1980s 2 Pula note

Since independence, Botswana has had the highest average economic growth rate in the world, averaging about 9% per year from 1966 to 1999. The relatively high quality of Botswana's statistics means that this figure is likely to be quite accurate. Growth in private sector employment has averaged about 10% per annum over Botswana's first 30 years of independence. The government has consistently maintained budget surpluses and has substantial foreign exchange reserves totalling about $6.2 billion (6.2 G$) in 1999. Pula on the map of Croatia Pula (Croatian Pula, Italian Pola; the city has an official Croatian-Italian bilinguism [1] - in Istriot Pula, German Polei, Slovenian Pulj) is the largest city in Istria, Croatia, situated at the southern tip of the peninsula, with a population of 62,080 (2005). ... Anthem: Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together Capital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Membership 53 member states Official languages The languages of Africa, as well as Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Formation - As Organisation of African Unity - As AU - May 25, 1963 - July 9, 2002 Chairman of the African Union John... WTO redirects here. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about mineral extraction. ... Services are: plural of service Tertiary sector of industry IRC services Web services the name of a first-class cricket team in India This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Map of countries showing percentage of population who have an income below the national poverty line The poverty line is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live. ... An 1837 political cartoon about unemployment in the United States. ... This article is about the gemstone. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Atomic mass 63. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic and silvery with a gold tinge Atomic mass 58. ... A magnified crystal of a salt (halite/sodium chloride) Salt covering the floor of Bad Water in Death Valley, CA, the lowest point in the US. A salt, in chemistry, is any ionic compound composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is neutral... Sodium carbonate or soda ash, Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... Potash Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) mixed with other potassium salts. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... This article is about the gemstone. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Atomic mass 63. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic and silvery with a gold tinge Atomic mass 58. ... Sodium carbonate or soda ash, Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... Mortal Kombat character, see Meat (Mortal Kombat). ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on May 3, 1960 as an alternative for European states that were not allowed or did not wish to join the European Community (now the European Union). ... The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on May 3, 1960 as an alternative for European states that were not allowed or did not wish to join the European Community (now the European Union). ... States of SACU // Origins The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) came into existence on December 11, 1969 with the signature of the Customs Union Agreement between South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland. ... The Southern African Customs Union has five members: Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland The current Union came into effect in 1970; however its concept dates back to colonial days (1910). ... This article is in need of attention. ... A machine is any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. ... The article on electrical energy is located elsewhere. ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... Fuel is any material that is capable of releasing energy when its chemical or physical structure is changed or converted. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... A blank sheet of paper Paper is a commodity of thin material produced by the amalgamation of fibers, typically vegetable fibers composed of cellulose, which are subsequently held together by hydrogen bonding. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links 2pula. ... Image File history File links 2pula. ... One thousand million (1,000,000,000) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. ...

Botswana's impressive economic record has been built on a foundation of diamond mining, prudent fiscal policies, international financial and technical assistance, and a cautious foreign policy. It is rated the least corrupt country in Africa, according to an international corruption watchdog, Transparency International. Transparency International (TI) is an international organisation addressing corruption, including, but not limited to, political corruption. ...

Overview

Agriculture still provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population but supplies only about 50% of food needs and accounts for only 3% of GDP. Subsistence farming and cattle raising predominate. The sector is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor soils. Tourism is also important to the economy. Substantial mineral deposits were found in the 1970s and the mining sector grew from 25% of GDP in 1980 to 38% in 1998. Unemployment officially is 21% but unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. The Orapa 2000 project doubled the capacity of the country's main diamond mine from early 2000. This will be the main force behind continued economic expansion. Like most farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa, this Cameroonian man cultivates at the subsistence level. ... Tourists at Oahu island, Hawaii Tourism is the act of travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes, and also refers to the provision of services in support of this act. ... Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. ... Diamond Mine is also another name for the computer game Bejeweled. ...

