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History of South Asia and History of India
Stone Age	70,000–3300 BCE
• Mehrgarh Culture	• 7000–3300 BCE
Indus Valley Civilization	3300–1700 BCE
Late Harappan Culture	1700–1300 BCE
Vedic period	1500–500 BCE
Iron Age	1200–300 BCE
• Maha Janapadas	• 700–300 BCE
• Magadha Empire	• 545–320 BCE
• Maurya Empire	• 321–184 BCE
Middle Kingdoms	230 BCE–1279 CE
• Satavahana Empire	• 230 BCE–199 CE
• Kushan Empire	• 60–240
• Gupta Empire	•280–550
• Pala Empire	• 750–1174
• Chola Empire	• 250 BCE–1070
Islamic Sultanates	1206–1596
• Delhi Sultanate	• 1206–1526
• Deccan Sultanates	• 1490–1596
Hoysala Empire	1040–1346
Kakatiya Empire	1083–1323
Vijayanagara Empire	1336–1565
Mughal Empire	1526–1857
Maratha Empire	1674–1818
Sikh Confederacy	1716–1849
British India	1858–1947
Modern States	1947 onwards
Nation histories Bangladesh • Bhutan • Republic of India Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka
Regional histories Bengal • Himachal Pradesh • Orissa Pakistani Regions • North India • South India • Tibet
Specialised histories Coinage• Dynasties • Economy • Indology • Language • Literature Maritime • Military • Science and Technology • Timeline
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Economic history of India, in the sense of the meaning of the term economic in its current sense, is at least 5,000 years old^{[citation needed]}. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Shortcut: WP:NPOVD Articles that have been linked to this page are the subject of an NPOV dispute (NPOV stands for Neutral Point Of View; see below). ... Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... This article is about the History of South Asia. ... The History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1700 BCE. This Bronze Age civilization was followed by the Iron Age Vedic period, which witnessed the rise of major kingdoms known as the Mahajanapadas. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bangladesh. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bhutan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Maldives. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Nepal. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sri_Lanka. ... The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in South Asia. ... Mehrgarh was an ancient settlement in South Asia and is one of the most important sites in archaeology for the study of the earliest neolithic settlements in that region. ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BC, in and around the Punjab region. ... Map of early Iron Age Vedic India after Witzel (1989). ... The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent succeeds the Late Harappan (Cemetery H) culture, also known as the last phase of the Indus Valley Tradition. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... A representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which was erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ... Middle kingdoms of India refers to the political entities in India from the 6th century BCE through to the Islamic invasions and the related Decline of Buddhism from the 7th century CE. // Kingdoms and Empires The Aryans had invaded India from the Northwest, according to the Aryan Invasion Theory, and... The Sātavāhanas (Marathi:सातवाहन Telugu:సాతవాహనులు), also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled from Junnar, Pune over Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... The Gupta Empire under Chandragupta II (ruled 375-415) The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in the world. ... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Cholas. ... During the middle ages, several Islamic regimes established empires in South Asia. ... The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled kingdoms–-Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar, Bidar, and Berar of south-central India. ... Extent of Hoysala Empire, 1200 CE Capital Belur, Halebidu Language(s) Kannada Religion Hindu Government Monarchy King  - 1026 – 1047 Nripa Kama II  - 1292 – 1343 Veera Ballala III History  - Earliest Hoysala records 950  - Established 1026  - Disestablished 1343 The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) (pronunciation: in Kannada) was a prominent South Indian empire that... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai, Turkish; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605–1627 Jahangir  - 1628–1658 Shah Jahan  - 1659–1707 Aurangzeb History  - Established April 21, 1526  - Ended September 21, 1857 Area... Flag of the Maratha Empire Extent of the Maratha Empire ca. ... The Sikh Confederacy (from 1716-1799) was a collection of small to medium sized independent sovereign, punjabi Sikh states, which were governed by barons, in Punjab[1]. They were loosely politically linked but strongly bound in the cultural and religious spheres. ... Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1877-1901 Victoria  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - January-December 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George... This article is under construction. ... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire Further information: History of Bangladesh The history of Bengal (including Bangladesh and West Bengal) dates back four millennia. ... Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited by human beings since the dawn of civilization. ... // Orissa has a history spanning a period of over 3000 years. ... The historical regions of Pakistan are former states, provinces and territories which mainly existed between 1947 and 1975 when the current provinces and territories were finally established. ... The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah (1580), which mentions the construction of a fort by Sher Khan of Punjab. The name is mentioned again in Ain-e-Akbari (part 1), written by Abul Fazal, who also mentions that the territory... The history of South India covers a span of over two thousand years during which the region saw the rise and fall of a number of dynasties and empires. ... Tibetan plateau Tibet is situated between the two ancient civilizations of China and India, but the tangled mountain ranges of the Tibetan Plateau and the towering Himalayas serve to distance it from both. ... The history of Indian coinage stretches back at least 2600 years. ... The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents. ... Indology refers to the academic study of the history, languages, and cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies. ... Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. ... India has had a maritime history dating back around 5,000 years. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This is a timeline of Indian history. ... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ...

Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley civilization, the first known permanent and predominantly urban settlement that flourished between 2800 BC to 1800 BC boasted of an advanced and thriving economic system. Its citizens practiced agriculture, domesticated animals, made sharp tools and weapons from copper, bronze and tin and traded with other cities. Evidence of well laid streets, layouts, drainage system and water supply in the valley's major cities, Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and Rakhigarhi reveals their knowledge of urban planning^{[citation needed]}. Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... (Redirected from 2800 BC) (29th century BC - 28th century BC - 27th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2775 - 2650 BC - Second Dynasty wars in Egypt 2750 BC - End of the Early Dynastic I Period, and the beginning of the Early Dynastic II... (Redirected from 1800 BC) (19th century BC - 18th century BC - 17th century BC - other centuries) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1787 - 1784 BC -- Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin 1786 BC -- Egypt: End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty 1766... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... This article is about the metal alloy. ... This article is about the metallic chemical element. ... Location of Harappa in the Indus Valley. ... Mohenjo-daro (literally, mound of the dead), like Harappa, was a city of the Indus Valley civilization. ... Rakhigarhi, or Rakhi Garhi, is a village in Hissar district in the northwest Indian state of Haryana, around 150 kilometers from Delhi. ... Urban planning is concerned with the ordering and design of settlements, from the smallest towns to the worlds largest cities. ...

Ancient and Medieval Characteristics

Though ancient India had a significant urban population, much of India's population resided in villages, whose economy was largely isolated and self-sustaining^{[citation needed]}. Agriculture was the predominant occupation of the populace and satisfied a village's food requirements besides providing raw materials for hand based industries like textile, food processing and crafts^{[citation needed]}. Besides farmers, other classes of people were barbers, carpenters, doctors (Ayurvedic practitioners), goldsmiths, weavers, etc^{[citation needed]}. A village is a human settlement commonly found in rural areas. ... For other uses, see Textile (disambiguation). ... Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for consumption by humans or animals. ... Arts and crafts comprise a whole host of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with ones own hands and skill. ... A boy visiting a barber A barber (from the Latin barba, beard) is someone whose occupation is to cut any type of hair, give shaves, and trim beards. ... For other uses, see Carpenter (disambiguation). ... Ayurveda (Devanagari: ) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. ... A goldsmith creating a new ring A goldsmith is a metalworker who specializes in working with precious metals, usually to make jewelry. ... Genera Many:see text The Weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. ...

Religion

Religion, especially Hinduism, played an influential role in shaping economic activities^{[citation needed]}. The system of Indian caste system castes and sub-castes, despite its social fallbacks, functioned much like medieval European guilds, ensuring division of labour and provided for training of apprentices^{[citation needed]}. The caste system restricted people from changing one's occupation and aspiring to an upper caste's lifestyle^{[citation needed]}. Thus, a barber could not become a goldsmith and even a highly skilled carpenter could not aspire to the lifestyle or privileges enjoyed by a Kshatriya. Kshatriya person of a warrior class^{[citation needed]}. This barrier to mobility on labour restricted economic prosperity to a few castes^{[citation needed]}.

Pilgrimage towns like Allahabad, Benares, Nasik, Puri, Orissa Puri, etc., mostly centred around rivers, developed into centres of trade and commerce^{[citation needed]}. Religious functions, festivals and the practice of taking a pilgrimage resulted in a flourishing pilgrimage economy^{[citation needed]}.

Family business

In the poojoint family system, members of a family pooled their resources to maintain the family and invest in business ventures^{[citation needed]}. The system ensured younger members were trained and employed in the family business and the older and disabled persons would be supported by the family^{[citation needed]}. The system, by preventing the agricultural land from being split ensured higher yield because of the benefits of scale^{[citation needed]}. The system curbed members from taking initiative because of the support system and family or work^{[citation needed]}. Complex Family is a generic term for any family structure involving more than two adults. ... Scaling is the measurement of a variable in such a way that it can be expressed on a continuum. ...

Organizational entities

Along with the family-run business and individually owned business enterprises, ancient India possessed a number of other forms of engaging in business or collective activity, including the gana, pani, puga, vrata, sangha, nigama and sreni. Nigama, pani and sreni refer most often to economic organizations of merchants, craftspeople and artisans, and perhaps even para-military entities. In particular, the sreni was a complex organizational entity that shares many similarities with modern corporations, which were being used in India from around the 8th century BC until around the 10th century AD. The use of such entities in ancient India was widespread including virtually every kind of business, political and municipal activity.^[1] In Hinduism, Ganas are attendants of Shiva and live in Kailasa. ... Pani is a surname used in India, found in the state of Orissa. ... // Etymology The Sanskrit word ‘vrata’ denotes ‘religious vow’. It is one of the most widely used words in the Hindu religious and ritualistic literature. ... Sangha (संघ saṃgha) is a word in Pali or Sanskrit that can be translated roughly as association or assembly or community. It is commonly used in several senses to refer to Buddhist or Jain groups. ... For other uses, see Corporation (disambiguation). ...

The sreni was a separate legal entity which had the ability to hold property separately from its owners, construct its own rules for governing the behavior of its members, and for it to contract, sue and be sued in its own name.^[2] Some ancient sources have rules for lawsuits between two or more sreni and some sources make reference to a government official (Bhandagarika) who worked as an arbitrator for disputes amongst sreni from at least the 6th century BC onwards.^[3] There were between 18 to 150 sreni at various times in ancient India covering both trading and craft activities. This level of specialization of occupations is indicative of a developed economy in which the sreni played a critical role. Some sreni could have over 1000 members as there were apparently no upper limits on the number of members.^[1] Civil action redirects here. ...

