social and political principles. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... This article is about the year. ... Look up division in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A Red Army is a communist army. ... Grozny or Groznyy (Russian: ) is the capital of the Chechen Republic in Russia. ... In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of capital) is the principal city or town associated with a countrys government. ...

President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

In November 1990 he was elected head of the Executive Committee of the unofficial opposition All-National Congress of the Chechen People, which advocated sovereignity for Chechnya as a separate republic within the Soviet Union. The All-National Congress of the Chechen People (NCChP) of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria came to power on November 1, 1991 under president Dzhokhar Dudayev, a former commander of the Soviet air force base in Tartu, Estonia. ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region or group of people, such as a nation or a tribe. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state or country that is led by people whose political power is based on principles that are not beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ...

When the Communist leadership of Doku Zavgayev in the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic publicly expressed his support for the Moscow putsch in August 1991, his days were numbered. Following the failure of the putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union began to disintegrate rapidly as the constituent republics took moves to leave the beleaguered Soviet Union. Taking advantage of the Soviet Union's implosion, Dudayev and his supporters acted against the Zavgayev administration. On September 6, 1991, militants of the All-National Congress of Chechen People (NCChP), headed by Dudayev, stormed a session of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR Supreme Soviet, killing the Soviet Communist Party chief for Grozny, Vitali Kutsenko, severely injuring several other Soviet members, and effectively dissolving the government of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. Zavgayev, the Chairman of the Soviet, was not present and was able to flee to Russia. This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Doku Zavgaev (Zavgayev) is the former Soviet leader of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. ... Chechen-Ingush Aautonomous Soviet Socialist Rrepublic, or Chechen-Ingush ASSR (Russian: ) was an autonomous republic within Russian SFSR. Its capital was Grozny. ... During the Soviet Coup of 1991, also known as the August Putsch, Vodka Putsch or August Coup, a group of hardliners within the Soviet Communist party briefly deposed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and attempted to take control of the country. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ...   (Russian: , Mihail Sergeevič Gorbačëv, IPA: , commonly written as Mikhail Gorbachev; born March 2, 1931) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The word militant has come to refer to any individual or party engaged in aggressive physical or verbal combat, normally for a cause. ... The Supreme Soviet (Russian: , Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за = &#1050... A chairman is the presiding officer of a meeting, organization, committee, or other deliberative body. ...

After a referendum in October 1991 confirmed Dudayev in his new position as president of "Ichkeria", he unilaterally declared the republic's sovereignty and its secession from Russia. In November 1991, Russian President Boris Yeltsin dispatched troops to Grozny, but they were withdrawn when Dudayev's forces prevented them from leaving the airport. Russia refused to recognize the republic's independence, but hesitated to use further force against the secessionists. From this point the "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria" had become a defacto independent state. Official language Chechen Capital Grozny President Abdul-Khalim Sadulayev Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water Ranked 107th  99,274 km²  0. ... Yeltsin redirects here. ...

