Education in England is the responsibility of Department for Education and Skills at national level and, in the case of publicly funded compulsory education, of Local Education Authorities. The Department for Education and Skills is a department in the United Kingdom government created in 2001. ... A Local Education Authority (LEA) is the part of a council in England or Wales that is responsible for education within that councils jurisdiction. ...

The education structures for Wales and Northern Ireland are broadly similar to the English system, but there are significant differences of emphasis in the depth and breadth of teaching objectives in Scotland. Traditionally the English system emphasises depth of education, whereas the Scottish system emphasises breadth. Education in Wales differs in certain respects from the system used elsewhere in the United Kingdom. ... Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from the system used elsewhere in the United Kingdom. ... {{Infobox Education| country name = Scotland | agency image = | agency = Scottish Executive | leader titles = Minister for Education and Young People Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning| leader names = Peter Peacock   Nicol Stephen | budget = £4. ...

The structure of the English educational system

Compulsory schooling

This part of the article does not apply to the minority of privately financed Independent Schools, which, by definition, have independent approaches to education, and different age ranges. An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school that relies for all or most of its funding on non-governmental sources. ...

Formal education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16 (inclusive) across England. This can be provided by state schools, independent schools, or homeschooling. [1] Note that in England, compulsory schooling currently ends on the last Friday in June during the academic year in which a pupil attains the age of 16[2]. Current government proposals are to raise the age until which students must continue to receive some form of education or training to 18. [3] This is expected to take place by 2013. Homeschooling – also called home education or home school – is the education of children at home, typically by parents or guardians, rather than in a public or private school. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

This diagram represents the most common for schooling in the state sector in England, involving a break at age 11. Where ages are given, it is expected that all pupils will reach the lower age given in the bracket by the 1st September of that academic year.

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Primary education

Primary education in England is normally conducted through Infant and Junior schools or a combined Primary school. Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ... A Junior School is most commonly a school for pupils aged 7-11 in the United Kingdom. ... Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ...

• Foundation Stage 1 (in a pre-school/childcare environment)
  • Nursery, age 3 to 4

• Foundation Stage 2 (in an Infant or Primary school)
  • Reception, age 4 to 5

• Key Stage 1 (in an Infant or Primary school)
  • Year 1, age 5 to 6
  • Year 2, age 6 to 7

• Key Stage 2 (in Junior or Primary school)
  • Year 3, age 7 to 8
  • Year 4, age 8 to 9
  • Year 5, age 9 to 10
  • Year 6, age 10 to 11

The Foundation Stage is the government label for education for pupils aged 3 to 5 in state schools in England and Wales. ... The Foundation Stage is the government label for education for pupils aged 3 to 5 in state schools in England and Wales. ... Key Stage 1 is the legal term for the two years of schooling in maintained schools in England and Wales normally known as Year 1 and Year 2, when pupils are aged between 5 and 7. ... Key Stage 2 is the legal term for the four years of schooling in maintained schools in England and Wales normally known as Year 3, Year 4, Year 5 and Year 6, when pupils are aged between 7 and 11. ...

Secondary education

Secondary education in England is normally conducted through Secondary which cover the two secondary key stages: Main article: Secondary education High school is a name used in some parts of the world, and particularly in North America, to describe the last segment of compulsory education. ... A Key Stage is a stage of the state education system in the UK setting the educational knowledge expected of students at various ages. ...

• Key Stage 3
  • Year 7, age 11 to 12
  • Year 8, age 12 to 13
  • Year 9, age 13 to 14
• Key Stage 4
  • Year 10, age 14 to 15
  • Year 11, age 15 to 16 (end of compulsory education)

In addition, some secondary schools also make provision for post-compulsory study through sixth form departments. Key Stage 3 sets the educational knowledge expected of a child aged between 11-14 in the United Kingdom National Curriculum Key stage 3 strategy and development of pupils mathematical language It is debatable whether the faculty of mathematics is an independent one. ... Key Stage 4 sets the educational knowledge expected of a pupil aged 15 to 16 in the United Kingdom National Curriculum. ... England, Wales, Northern Ireland The sixth form, in the English, Welsh and Northern Irish education systems, is the term used to refer to the final two years of secondary schooling (when students are about sixteen to eighteen years of age), during which students normally prepare for their GCE A-level...

