In the theory of byzantine music echos is the concept most akin to that of mode or maqam. Strictly speaking, Byzantine music is the medieval sacred chant of Christian Churches following the Orthodox rite. ... Mode has several meanings: In statistics, the mode is the value that has the largest number of observations, namely the most frequent value or values. ... In music, a maqam [sic] (plural maqamat) is a technique of improvisation that defines the pitches, patterns, and development of a piece of music. ...

Overview and semantics

The noun echos (pronounced ichos in modern Greek) means "sound" in general. It acquired the specialized meaning of mode early on in the development of byzantine music theory (ca 14th century or earlier). In general, the concept of echos denotes the scale, intervallic structure as well as a set of more or less explicitly formulated melodic rules and formulae that represent a certain category of melodies within the musical genre. As such, echos is the basis for composing or improvising new melodies that belong to it, as well as for properly performing existing pieces that have been written in it. These rules include the distinction of a hierarchy of degrees (tones, notes), where certain degrees figure as "dominant" notes around which the melody will revolve prominently, or on which the melody will end most of the time. However, only very late stages of the theory (19th-20th century) actually provide systematic descriptions of echoi, while earlier stages use mostly diagrams, indirect descriptions and examples. Explicit detailed descriptions must still be provided based on extensive analysis, as is the case with modal phenomena in numerous other cultures.

History and reconstruction

Early treatises only state the initial or "base" degree which is the tone from which one starts chanting the scale of the echos, as well as its relative position within the overall scale of the echoi. More information on the structure of echoi is only indicated in a very rudimentary way through diagrams written in byzantine music notation involving neumes. The details of the actual intervallic and melodic structure of echoi are virtually impossible to deduce from theoretical treatises prior to the 18th century. In fact, only relatively late systematic comparisons of the echoi with the makamlar of ottoman court music such as those by the Kyrillos Marmarinos, Archbishop of Tinos in his manuscript dated 1747, and the western-oriented reform of the byzantine notation by Chrysanthos of Madyta at the first half of the 19th century make it possible to understand the structure of echoi and to attempt reconstructions of melodies from earlier manuscripts. Neumes are an ancient musical notation used to write down Gregorian chant, a monophonic singing style used by the Catholic church throughout its history. ... Tinos is an island in the Mediterranean Sea, part of Greece. ... Events January 31 - The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Dock Hospital April 9 - The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat was beheaded by axe on Tower Hill, London, for high treason; he was the last man to be executed in this way in Britain May 14 - First battle of Cape...

Echos vs. maqam in eponymous compositional practice

While in other traditions such as that of Ottoman Music, the creation of new modes by eponymous masters resulted in a proliferation of modes (makamlar, maqamat), echoi are not attributed to specific composers, but are rather regarded as belonging to the collective and anonymous heritage of liturgical chant. Eponymous compositions do exist throughout most of the history of byzantine chant, but their echos is always classified from within the system of existing echoi.

Cultural "relations"

The system of echoi is rich and diverse. Closer study and comparison with modal systems of neighboring cultures reveals a complex network of cultural and ethnic influences throughout the century-old histories of the participating peoples. The basic theory of echoi is formalized in a system of eight modes called the Octoechos. See Octoechos for a discussion of its origins and a critique of this concept vis-a-vis actual practice. Octoechos (8 echos) is the fundamental structure for classifying and describing modes in byzantine music. ... Octoechos (8 echos) is the fundamental structure for classifying and describing modes in byzantine music. ...

See also

• Maqam, makam, muqam, raga, and musical mode.