The sreni had a considerable degree of centralized management. The headman of the sreni represented the interests of the sreni in the king’s court and in many official business matters. The headman could also bind the sreni in contracts, set the conditions of work within the sreni, often received a higher salary, and was the administrative authority within the sreni.^[1] The headman was often selected via an election by the members of the sreni, who could also be removed from power by the general assembly.^[3] The headman often ran the enterprise with two to five executive officers, who were also elected by the assembly.^[1] This article is about the political process. ... While Executive officer literally refers to a person responsible for the performance of duties involved in running an organization, the exact meaning of the role is highly variable, depending on the organization. ...

Coinage

Punch marked Silver Ingots, in circulation around 5th century BC and the first metallic coins were minted around 6th century BC by the Mahajanapadas of the Gangetic plains were the earliest traces of coinage in India^{[citation needed]}. While India's many kingdoms and rulers issued coins, barter was still widely prevalent^{[citation needed]}. Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue while its craftsmen received a stipend out of the crops at harvest time for their services^{[citation needed]}. Each village, as an economic unit, was mostly self-sufficient^{[citation needed]}. This article is about the chemical element. ... An ingot is a mass of metal or semiconducting material, heated past the melting point, and then recast, typically into the form of a bar or block. ... The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... This article is about monetary coins. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 6th century BC started on January 1, 600 BC and ended on December 31, 501 BC. // Monument 1, an Olmec colossal head at La Venta The 5th and 6th centuries BC were a time of empires, but more importantly, a time... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The Gangetic Plains are the part of the Ganges River (or River Ganga) that flows across Indias northern plains. ... The history of Indian coinage stretches back at least 2600 years. ... A 19th-centure example of barter: A sample labor for labor note for the Cincinnati Time Store. ...

Maurya Empire

During the Maurya Empire (c. 321-185 BC), there were a number of important changes and developments to the Indian economy. It was the first time most of India was unified under one ruler. With an empire in place, the trade routes throughout India became more secure thereby reducing the risk associated with the transportation of goods^{[citation needed]}. The empire spent considerable resources building roads and maintaining them throughout India. The improved infrastructure combined with increased security, greater uniformity in measurements, and increasing usage of coins as currency enhanced trade. During this time, the Arthasastra ("science of state") was written by the Chanakya, an adviser to Chandragupta Maurya^{[citation needed]}. The Arthasastra is one of the most important ancient texts on economics, politics and administration. It was a treatise on how to maintain and expand power, obtain material gain, and administer an empire. It covers both theory and implementation and contains many clear and detailed rules regarding the governing of an empire.^[1] A representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which was erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ... Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on economics and politics written by king maker Chanakya (also known as Kautilya) in the 4th century B.C during the rule of the Mauryan dynasty. ... Chānakya (Sanskrit: चाणक्य) (c. ... Allegiance: Maurya Dynasty Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Bindusara Maurya Reign: 322 BC-298 BC Place of birth: Indian subcontinent Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य; Romanized Greek: Sandrakottos), whilst often referred to as Sandrakottos outside India, is also known simply as Chandragupta (born c. ...

The economic situation in the Maurya Empire is comparable to the Roman Empire several centuries later, which both had extensive trade connections and both had organizations similar to corporations^{[citation needed]}. While Rome had organizational entities which were largely used for public state-driven projects, Maurya India had numerous private commercial entities which existed purely for private commerce. This was due to the Mauryas having to contend with pre-existing sreni hence they were more concerned about keeping the support of these pre-existing private commercial entities^{[citation needed]}. The Romans did not have such pre-existing entities to contend with; hence, they were able to prevent such entities from developing.^[1] For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...

Exports

Surplus of Indian manufactures, like the muslin of Dacca, calicos of Bengal, shawls of Kashmir, steel and iron works, silk, and other textiles and handicrafts, agricultural products like pepper, cinnamon, opium and indigo were exported to Europe, Middle East and South East Asia in return for gold and silver^{[citation needed]}. Muslin is a type of finely-woven cotton fabric, introduced to Europe from the Middle East in the 17th century. ... Sadarghat, one of the main ports of Dhaka Dhaka (previously Dacca; Bangla: ঢাকা), population 9,000,022 (2001), is the capital of Bangladesh. ... Calico is a fabric made from unbleached, and often not fully processed, cotton. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Binomial name L. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. ... Binomial name J.Presl Cassia (Chinese cinnamon) is also commonly called (and sometimes sold as) cinnamon. ... This article is about the drug. ... Indigo is the color on the spectrum between about 450 and 420 nm in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... This article is about the chemical element. ...

GDP estimates

According to economic historian Angus Maddison in his book The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, India had the world's largest economy in the 1st century and 11th century, with a 32.9% share of world GDP in the 1st century and 28.9% in 1000 CE. However, Maddison's estimates have been criticized by some historical national account statisticians as based on controversial assumptions.^[4] Economic history is the application of economic theories to historical study. ... Angus Maddison, Emeritus Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Groningen. ... The 1st century was that century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... // Events World Population 300 million. ...