• • Year 12, age 16 to 17
  • Year 13, age 17 to 18

Historically, years 7 to 12/13 used to be known as 'first form' to lower/upper sixth form. There now exists a common parallel usage for 6th form only: year 12/lower 6th and year 13/upper 6th, probably due to its separate, voluntary nature and situation as the A-level years. The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in the United Kingdom, usually taken by students in the final two years of secondary education (commonly called the Sixth Form), or in College (not to be mistaken with the college term some countries such as...

In some regions of England, provision is made through three-tier schooling in First, Middle and Upper schools Three-tier education refers to those structures of schooling, which exist in some parts of England, where pupils are taught in three distinct school types. ... First School is a term occasionally used in the United Kingdom for a primary school. ... Middle school (also known as intermediate school or junior high school) covers a period of education that straddles primary education and secondary education, serving as a bridge between the two. ... High School also refers to the highest form of classical riding, High School Dressage. ...

Examinations and assessments

Under the National Curriculum system, all pupils undergo a series of tests at specific points in their education. These are known as Key Stage National Curriculum Tests and are numbered 1 to 4 as follows: The National Curriculum was introduced into England, Wales and Northern Ireland, as a nationwide curriculum for primary and secondary state schools following the Education Reform Act 1988. ... National Curriculum assessments are a series of educational assessments carried out on children attending schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland that follow the National Curriculum. ...

• Key Stage 1 (KS1) — during Year 2 (ages 6/7)
• Key Stage 2 (KS2) — towards the end of Year 6 (ages 10/11)
• Key Stage 3 (KS3) — towards the end of Year 9 (ages 13/14)
• Key Stage 4 (KS4) — during both Year 10 and 11, mostly at the end of Year 11 (ages 14-16) — incorporated into GCSE examinations

These Key Stage exams are often referred to as SATs (Standard Assessment Tests). Key Stage 1 is the legal term for the two years of schooling in maintained schools in England and Wales normally known as Year 1 and Year 2, when pupils are aged between 5 and 7. ... Key Stage 2 is the legal term for the four years of schooling in maintained schools in England and Wales normally known as Year 3, Year 4, Year 5 and Year 6, when pupils are aged between 7 and 11. ... Key Stage 3 sets the educational knowledge expected of a child aged between 11-14 in the United Kingdom National Curriculum Key stage 3 strategy and development of pupils mathematical language It is debatable whether the faculty of mathematics is an independent one. ... Key Stage 4 sets the educational knowledge expected of a pupil aged 15 to 16 in the United Kingdom National Curriculum. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... National Curriculum assessments are a series of educational assessments carried out on children attending schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland that follow the National Curriculum. ...

Pupils wishing to progress in to a grammar school must sit an additional exam, usually the Eleven plus. Grammar school can refer to various types of schools in different English-speaking countries. ... The Eleven Plus is an examination which was given to students in their last year of primary education in the United Kingdom under the Tripartite System. ...

Post 16 education

Both state schools and independent schools take the GCSE examinations, which generally mark the end of compulsory education. Above school leaving age, the independent and state sectors are similarly structured. In the 16-18 age group, "sixth-form" education is not compulsory.

Further education

Students will typically study in either the Sixth Form of a School, a Sixth form college, or a further education college. These courses can also be studied by adults over 18. This sector is referred to as Further Education. All 16-18 students are encouraged (this is only mandatory in some institutions) to study Key Skills in Communication, Application of Number and Information Technology. A sixth form college is an educational institution in England, Wales or Northern Ireland where students aged 16 to 18 complete post-compulsary further education qualifications, such as A Levels. ... Further education is education in addition to that received at secondary school. ... Further education (often abbreviated FE) is post-secondary, post-compulsory education (in addition to that received at secondary school). ... The Key Skills Qualification is a frequently required component of 16-19 education in England, Northern Ireland and Wales. ...

Qualifications

There are a wide range of courses and qualifications offered, all of which are being harmonised into the National Qualifications Framework: The National Qualifications Framework (NQF) is a credit transfer system developed for qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. ...