Independence

Initially Dudayev's government held diplomatic relations with Georgia where he received much moral support from the first Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia. When Gamsakhurdia was overthrown in late 1991, he was given asylum in Ichkeria and attended Dudayev's inauguration as President. While he resided in Grozny he also helped organised the first "All-Caucasian Conference" which was attended by independentist groups from across the region. Other than Georgia during 1991, Ichkeria never received diplomatic recognition from any other internationally recognised state. Zviad Gamsakhurdia Zviad Konstantines dze Gamsakhurdia (Georgian: ზვიად კონსტანტინეს ძე გამსახურდია) (March 31, 1939 - December 31, 1993) was a dissident, scientist and writer, who became the first democratically elected President of the Republic of Georgia in the post-Soviet era. ... Look up asylum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The entity formerly known as the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic split in two in June 1992. After Chechnya had announced its initial declaration of sovereignty in 1991 its neighbouring entity Ingushetia opted to join the Russian Federation. The remaining rump state of Ichkeria declared full independence in 1993. Same year the Russian language stopped being taught in Chechen schools and it was also announced that the Chechen language would start to be written using the Latin alphabet (with some additional special Chechen characters) rather than the Cyrillic alphabet that had been imposed on the Chechen people during the 1930s. The state also began to print its own money and stamps. 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The Chechen language has about 1,200,000 speakers, most of whom live in Russia. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced , also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages—Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian—and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Dudayev's aggressively nationalistic, anti-Russian policies soon began to undermine Chechnya's economy and, Russian observers claimed, transformed the region into a gangsters' paradise. In 1993 the Chechen parliament attempted to organize a referendum on public confidence in Dudayev on the grounds that he had failed to consolidate Chechnya's independence. He retaliated by dissolving parliament and other organs of power. Beginning in early summer 1994, armed Chechen opposition groups with Russian military and financial backing tried repeatedly, but without success, to depose Dudayev by force. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Military of Russia | Russia-related stubs ...

War with Russia

• First Chechen War

On December 1, 1994 the Russians began bombing Grozny airport and destroyed the Chechen Airforce (former Soviet training aircraft requisitioned by the republic in 1991). In response Ichkeria declared war on Russia and mobilised its armed forces. On December 11, five days after Dudayev and Minister of Defense Pavel Grachev of Russia had agreed to avoid the further use of force, Russian troops invaded Chechnya from three different directions. Combatants Russian Federation Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Commanders Pavel Grachev Aslan Maskhadov Strength Peaking at 45,000 3,000 regulars, thousands of irregulars The First Chechen War (Russian: первая чеченская война) occurred when Russian forces attempted to stop the southern republic of Chechnya from seceding in a two year period lasting from 1994... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Grozny or Groznyy (Russian: ) is the capital of the Chechen Republic in Russia. ... A trainer is a training aircraft used to develop piloting, navigational or weapon-aiming skills in flight crew. ... The armed forces of a state are its government sponsored defense and fighting forces and organizations. ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Russian Defence Minister Pavel Grachev speaking in the State Duma in 1994. ...

Before the fall of Grozny, Dudayev moved south with his forces and continued leading the war throughout 1995 from a missile silo close to the historic Chechen capital of Vedeno. He continued to insist that his forces would prevail after the "conventional" warfare had finished. Chechen guerilla fighters continued to operate across the entire country picking off Russian units and demoralising their soldiers. A Jihad was declared on Russia by the Mufti of Ichkeria, Akhmad Kadyrov, and foreign fighters began pouring into the republic from neighbouring North Caucasian Muslim republics, such as Dagestan, Abkhazia and Ingushetia, and from further afield. 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A missile silo is a underground vertical cylindrical container for the storage and launching of ICBMs. ... Vedeno (Russian: ) is a village in the Chechen Republic, Russia. ... For other uses of War, see War (disambiguation). ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... Jihad, sometimes spelled Jahad, Jehad, Jihaad, Djehad, Jawwad, or Cihad, (Arabic: ‎ ) is an Islamic term, from the Arabic root (to exert utmost effort, to strive, struggle), which connotes a wide range of meanings: anything from an inward spiritual struggle to attain perfect faith to a political or military struggle. ... A Mufti (Arabic: مفتى ) is an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fataawa (plural of fatwa). // Role of a Mufti in governments In theocracies like Saudi Arabia and Iran, and in some countries where the constitution is based on sharia law, such... Akhmat Abdulkhamidovich Kadyrov (Russian: Ахмат Абдулхамидович Кадыров (August 23, 1951 – May 9, 2004) was the president of the Chechen Republic (elected on October 5, 2003). ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... The Republic of Dagestan IPA: (Russian: ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... This page needs revision Abkhazia, Apsny, is an independent republic. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Assassination