Mughal Dynasty

1525 - 1550

During this period, India was the second largest economy in the world. The gross domestic product of India in 1550 was estimated at about 40 per cent that of China.

1550 - 1575

During this period, India was the second largest economy in the world. The gross domestic product of India in 1575 was estimated at about 50 per cent that of China.

1575 - 1600

An estimate of India's pre-colonial economy puts the revenue of Akbar's Mughal empire in 1600 at £17.5 million, in contrast to the entire treasury of Great Britain in 1800, which totalled £16 million. The gross domestic product of India in 1600 was estimated at about 60 per cent that of China. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai, Turkish; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605–1627 Jahangir  - 1628–1658 Shah Jahan  - 1659–1707 Aurangzeb History  - Established April 21, 1526  - Ended September 21, 1857 Area... 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF...

1600 - 1625

During this period, India was the second largest economy in the world. The gross domestic product of India in 1625 was estimated at about 70 per cent that of China.

1625 - 1650

During this period, India was the second largest economy in the world. The gross domestic product of India in 1650 was estimated at about 80 per cent that of China.

1650 - 1675

During this period, India was the second largest economy in the world. The gross domestic product of India in 1675 was estimated at about 90 per cent that of China.

1675 - 1700

During this period, the Mughal empire expanded to almost billion acres (or 90% of south Asia) and a uniform tax administration system was enforced for almost the whole of south Asia. Annual revenue reported by the exchequer exceeded £100 million in 1700 (twice that of Europe then). India emerged as the world's largest economy followed by China and France.

1700 - 1725

China was the world's largest economy followed by India and France. Collapse of the central authority of the Mughal Empire and the resultant chaos triggered India's long but slow decline on the world stage. The gross domestic product of India in 1725 was estimated at about 90 per cent that of China. Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai, Turkish; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605–1627 Jahangir  - 1628–1658 Shah Jahan  - 1659–1707 Aurangzeb History  - Established April 21, 1526  - Ended September 21, 1857 Area...

Maratha Dynasty

1725 - 1750

During this period, Maratha rule replaced Mughal rule in central India. However, the Mughal tax administration system was left largely intact. China was the world's largest economy followed by India and France. The gross domestic product of India in 1750 was estimated at about 80 per cent that of China.

1750 - 1775

During this period, about two-thirds of the civil service in India was still dominated by Muslim officers. During this period, the Maratha empire expanded to almost 250 million acres (or 35% of India). China was the world's largest economy followed by India and France. The gross domestic product of India in 1775 was estimated at about 70 per cent that of China.

This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2007) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Shortcut: WP:NPOVD Articles that have been linked to this page are the subject of an NPOV dispute (NPOV stands for Neutral Point Of View; see below). ... Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...

East India Company Rule

The British colonial rule created an institutional environment that did stabilize the law and order situation to a large extent^{[citation needed]}. The British foreign policies however stifled the trade with rest of the world^{[citation needed]}. They concentrated on exploiting the resources of India to their advantage^{[citation needed]}. They created a well developed system of railways, telegraphs and a modern legal system^{[citation needed]}. The infrastructure the British created was mainly geared towards the exploitation of resources of India^{[citation needed]}. The British focus on their own interests created a situation in which India could not benefit from major changes in the world economy - industrialisation, growth in trade and production, and new thinking on economic policies followed by states^{[citation needed]}. By the end of the colonial rule India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the world and totally stagnant, with industrial development stalled, agriculture unable to feed a rapidly accelerating population^{[citation needed]}. They were subject to frequent famines, had one of the world's lowest life expectancies, suffered from pervasive malnutrition and were largely illiterate^{[citation needed]}. The British rule ruined India economically^{[citation needed]}. Anthem God Save The King The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (until 1912), New Delhi (after 1912) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1858-1901 Victoria¹  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George VI Viceroy²  - 1858... Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele = far away and grapho = write) is the long distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally over wire. ... It has been suggested that European colonies in India be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the measure of remaining life. ... Percentage of population affected by malnutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics. ... Literacy is the ability to use text to communicate across space and time. ...

GDP estimates

An estimate by Angus Maddison, formerly of Groningen University, reveals that India's share of the world income went from 24.4% in 1700, comparable to Europe's share of 23.3%, to a low of 3.8% in 1952; however, these statistics too are based on assumptions that have been criticized.^[4] While Indian leaders during the Independence struggle and left-nationalist economic historians have blamed the colonial rule for the dismal state of India's economy, a broader macroeconomic view of India during this period reveals that there were segments of both growth and decline, resulting from changes brought about by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration. Front of the main building of the University of Groningen The University of Groningen (Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen or RuG) is a university in Groningen, Netherlands. ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Economic history is the study of economic change, and of economic phenomena in the past. ... Macroeconomics is the study of the entire economy in terms of the total amount of goods and services produced, total income earned, the level of employment of productive resources, and the general behavior of prices. ... Economic integration is a term used to describe how different aspects between economies are integrated. ...