Academic qualifications

The main academic qualification available to 16-18 year olds is the Advanced Level GCE. An A-Level consists of 6 modules in each subject, three of which are typically taken in the first year. After taking 3 modules, students can choose either to continue studying the subject to obtain a A-Level, or to "cash in" the first three modules for an AS-Level. Students aiming for university entry typically study 3 or 4 subjects to A-Level and an additional (often contrasting) subject to AS-Level. Alternative vocational qualifications such as the AVCE can also be studied. Most students can expect to receive a university offer based almost entirely upon the results of their A-Levels, either with specific grades or using the UCAS Tariff. The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in the United Kingdom, usually taken by students in the final two years of secondary education (commonly called the Sixth Form), or in College (not to be mistaken with the college term some countries such as... The General Certificate of Education or GCE is a secondary-level academic qualification, which was used in Britain and continues to be used in some former British colonies. ... Vocational education prepares learners for certain careers or professions, which are traditionally non-academic and directly related to a trade, occupation or vocation in which the learner participates. ... Advanced Vocational Certificate of Education, usually shorted to Advanced VCE or AVCE, is a vocational qualification available in British Further Education institutions. ... The UCAS Points System is a means of differentiating students based upon grades from various post-GCSE qualifications, it is used as a means of giving UK students places at UK universities. ...

• Year 12 or Lower Sixth, age 16 to 17 (AS-level examinations)
• Year 13 or Upper Sixth, age 17 to 18 (A2-level examinations. Both AS-levels and A2-levels count towards A-levels.)
• The International Baccalaureate is an alternative to A-levels offered by a few institutions.

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into International Baccalaureate Organization. ...

Vocational qualifications

Vocational qualifications offered including BTEC Awards, National Vocational Qualification (NVQs), City and Guilds qualifications and Apprenticeships. A blacksmith is a traditional trade. ... The Business & Technology Education Council (BTEC) was a subdegree-conferring council in the United Kingdom until 1996, when its functions were transferred to Edexcel. ... National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) are vocational awards in England & Wales (In Scotland they are known as Scottish Vocational Qualification (SVQ)) that are achieved through assessment and training. ... The City and Guilds of London Institute (City & Guilds) is a UK examining and accreditation body for vocational and managerial training, offering over 500 qualifications in 28 industry areas, spanning from entry level to the equivalent of a postgraduate degree. ... Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of skilled crafts practitioners, which is still popular in some countries. ...

• Level 1 equivalent to 4 GCSEs at D-E grades.
  • BTEC Introductory Diploma - Level 1 qualification, roughly equivalent to 4 GCSEs at D-E grades
  • Foundation GNVQ.
• Level 2 - equivalent to GCSE's at C-A*.
  • BTEC First Diploma - Level 2 qualification, roughly equivalent to 4 GCSEs at C-A* grades.
  • Intermediate General National Vocational Qualification (GNVQ)
• Level 3 - equivalent to A levels
  • Ordinary National Certificate (ONC)
  • Ordinary National Diploma (OND) or BTEC National Diploma
  • Vocational A-Levels formally Advanced Vocational Certificate of Education (AVCE)
• Level 4 - Equivalent to 1st year university
  • Higher National Certificate (HNC)
• Level 5 - Equivalent to 2nd year university
  • Higher National Diploma (HND)
• Level 6 - Equivalent to degree
  • the Licentiateship of the City and Guilds (LCGI)
• Level 7 - Equivalent to higher degree
  • the Graduateship of the City and Guilds (GCGI)

A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ, is a certificate of vocational education in the United Kingdom. ... An Ordinary National Certificate (ONC) is a higher education qualification in the United Kingdom, awarded by BTEC. Categories: Education stubs | Qualifications | Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom ... The Ordinary National Diploma (OND) or BTEC National Diploma is a vocational qualification at Level 3. ... Advanced Vocational Certificate of Education, usually shorted to Advanced VCE or AVCE, is a vocational qualification available in British Further Education institutions. ... A Higher National Certificate (HNC) is a higher education qualification in the United Kingdom, and is a BTEC qualification awarded by Edexcel, in England. ... A Higher National Diploma (HND) is a higher education qualification in the United Kingdom. ...