President Dudayev was killed on April 21, 1996 by two laser-guided missiles when he was using a satellite phone, after his location was detected by a Russian reconnaissance aircraft, which intercepted his phone call. Despite America's ban on assassinations, it is suspected the NSA was involved in the assassination by providing one of their SIGINT satellites to assist in the triangulation.[1] At the time Dudayev was reportedly talking to a liberal deputy of the Duma in Moscow. Additional aircraft were dispatched (an Su-24MR and an Su-25) to locate Dudayev and fire a guided missile. Exact details of this operation were never released by the Russian government. However, it is known that Russian reconnaissance planes in the area had been monitoring satellite communications for quite some time, trying to match Dudayev's voice signature to existing samples of his speech. It was a grave mistake on Dudayev's part to use a satellite phone, especially with his experience as a Soviet Air Force general. Beam-riding guidance leads a missile to its target by means of radar or a laser beam. ... Exocet missile in flight A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a projectile propelled as a weapon at a target. ... A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or satphone is a mobile phone that communicates directly with orbiting communications satellites. ... A military aircraft used for monitoring enemy activity, usually carrying no armament. ... Assassin and Targeted killing redirect here. ... NSA can stand for: National Security Agency of the USA The British Librarys National Sound Archive This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... SIGINT stands for SIGnals INTelligence, which is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether by radio interception or other means. ... Triangulation can be used to find the distance from the shore to the ship. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Deputy may mean: A member of a Chamber of Deputies, National Assembly, etc. ... A Duma (Ду́ма in Russian) is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2005)    - Density 10,415,400   8537. ... Sukhoi-24 The Sukhoi Su-24 (NATO reporting name Fencer) was the Soviet Unions most advanced all-weather interdiction and attack aircraft in the 1970s and 1980s. ... Su-25 of the Russian Air Force The Su-25 (NATO reporting name Frogfoot) is a battlefield attack, close air support, and anti-tank aircraft designed by the Soviet Union. ... Mixed reconnaissance patrol of the Polish Home Army and the Soviet Red Army during Operation Tempest, 1944 Reconnaissance is the military term for the active gathering of information about an enemy, or other conditions, by physical observation. ... U.S. military MILSTAR communications satellite A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications using radio at microwave frequencies. ...

He was succeeded by Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev (as acting President) and then, after new elections, by Aslan Maskhadov. Zelimkhan Yanderbiyev or Yandarbiyev (Russian: Зелимхан Абдумуслимович Яндарбиев) (September 12, 1952 – February 13, 2004) was an acting president of the breakaway Republic of Chechnya (1996 – 1997). ... Aslan Maskhadov Aslan Aliyevich Maskhadov (Russian: Аслан Алиевич Масхадов) (September 21, 1951 – March 8, 2005) was a leader of the separatist movement in the southern Russian republic of Chechnya. ...

Places named in honor of Dudayev

• After his death, various locations in Turkey were renamed after him, such as Cevher Dudayev Meydanı (Dzhokhar Dudaev Square) in Ankara. ^{[citation needed]}

• From 1996, there is Dzhokhar Dudaev avenue (Dzohara Dudajeva gatve) in Riga, capital of Latvia.

• Dzhokhar Dudaev square (Dzocharo Dudajevo skveras) in Vilnius, capital of Lithuania.

• In 1997, Chechnya's war-ravaged capital Grozny has been renamed Dzhokhar-Ghala.[2]

• On March 17, 2005 a roundabout in Warsaw, capital of Poland, was given the name of Dzhokhar Dudayev.[3]

Ankara (Greek: Áγκυρα) is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ... Map of Latvia Coordinates: Founded 1201 Mayor Aivars Aksenoks Area    - City 307. ... Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population 540,318 in 2005 (1st)} First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Vilna redirects here. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Grozny or Groznyy (Russian: ) is the capital of the Chechen Republic in Russia. ... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in Leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ...

See also

• Post-Soviet Chechnya

// Early history Chechen society has traditionally been organized around many autonomous local clans, called teips. ...

References

• 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia Britannica