The fall of the Rupee

See also: [[Gold standard#The crisis of silver currency and bank notes (1750–1870)|The crisis of silver currency and bank notes (1750–1870)^{[citation needed]}]]

After its victory in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), Germany extracted a huge indemnity from France of £200,000,000, and then moved to join Britain on a gold standard for currency^{[citation needed]}. France, the U.S. and other industrialising countries followed Germany in adopting a gold standard throughout the 1870s^{[citation needed]}. At the same time, other countries, such as Japan, which did not have the necessary access to gold or those, such as India, which were subject to imperial policies that determined that they did not move to a gold standard, remained mostly on a silver standard^{[citation needed]}. A huge divide between silver-based and gold-based economies resulted^{[citation needed]}. The worst affected were economies with a silver standard that traded mainly with economies with a gold standard^{[citation needed]}. With discovery of more and more silver reserves, those currencies based on gold continued to rise in value and those based on silver were declining due to demonetization of silver^{[citation needed]}. For India which carried out most of its trade with gold based countries, especially Britain, the impact of this shift was profound^{[citation needed]}. As the price of silver continued to fall, so too did the exchange value of the rupee, when measured against sterling^{[citation needed]}. Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with South German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III François Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at wars beginning 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that History of the rupee be merged into this article or section. ... Sterling may refer to: Sterling (car), a British automobile manufacturer. ...

1775 - 1800

During this period, the East India Company began tax administration reforms in a fast expanding empire spread over 250 million acres (or 35% of India)^{[citation needed]}. Indirect rule was also established on protectorates and buffer states. China was the world's largest economy followed by India and France^{[citation needed]}. The gross domestic product of India in 1800 was estimated at about 60 per cent that of China^{[citation needed]}. This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ...

1800 - 1825

China was the world's largest economy followed by India and France^{[citation needed]}. The gross domestic product of India in 1825 was estimated at about 50 per cent that of China^{[citation needed]}.

1825 - 1850

China was the world's largest economy followed by the UK and India^{[citation needed]}. Industrial revolution in the UK catapulted the nation to the top league of Europe for the first time ever^{[citation needed]}. During this period, British foreign and economic policies began treating India as a unequal partner for the first time ever^{[citation needed]}. English replaced Persian as the official language of India. The gross domestic product of India in 1850 was estimated at about 40 per cent that of China^{[citation needed]}. A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ...

British Crown Rule

1850 - 1875

The formal dissolution of Mughal empire heralded a change in British treatment of Indian subjects. Massive railway projects were begun in earnest and government jobs and guaranteed pensions attracted a large number of upper caste Hindus into the civil service for the first time ever. China was the world's largest economy followed by the USA, UK and India. The gross domestic product of India in 1875 was estimated at about 30 per cent that of China (or 60 per cent that of the USA)^{[citation needed]}.

1875 - 1900

USA was the world's largest economy followed by China, UK, Germany and India. Collapse of the central authority of the Qing Dynasty and the resultant chaos triggered China's short but rapid decline on the world stage. The gross domestic product of India in 1900 was estimated at about 20 per cent that of the USA^{[citation needed]}. Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ...

1900 - 1925

USA was the world's largest economy followed by the UK, China, France, Germany, India and the USSR. The gross domestic product of India in 1925 was estimated at about 10 per cent that of the USA^{[citation needed]}.

Zoroastrian business conglomerates like Tata and Godrej begin to dominate textile, mining and durable goods industries^{[citation needed]}. Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... Tata may refer to: Tata Group, a multinational company based in India Tata Motors, one of Indias largest automobile company known for its hatchback motorvehicle Tata Indica Tata Steel, worlds fifth largest steel producer Tata Consultancy Services, Indias largest IT company Tata Airlines, now Air India Tata... Godrej Group Of Companies, they are named after The Godrej family of India. ...

1925 - 1950

USA was the world's largest economy followed by the USSR, UK, China, France, Germany and India^{[citation needed]}. The gross domestic product of India in 1950 was estimated at about 7 per cent that of the USA^{[citation needed]}.

Nehru Dynasty

1950 - 1975

Socialist Reforms

USA was the world's largest economy followed by the USSR, Japan, Germany and China. The gross domestic product of India in 1975 was estimated at about 6 per cent that of the USA.

Before independence a large share of tax revenue was generated by the land tax, which was in effect a lump sum tax on land. Since then land taxes have steadily declined as a share of revenues and completely replaced by sales taxes. [1]

Moreover, the structural economic problems inherited at independence were exacerbated by the costs associated with the partition of British India, which had resulted in about 12 million to 14 million refugees fleeing past each other across the new borders between India and Pakistan. The settlement of refugees was a considerable financial strain. Partition also divided India into complementary economic zones. Under the British, jute and cotton were grown in the eastern part of Bengal, the area that became East Pakistan (after 1971, Bangladesh), but processing took place mostly in the western part of Bengal, which became the Indian state of West Bengal in 1947. As a result, after independence India had to employ land previously used for food production to cultivate cotton and jute for its mills. Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1877-1901 Victoria  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - January-December 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George... The word Jute is also used in reference to the Germanic people, the Jutes. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... , West Bengal (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ...