Higher education

Students normally enter University from 18 onwards and study for an Academic Degree. Apart from a single private university, all undergraduate education is largely state financed (with tuition fees set at a maximum index-linked £3,000 per year, repayable after graduation contingent on attaining a certain level of income, and with the state paying all fees for students from the poorest backgrounds), and UK students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance. The state does not control syllabi, but it does influence admission procedures. Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... A B.A. issused as a certificate A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ... Student loans are loans offered to students to assist in payment of the costs of professional education. ...

The typical first degree offered at British universities is the Bachelor's degree (typically three years). Many institutions now offer an undergraduate Master's degree as a first degree, typically lasting four years. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between undergraduate and traditional postgraduate Master's degrees (and the possibility of securing LEA funding for the former) makes taking an undergraduate Master's degree as a first degree a more attractive option, although the novelty of undergraduate Master's degrees means that the relative educational merit of the two is currently unclear. An undergraduate degree (sometimes called a first degree or simply a degree) is the most common and lowest academic degree available and is normally studied at a higher education institution, such as a university. ... A bachelors degree (Artium Baccalaureus, A.B. or B.A.) is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. ... “M.S.” redirects here. ... An undergraduate degree (sometimes called a first degree or simply a degree) is the most common and lowest academic degree available and is normally studied at a higher education institution, such as a university. ... In some educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelors degree. ... In some educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelors degree. ... Quaternary education or postgraduate education is the fourth-stage educational level which follows the completion of an undergraduate degree at a college or university. ... “M.S.” redirects here. ... An undergraduate degree (sometimes called a first degree or simply a degree) is the most common and lowest academic degree available and is normally studied at a higher education institution, such as a university. ...

Some universities offer a Foundation degree, typically between one and two years in length for those students who hope to continue to take a first degree but are not academically strong enough. The Foundation Degree is a vocational qualification introduced by the UK government in September 2001. ... An undergraduate degree (sometimes called a first degree or simply a degree) is the most common and lowest academic degree available and is normally studied at a higher education institution, such as a university. ...

Postgraduate education

Students who have completed a first degree are eligible to undertake a postgraduate degree, which includes: An undergraduate degree (sometimes called a first degree or simply a degree) is the most common and lowest academic degree available and is normally studied at a higher education institution, such as a university. ... Quaternary education or postgraduate education is the fourth-stage educational level which follows the completion of an undergraduate degree at a college or university. ...

• Master's degree (typically taken in two years)
• Doctorate degree (typically taken in three years)

Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the State, and so admission is in practice highly competitive. “M.S.” redirects here. ... Aquatint of a Doctor of Divinity at the University of Oxford, in the scarlet and black academic robes corresponding to his position. ...

Specialist qualifications

• Education: Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE), Certificate in Education (Cert Ed), C&G 7407, most of which also incorporate Qualified Teacher Status (QTS).
• Law: Bachelor of Laws LL.B.
• Medicine: Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery studied at Medical school (United Kingdom)
• Business: Master of Business Administration MBA.

The Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) is a one-year course in England, Wales and Northern Ireland for undergraduate degree holders that allows them to train to be a teacher. ... The Certificate in Education (Cert Ed) is a qualification for teachers in the United Kingdom. ... The City and Guilds of London Institute (City & Guilds) is a UK examining and accreditation body for vocational and managerial training, offering over 500 qualifications in 28 industry areas, spanning from entry level to the equivalent of a postgraduate degree. ... Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) is required in England and Wales to become, and continue being, a teacher in the state and special educaiton sectors. ... Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) is required in the United Kingdom to become, and continue being, a teacher. ... The degree of Bachelor of Laws is the principal academic degree in law in most common law countries other than the United States, where it has been replaced by the Juris Doctor degree. ... Medicinæ Baccalaureus & Baccalaureus Chirurgiæ (MB BChir or MB ChB or MB, BS or variations thereof) are the two degrees awarded after a course in medicine and surgery at a university in the United Kingdom and other places following the British tradition, such as Australian, Hong Kong, Singapore, New Zealand, Jamaican... In the United Kingdom, medical school generally refers to a department within a university which is involved in the education of future medical practitioners. ... Master of Business Administration (MBA) is a masters degree in business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. ...