Mining

Two large mining companies, Debswana (formed by the government and South Africa's De Beers in equal partnership) and Bamangwato Concessions, Ltd. (BCL, also with substantial government equity participation) operate in the country. Debswana Diamond Company Ltd, or simply Debswana, is a mining company located in Botswana, and is the worlds leading producer of diamonds by value. ... De Beers was founded in South Africa in 1888 and today comprises rough diamond exploration, mining and trading companies. ...

Since the early 1980s, the country has been the world's largest producer of gem diamonds. Four large diamond mines have opened since independence. De Beers prospectors discovered diamonds in northern Botswana in the early 1970s. The first mine began production at Orapa in 1972, followed by the smaller mine at Letlhakane. What has become the single-richest diamond mine in the world opened in Jwaneng in 1982. In 2002, a fourth diamond mine, Damtshaa, began operations. Botswana produced a total over 30 million carats (6,000 kg) of diamonds (about 25% of worldwide production) from the three Debswana mines in 1999, and is the highest producer of diamonds by value in the world. The Orapa 2000 Expansion of the existing Orapa mine was opened in 2000. The Orapa diamond mine is the worlds largest diamond mine. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The Letlhakane diamond mine is a diamond mine located in Botswana about 190 kilometers (120 miles) west of the city of Francistown. ... The Jwaneng diamond mine is the richest diamond mine in the world, and is located in south-central Botswana about 170 kilometers (110 miles) west of the city of Gaborone, in the Naledi river valley of the Kalahari. ... The Damtshaa diamond mine is a diamond mine located in Botswana about 220 kilometers (140 miles) west of the city of Francistown. ...

Most (70%) of Botswana's electricity is imported from South Africa's Eskom. 80% of domestic production is concentrated in one plant, Morupule Power Station near Palapye. Debswana operates the nearby Morupule Colliery to supply coal to it. [5] Eskom is a South African electricity public utility company. ... Morupule Power Station Morupule Power Station is a coal fired power station near Palapye, Botswana. ... Palapye is a large town in Botswana. ... The Morupule Colliery is a coal mine located in Palapye, Botswana, and owned and operated by Debswana, a partnership between the government of Botswana and De Beers. ...

BCL, which operates a copper-nickel mine at Selebi-Phikwe, has had a troubled financial history but remains an important employer. The soda ash operation at Sua Pan, opened in 1991 and supported by substantial government investment, has begun making a profit following significant restructuring.

Tourism

Tourism is an increasingly important industry in Botswana, accounting for almost 12% of GDP. One of the world's unique ecosystems, the Okavango Delta, is located in Botswana. The country offers excellent game viewing and birding both in the Delta and in the Chobe Game Reserve -- home to one of the largest herds of free-ranging elephants in the world. Botswana's Central Kalahari Game Reserve also offers good game viewing and some of the most remote and unspoiled wilderness in southern Africa. Tourists at Oahu island, Hawaii Tourism is the act of travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes, and also refers to the provision of services in support of this act. ... Elephants in the Okavango Delta seen from the dubious safety of a makoro (small boat). ... Central Kalahari Game Reserve is a National Park in Botswana. ...

Agriculture

More than half of the Botswanan people live in rural areas and are dependent on subsistence crop and livestock farming, together with money sent home by relatives in urban areas. Agriculture meets only a small portion of food needs and contributes just 2.8% to GDP -- primarily through beef exports -- but it remains a social and cultural touchstone. Cattle raising dominated Botswana's social and economic life before independence. The Botswana Meat Commission has a monopoly on beef production. The national herd was about 2.5 million in the mid-1990s, though the government-ordered slaughter of the entire herd in Botswana's northwest Kgamiland District in 1995 has reduced the number by at least 200,000. The slaughter was ordered to prevent the spread of "cattle lung disease" to other parts of the country. Name: Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) HQ Country: Botswana Date Founded: 1966 Postal Address: Private Bag 4 Lobatse The Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) was established by the Botswana government in 1966 to be solely responsible for the slaughter and marketing of all beef exports from Botswana. ...

Private sector development and foreign investment

Botswana seeks to diversify its economy away from minerals, the earnings from which have levelled off. In 1998-99, non-mineral sectors of the economy grew at 8.9%, partially offsetting a slight 4.4% decline in the minerals sector. Foreign investment and management have been welcomed in Botswana. Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. ...