India's leaders -- especially the first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, who introduced the five-year plans -- agreed that strong economic growth and measures to increase incomes and consumption among the poorest groups were necessary goals for the new nation. Giving utmost importance to the economy, Nehru appointed R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, a person who did not participate in the mainstream Indian Independence Movement as the finance minister, since he believed that more than ideology, having the right person in the right job was important. Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , IPA: , from Persian Javâher-e Laal, meaning Red Jewel) (November 14, 1889 – May 27, 1964) was a political leader of the Indian National Congress, a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of Independent India. ... The economy of India is based in part on planning through her five-year plans, developed, executed and monitored by the Planning Commission. ... World GDP/capita changed very little for most of human history before the industrial revolution. ... Sir R. K. Shanmukham Chetty (1892 – 1953) was an economist. ... The Indian Independence Movement was a series of revolutions empowered by the people of India put forth to battle the British Empire for complete political independence, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857. ...

Government was assigned an important role in the process of alleviating poverty, and since 1951 a series of plans had guided the country's economic development. Although there was considerable growth in the 1950s, the long-term rates of real growth were less positive than India's politicians desired and much less than those of many other Asian countries. Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Nehru's industrial policies were intended to encourage the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries, yet because of state planning, controls and regulations the result was impairment of productivity, quality and profitability. The Indian economy lumbered along with an anemic rate of growth, and chronic unemployment amidst entrenched poverty continued to plague the population.

Toward the end of Nehru's term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite hoped for progress and increases in agricultural production. There was mass starvation in states like Bihar due to socialist controls on the economy. Farmers as well as industrialists were ham-strung with controls (License Raj) on their freedom to run their respective businesses. If it was not for the magnanimous and humanitarian help from the US (PL 480) the famines would have brought about starvation and death on an unimaginable scale.

Despite such atrocious conditions in the country Nehru's popularity remained unaffected because of the larger-than-life image and the personality cult that was promoted by the state controlled mass media. In a way, this was a testament to the stoic and unshakeable Indian character and the people's miraculous ability to endure and take into stride unimaginable difficulties.

Since 1950, India ran into trade deficits that increased in magnitude in the 1960s. The Government of India had a budget deficit problem and therefore could not borrow money from abroad or from the private sector, which itself had a negative savings rate. As a result, the government issued bonds to the RBI, which increased the money supply, leading to inflation. In 1966, foreign aid, which was hitherto a key factor in preventing devaluation of the rupee was finally cut off and India was told it had to liberalise its restrictions on trade before foreign aid would again materialise. The response was the politically unpopular step of devaluation accompanied by liberalisation. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 led the US and other countries friendly towards Pakistan to withdraw foreign aid to India, which further necessitated devaluation. Defence spending in 1965/1966 was 24.06% of total expenditure, the highest in the period from 1965 to 1989. This, accompanied by the drought of 1965/1966, led to a severe devaluation of the rupee. Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri Harbakhsh Singh Ayub Khan Musa Khan Casualties 3,264 killed[1] 8,623 wounded[1] (From July to ceasefire) 3,800 killed[2] (September 6 - 22) 4,000 - 8,000 killed/ captured[3][4][5] (July to September 6) The Indo-Pakistani War... “INR” redirects here. ...

Current GDP per capita grew 33% in the Sixties reaching a peak growth of 142% in the Seventies, decelerating sharply back to 41% in the Eighties and 20% in the Nineties.

From FY 1951 to FY 1979, the economy grew at an average rate of about 3.1 percent a year in constant prices, or at an annual rate of 1.0 percent per capita (see table 16, Appendix). During this period, industry grew at an average rate of 4.5 percent a year, compared with an annual average of 3.0 percent for agriculture. Many factors contributed to the slowdown of the economy after the mid-1960s, the main one was the socialist policies pursued by Nehru and his cabinet. They managed to tamp down on the natural business acumen and abilities of the population, yet some economists differed over the relative importance of those factors.

Structural deficiencies, such as the need for institutional changes in agriculture and the inefficiency of much of the centrally directed industrial sector, also contributed to economic stagnation. Some other excuses that were generally offered were - War with China in 1962 and with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971; a flood of refugees from East Pakistan in 1971; droughts in 1965, 1966, 1971, and 1972; currency devaluation in 1966; and the first world oil crisis, in 1973-1974, all jolted the economy. Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Devaluation is reduction in the value of a currency. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... The 1973 oil crisis began in earnest on October 17, 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) announced, as a result of the ongoing Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ...

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of India at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. See also the IMF database.

^  Lawrence H. Officer, "Exchange rate between the United States dollar and forty other countries, 1913 -1999." Economic History Services, EH.Net, 2002. URL: http://eh.net/hmit/exchangerates/ The Indian Rupee (Symbol: INR) is Indias national currency, subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa). ...

Prime minister Indira proclaimed emergency and suspended the Constitution in 1975. This article is about the 1975-7 emergency. ...

1975 - 2000

Privatisation Reforms

USA was the world's largest economy followed by Japan, Germany and China. The gross domestic product of India in 2000 was estimated at about 4 per cent that of the USA.

See Also: Economic Reforms under Rao

As late as 1991, India still had a fixed exchange rate system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having balance of payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, it was in a serious economic crisis. The government was close to default and its foreign exchange reserves had reduced to the point that India could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports. Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (June 28, 1921 - December 23, 2004) was the ninth Prime Minister of the Republic of India. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... The balance of payments is a measure of the payments that flow from one exports and imports of goods, services, and financial capital, as well financial transfers. ...