Adult education

Adult education, Continuing education or Lifelong learning is offered to students of all ages. These can include the vocational qualifications mentioned above and also: Libraries are a useful resource for adult learners. ... Continuing education may refer to one of two types of education. ... Lifelong learning is the concept that Its never too soon or too late for learning, a philosophy that has taken root in organisations such as the UK Governments Department for Education and Skills. ...

• Access programme one or two year courses to allow adults access to university.
• Open University a distance learning program which can result in a Degree.
• Workers' Educational Association

A large number of semi-recreational courses, with or without qualifications, are made available by Local Education Authorities under the guise of Adult Education, such as holiday languages, crafts and yacht navigation. Access programmes in the UK are courses which prepare mature students for entrance to undergraduate education. ... Affiliations Alliance of Non-Aligned Universities, Association of Commonwealth Universities, European Association of Distance Teaching Universities, Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Website http://www. ... The Workers’ Educational Association (WEA) seeks to provide access to education and lifelong learning for adults from all backgrounds, and in particular those who have previously missed out on education. ...

Costs

The costs for a normal education in England and Wales are as follows:

• Primary: no charge
• Secondary: no charge
• Further (Secondary) Education in either a sixth form or college: no charge if under 19 years of age in that particular academic year or on a low income.
• Undergraduate Higher Education for those who started in or prior to October 2005: up to £1175 per annum (Oct 2005) depending on income, rising £25 every year.
• Undergraduate Higher Education starting October 2006 or later: up to £3000 per annum (capped) - this is due to the introduction of controversial top-up fees
• Postgraduate Higher Education: Typically £3000 per annum; however some institutions charge a larger amount.

England, Wales, Northern Ireland The sixth form, in the English, Welsh and Northern Irish education systems, is the term used to refer to the final two years of secondary schooling (when students are about sixteen to eighteen years of age), during which students normally prepare for their GCE A-level... 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Deaths in October 28: Richard Smalley 26: Emil Kyulev 24: José Azcona del Hoyo 24: Rosa Parks 23: Stella Obasanjo 22: Liam Lawlor 22: Shirley Horn 20: Endon Mahmood 17: Ba Jin 10: Milton Obote 7: Charles... October 2006 is the tenth month of that year and has yet to occur. ... Top-up fees (not their official name) are a new way of charging tuition to undergraduate and PGCE students who study at universities in the United Kingdom from the 2006-2007 academic year onwards. ...

Notes

• Education at privately run independent schools is usually chargeable. Such schools, some of which are boarding schools, cover primary and secondary education and charge between £2000 to £8000 per term. Some schools offer scholarships for those with particular skills or aptitudes or bursaries to allow less well-off students to attend.
• Foreign students at UK universities are charged differing amounts, often in the region of £5000 - £20000 per annum for undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The actual amount differs by institution and subject with the lab based subjects charging a greater amount.
• Differing arrangements apply to English students studying in Scotland and Scottish / Welsh students studying in England.
• Although in theory school-based education is free in the UK there are many activities that 'cost' more than is budgeted from school funds. Such activities can include items like swimming, theatre visits, field trips and the like. Schools are allowed to levy charges for such activities so long as the charges are voluntary. This means that the children of parents who cannot afford to pay must be allowed to participate in such events even if no contribution is made.
• At university level, there are numerous bursaries (awarded to low income applicants) to offset the undergraduate fees, and for postgraduates, full scholarships are available for most subjects, awarded competitively.

An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school that relies for all or most of its funding on non-governmental sources. ... A boarding school is a self-contained educational total institution where students not only study but where some or all students may live. ... The New Zealand University Bursary or Bursary was New Zealands standard secondary school leaving qualification gained at the end of NZ Form VII (= UK Upper Sixth Form). ... {{Infobox Education| country name = Scotland | agency image = | agency = Scottish Executive | leader titles = Minister for Education and Young People Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning| leader names = Peter Peacock   Nicol Stephen | budget = £4. ... {{Infobox Education| country name = Scotland | agency image = | agency = Scottish Executive | leader titles = Minister for Education and Young People Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning| leader names = Peter Peacock   Nicol Stephen | budget = £4. ... Education in Wales differs in certain respects from the system used elsewhere in the United Kingdom. ...