External investment in Botswana has grown fitfully. In the early 1990s, two American companies, Owens Corning and H.J. Heinz, made major investments in production facilities in Botswana. In 1997, the St. Paul Group purchased Botswana Insurance, one of the country's leading short-term insurance providers. An American Business Council (ABC), with over 30 member companies, was inaugurated in 1995. Heinz has several meanings: Heinz is the common trading name for the H. J. Heinz Company, known for their pickles, ketchup, baked beans and soups. ...

Hyundai operated a car assembly plant in Botswana from 1994 to 2000.[6] Hyundai is a South Korean group of companies founded by Chung Joo-young in 1947 as a construction company and was once South Koreas biggest conglomerate company (Jaebul). ...

Because of history and geography, Botswana has long had deep ties to the economy of South Africa. The Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU), comprising Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, and South Africa, dates from 1910. Namibia joined in 1990. Under this arrangement, South Africa has collected levies from customs, sales, and excise duties for all five members, sharing out proceeds based on each country's portion of imports. The exact formula for sharing revenues and the decision-making authority over duties--held, until at least 1996, exclusively by the Government of South Africa--have been increasingly controversial, and the members began renegotiating the arrangement in 1995. Following South Africa's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO--Botswana also is a member), many of the SACU duties are declining, making American products more competitive. The Southern African Customs Union has five members: Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland It dates back to colonial days (1910). ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... WTO redirects here. ...

Botswana's currency -- the pula -- is fully convertible and is valued against a basket of currencies heavily weighted toward the South African rand. Profits and direct investment can be repatriated without restriction from Botswana. The Botswana Government has eliminated all exchange controls. Despite a 12% devaluation in May 2005, the pula remains one of the strongest currencies in Africa. ISO 4217 Code BWP User(s) Botswana Inflation 10. ...

Gaborone is host to the headquarters of the 14-nation Southern African Development Community (SADC). A successor to the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), which focused its efforts on freeing regional economic development from dependence on apartheid in South Africa, SADC embraced the newly democratic South Africa as a member in 1994 and has a broad mandate to encourage growth, development, and economic integration in Southern Africa. SADC's Trade Protocol, which was launched on September 1, 2000, calls for the elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade by 2012 among the 11 signatory countries. If successful, it will give Botswana companies free access to the far larger regional market. The Regional Center for Southern Africa (RCSA), which implements the U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID) Initiative for Southern Africa (ISA), is headquartered in Gaborone as well. Satellite image of Gaborone Location of Gaborone in Botswana Gaborone (pron. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), which was the forerunner of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), was formed in Lusaka, Zambia, on 1 April 1980, following the adoption of the Lusaka Declaration (entitled Southern Africa: Towards Economic Liberation) by the nine founding member states (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi... Satellite image of Gaborone Location of Gaborone in Botswana Gaborone (pron. ...

See also

• Botswana
• Economy of Africa
• Economy of South Africa
• List of Botswana companies
• List of South African companies
• South Africa

The economy of Africa consists of the trade, industry, and resources of the peoples of Africa. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... Botswanas economy is dominated by the partly or wholly government-owned monopolies on diamonds (Debswana) and beef (Botswana Meat Commission). ... This is a list of companies in South Africa. ...

External links

• MBendi Botswana overview
• Debswana mine

	Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
	South Africa | Botswana | Lesotho | Swaziland | Namibia

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The economy of Macau is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and fireworks manufacturing. ... // Economic Profile Since 1984 the government of New Zealand has accomplished major economic restructuring, moving an agrarian economy dependent on concessionary British market access toward a more industrialized, free market economy that can compete globally. ... Overview Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing infrastructure. ... Saint Kitts and Nevis was the last sugar monoculture in the Eastern Caribbean. ... Saint Lucias economy depends primarily on revenue from banana production and tourism with some input from small-scale manufacturing. ... The St. ... Economy - overview: Saudi Arabia has an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. ... 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