The Government of India headed by Narasimha Rao decided to usher in several reforms that are collectively termed as liberalisation in the Indian media with Manmohan Singh whom he appointed as a special economical advisor. This event marked a tremendous shift in India's economy since independence - it assumed an outward-shift of encouraging exports instead of the inward focus that stressed on import substitution till then. The reforms brought changes in three broad areas, collectively known as liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation. The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार [1]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of... Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (June 28, 1921 - December 23, 2004) was the ninth Prime Minister of the Republic of India. ... This article is about the Prime Minister of India. ...

Liberalisation did away with regulatory hurdles and minimised licensing requirements that were put in place by Nehru in his quest to centrally controlling the economy. Privatisation reduced the role of the state and public sector in business. Globalisation made it easier for the MNCs to operate in India. This policy was later continued by Prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao, and he was ably supported by his finance minister Manmohan Singh and other officials such as C. Rangarajan, Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Shankar Acharya and Y. Venugopal Reddy. The initial period culminated in 1996 with the government getting voted out of power. This brought coalition politics to centre-stage and the pace of reforms slackened. Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (Telugu: ) (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) was the twelth Prime Minister of the Republic of India[1] and led one of the most important administrations in Indias modern history overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. ... Dr. Chakravarthi Rangarajan (born 1932) is an Indian economist. ... Montek Singh Ahluwalia (born November 24, 1943) has been a key figure in Indias economic reforms from the early 1980s onwards. ... Dr. Shankar Acharya (b. ... Dr. Yaga Venugopal Reddy is the current Governer of Reserve Bank of India. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

For a short educational video of the "economic history of India".

The Union budget presented by United Front Finance Minister P. Chidambaram (1996 - 1998) was praised for its increase of reforms and pro-growth policies, but India's economy was hampered by the 1997 Asian Economic Crisis in Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea, as well as the fragile nature of the ruling UF coalition. It should be noted that despite the economic and political adversities, India's economy did not decline - it maintained a slow growth of GDP and a falling value of its currency. However, rising prices of common products like onions and slow reduction in employment created much public consternation. It is estimated that only 2 per cent of the population were taxpayers as of 2000. Palaniappan Chidambaram (Tamil: ) is an Indian politician. ... The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand, and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices of several Asian countries, many part of the East Asian Tigers. ... For the parody newspaper, see The Onion. ...

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product and foreign trade of India at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. See also the IMF database.

^  Lawrence H. Officer, "Exchange rate between the United States dollar and forty other countries, 1913 -1999." Economic History Services, EH.Net, 2002. URL: http://eh.net/hmit/exchangerates/ The Indian Rupee (Symbol: INR) is Indias national currency, subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa). ...

2000 - Present

This article does not cite any references or sources. (August 2007) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Rise of Oligarchy

The gross domestic product of India in 2006 was estimated at about 7 per cent that of the USA.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Shortcut: WP:NPOVD Articles that have been linked to this page are the subject of an NPOV dispute (NPOV stands for Neutral Point Of View; see below). ... Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...

National Democratic Front led by BJP, was in helm of economic affairs from 1998-2004^{[citation needed]}. During this period there were two finance ministers, viz., Yashwant Sinha (1998-2003) and Jaswant Singh (2003-2004)^{[citation needed]}. The main economic achievement of the government was the universal license in telecom field, which allows CDMA license holders to provide GSM services and vice versa^{[citation needed]}. NDA started off the Golden Quadrilateral road network connecting main metros of Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata^{[citation needed]}. The project, still under construction, was one of the most ambitious infrastructure projects of independent India^{[citation needed]}. Simultaneously, North-South and East-West highway projects were planned and construction was started.^{[citation needed]} BJP could mean one of Indias largest political parties, the Bharatiya Janata Party British Journal of Photography British Journal of Psychiatry British Journal of Pharmocology This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Map showing the Golden Quadrilateral and other National Highways The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) is the largest express highway project in India launched by Sri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former prime minister of India. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... , Madras redirects here. ... , Bombay redirects here. ... , “Calcutta” redirects here. ...

Education for all is still an unrealised dream in India^{[citation needed]}. This was made a fundamental right by amending the constitution of India and huge amount of money was pumped into the project under the name of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. This project met with limited success^{[citation needed]}. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a flagship programme of the Government of India for acheivement of universalization of elementary education in a time bound manner, as mandated by the 86th amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory education to children of ages 6-14 (estimated to be...

Currently, the economic activity in India has taken on a dynamic character which is at once, curtailed by creaky infrastructure , cumbersome justice system, dilapidated roads, severe shortages of power and electricity yet at the same time accelarated by the sheer enthusiasm and ambition of the industrialists and the populace^{[citation needed]}. The upward economic cycle in India is expected in short time to effectively address the short comings and bottlenecks of the infrastructure. The fast changing, seemingly chaotic and unsettled situation is much more hopeful and reassuring than the socialist morass that was the Nehru and Indira Gandhi legacy^{[citation needed]}.

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product and foreign trade of India at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. See also the IMF database.

^  Lawrence H. Officer, "Exchange rate between the United States dollar and forty other countries, 1913 -1999." Economic History Services, EH.Net, 2002. URL: http://eh.net/hmit/exchangerates/ The Indian Rupee (Symbol: INR) is Indias national currency, subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa). ...

For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 9.46 Rupees only.