The history of state-sponsored education in England

The period before 1950

• From medieval times, the Church (or chapel) provided education to all classes of society, in monasteries, at public schools, orphanages, charity schools, grammar schools, church foundations, or by the chaplains to private households. Until as late as the nineteenth century, all university fellows and many schoolmasters were expected or required to be in holy orders. Schoolmistresses typically taught "the three Rs" (reading, writing and 'rithmatic) in dame schools, charity schools, or informal village schools. The Church of England resisted early attempts for the state to provide secular education, and church schools still remained embedded in the state school system.

• In August 1833, the UK voted sums of money each year for the construction of schools for poor children, the first time the state had become involved with education in England and Wales, whereas the programme of universal education in Scotland began in 1561.

• A meeting in Manchester in 1837, chaired by Mark Philips, led to the creation of the Lancashire Public Schools' Association. The association proposed that non-sectarian schools should be funded from local taxes.

• In 1839 government grants for the construction and maintenance of schools were switched to voluntary bodies, and became conditional on a satisfactory inspection.

• In 1840 the Grammar Schools Act expanded the Grammar School curriculum from classical studies to include science and literature.

• Before 1870, education was largely a private affair, with wealthy parents sending their children to fee-paying schools, and others using whatever local teaching was made available.

• The Forster Elementary Education Act 1870 required partially state funded board schools to be set up to provide primary (elementary) education in areas where existing provision was inadequate. Board schools were managed by elected school boards. The schools remained fee-paying. The previous government grant scheme established in 1833 ended on December 31, 1870.

• Under the Elementary Education Act 1880, education became compulsory from the ages of 5 to 10.

• The Free Education Act 1891 provided for the state payment of school fees up to ten shillings per week.

• The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 raised the school leaving age to 11 and later to 13. The Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act of the same year extended compulsory education to blind and deaf children, and made provision for the creation of special schools.

• The Voluntary Schools Act 1897 provided grants to public elementary schools not funded by school boards (typically Church schools).

• From April 1900 higher elementary schools were recognised, providing education from the age of 10 to 15.

• The 'Balfour' Education Act 1902 created local education authorities (LEAs), who took over responsibility for board schools from the school boards. Grammar schools also became funded by the LEA. The act was of particular significance as it allowed for all schools, including denominational schools, to be funded through rates (local taxation).

• The Fisher Education Act 1918 made secondary education compulsory up to age 14 and gave responsibility for secondary schools to the state. Under the Act, many higher elementary schools and endowed grammar school sought to become state funded central schools or secondary schools. However, most children attended primary (elementary) school up until age 14, rather than going to a separate school for secondary education.

• After the passing of the 1929 Local Government Act, Poor Law schools became state funded elementary schools.

• The Butler Education Act of 1944 established the Tripartite System, and defined the modern split between Primary and Secondary education at age 11.

• Education was made compulsory up to age 15 in 1947.

A national school is a particular type of primary school in Ireland that is not directly financed or administered by the State. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... {{Infobox Education| country name = Scotland | agency image = | agency = Scottish Executive | leader titles = Minister for Education and Young People Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning| leader names = Peter Peacock   Nicol Stephen | budget = £4. ... // Events The Edict of Orleans suspends the persecution of the Huguenots. ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Mark Philips (1800 - 1873) was one of Manchester, Englands first pair of Members of Parliament of the post-reform era. ... Sectarianism is an adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination, it also usually involves a rejection of those not a member of ones sect. ... A tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (for example, tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements). ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... An Act of Parliament or Act is law enacted by the parliament (see legislation). ... Grammar school can refer to various types of schools in different English-speaking countries. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ... Elementary Education Act 1870 commonly known as Forsters Education Act established guidelines which, on paper, granted the right to schooling to any male between the ages of 5 and 13. ... School boards were also set up in England and Wales under the Elementary Education Act 1870 following campaigning by George Dixon, Joseph Chamberlain and the National Education League for elementary education free from Anglican doctrine. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Before decimalisation in 1971, a shilling had a value of 12d (old pence), and was equal to 1/20th of a pound: there were 240 (old) pence to the pound. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or psychological factors. ... The word deaf can have very different meanings depending on the background of the person speaking or the context in which the word is used. ... A special school is a school catering to students who have special educational needs (SEN), for example, because of learning difficulties or physical disabilities. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A Local Education Authority (LEA) is the part of a council in England or Wales that is responsible for education within that councils jurisdiction. ... School boards were also set up in England and Wales under the Elementary Education Act 1870 following campaigning by George Dixon, Joseph Chamberlain and the National Education League for elementary education free from Anglican doctrine. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Grammar school can refer to various types of schools in different English-speaking countries. ... In the English education system, Central Schools were selective secondary education schools between the more prestigious grammar schools and the secondary schools. ... The term, secondary school, refers to an institution where the third stage of schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ... The Education Act 1944 changed the education system for secondary schools in England and Wales. ... The Tripartite System, known colloquially as the grammar school system, was the structure by which Britains secondary education was organised between the 1944 Butler Education Act and 1976. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...