Despite steady growth and continuous reforms since the Nineties, Indian economy is still mired in bureaucratic hurdles from coast to coast. This was confirmed by a World Bank report published in late 2006 ranking Pakistan (at 74th) well ahead of India (at 134th) based on ease of doing business [5]

Haphazard liberalisation reforms by different governments created a massive concentration of wealth in the hands of a few select oligarchs particularly in the southern and western states of India. These oligarchs control the media and the mineral resources and lobby vigorously for personal aggrandisement. In 2006, Forbes reported that India was home to more billionaires than any other nation in Asia except Russia. Oligarch may refer to one of the folowing. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

An overwhelming 836 million people in India live on a per capita consumption of less than Rs.20 per day ($0.50 per day), according to the findings of the Arjun Sengupta report on the Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihood in the Unorganised Sector.[6]

See also

• Timeline of the economy of India
• List of countries by past GDP (PPP)
• List of countries by past GDP (nominal)
• Rajnarayan Chandavarkar historian

// 5 BC Silver punch-marked coins were minted by the Mahajanapadas 1 Indias economy had a 32. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... This is a list of the countries of the world in order of Gross domestic product (GDP), based on exchange rates, not on purchasing power parity. ... Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India: Business Strategies and the Working Classes in Bombay, 1900-1940 (1994). ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Khanna (2005).
2. ^ See Laws of Manu VIII and Chanakya's Arthashastra (3.1.15).
3. ^ ^{a b} Jataka IV.
4. ^ ^{a b} Haig, Bryan. 2005. "Review of 'The World Economy: Historical Statistics,' by Angus Maddison" Economic Record, volume 81.

The Manusmriti (Sanskrit मनुस्मृति), translated Laws of Manu is regarded as an important work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society. ... Chānakya (Sanskrit: चाणक्य) (c. ... The Arthashastra (more precisely Arthaśāstra) is a treatise on statecraft and economic policy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya[1] and Viṣṇugupta,[2] who are traditionally identified with the Mauryan minister Cāṇakya. ... The Jataka stories are a significant body of works about the previous lives of Gautama Buddha. ...

Bibliography

Articles

• Dr. Nupam P. Mahajan, (1999) India's First Coinage. Retrieved Feb. 24, 2005.

Books

• This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain.
• Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations.
• Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India
• Max Weber, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism
• Micklethwait, John & Wooldridge, Adrian (2003). The Company: a short history of a revolutionary idea. Modern library chronicles. ISBN 0-679-64249-8.
• Sankaran, S (1984). Indian Economy: Problems, Policies and Development (7th ed. (1994)). Margham Publications.
• Datt, Ruddar & Sundharam, K.P.M. (1965). Indian Economy (51st Revised ed. (2005)). S.Chand. ISBN 81-219-0298-3.
• Limca Book of Records (1993). Bisleri Beverages Limited. ISBN 81-900115-6-1.

Papers

• Khanna, Vikramaditya S. (2005). The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India. University of Michigan.
• Pearce, H. Thomas (Spring 2003). Weber's study of the Hindu ethic and the caste system.

News

• Manmohan Singh's address at the Oxford in July 2005. Retrieved on December 10, 2005.

The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ... The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789 by a constitutional convention, sets down the basic framework of American government in its seven articles. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... For other persons named Adam Smith, see Adam Smith (disambiguation). ... Adam Smith An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist Adam Smith, published on March 9, 1776 during the Scottish Enlightenment. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , IPA: , from Persian Javâher-e Laal, meaning Red Jewel) (November 14, 1889 – May 27, 1964) was a political leader of the Indian National Congress, a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of Independent India. ... Cover of an edition of the Discovery of India The Discovery of India (भारत एक खोज) was written by Indias first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru during his imprisonment in 1942-1946 at Ahmednagar in the Ahmadnagar Fort. ... For the politician, see Max Weber (politician). ... For the politician, see Max Weber (politician). ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UM or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan. ...

Bibliography

• G. Balachandran, ed. India and the World Economy, 1850-1950 Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-567234-8.
• Chaudhuri, K. N.Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (1985)
• Ludden, David, ed. New Cambridge History of India: An Agrarian History of South Asia (1999).
• Habib, Irfan. Agrarian System of Mughal India (1963, revised edition 1999).
• Habib, Irfan. Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps (1982).
• Habib, Irfan. Indian Economy, 1858-1914 (2006).
• Raychaudhuri, Tapan and Irfan Habib, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, c. 1200-c. 1750 (1982).
• Kumar, Dharma and Meghnad Desai, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, c.1751-c.1970 (1983).
• Tomlinson, B. R. et al.The Economy of Modern India, 1860-1970 (1996) (The New Cambridge History of India)
• Lal, Deepak. The Hindu Equilibrium: India C.1500 B.C.-2000 A.D. (2nd ed. 2005).
• Frankel, Francine R. India's Political Economy, 1947-1977: The Gradual Revolution (1978).
• Rudolph, Lloyd I. In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State (1987).
• Roy, Tirthankar. The Economic History of India 1857-1947 (2002, 2006).
• Larue, C. Steven. The India Handbook (1997) (Regional Handbooks of Economic Development).
• Das, Gurcharan. India Unbound: The Social and Economic Revolution from Independence to the Global Information Age (2002).