The post-war period

Due to the perceived failures of the Tripartite system, the Labour government in 1965 requested proposals from all the UK's regions for them to move from the Tripartite system to the Comprehensive System. Note that this was an optional reform for the regions, and some regions still have the Tripartite System. The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the principal political party of the left in England, Scotland and Wales. ... The Comprehensive System is a system of education in the United Kingdom and other countries, based on all-ability comprehensive schools. ...

In 1972, education was made compulsory up to age 16. A generation of "ROSLA" (Raising Of the School Leaving Age) children caused significant problems for teachers. The Raising Of School Leaving Age (often shortened to ROSLA), is an act which states the legal age a child is allowed to leave compulsory education. ...

Following the 1979 General Election, the Conservative party regained power in central government, and made two main changes in this period: Margaret Thatcher James Callaghan David Steel BBC Election 1979 Titles The United Kingdom general election of 1979 was held on May 3, 1979 and is regarded as a pivotal point in 20th century British politics. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and is the second oldest extant political party in the world. ...

1. New Vocationalism was expanded (Labour had made some small efforts beforehand, but the Conservatives expanded it considerably). This was seen as an effort to reduce the high youth unemployment, which was regarded as one of the causes of the sporadic rioting at the end of the seventies.
2. The Assisted Places Scheme was introduced in 1980, whereby gifted children who could not afford to go to fee-paying schools would be given free places in those schools if they could pass the school's entrance exam.

New vocationalism: Ever since the introduction of compulsory education, successive governments have recognised that low status of work related (or vocational) education is a problem. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... The Assisted Places Scheme was a scheme established in the UK by the Conservative government in 1980 by which children who could not afford to go to fee-paying private schools were provided with free or subsidised places if they were able to pass the schools entrance examination. ...

The Education Reform Act of 1988

The 1988 Education Reform Act made considerable changes to the education system. These changes were aimed at creating a 'market' in education with schools competing with each other for 'customers' (pupils). The theory was that bad schools would lose pupils to the good schools and either have to improve, reduce in capacity or close.

The reforms included the following:

• The National Curriculum was introduced, which made it compulsory for schools to teach certain subjects and syllabuses. Previously the choice of subjects had been up to the school.
• National curriculum assessments were introduced at the Key Stages 1 to 4 (ages 7, 11, 14 and 16 respectively) through what were formerly called SATS (Standard Assessment Tests). At Key Stage 4 (age 16), the assessments were made from the GCSE exam.
• League tables began showing performance statistics for each school. These are regularly published in newspapers and are available over the web, so parents can see how schools are doing in each area of the country.
• Formula funding was introduced, which meant that the more children a school could attract to it, the more money it got.
• Open Enrolment and choice for parents were brought back, so that parents could choose or influence which school their children went to.
• Schools could, if enough of their pupils' parents agreed, opt out of local government control, becoming grant maintained schools and receiving funding direct from central government. The government offered more money than the school would get usually from the local authority as an enticement. This was seen as a political move given that often local authorities were not run by the governing Conservative Party whereas central government was.

The National Curriculum was introduced into England, Wales and Northern Ireland, as a nationwide curriculum for primary and secondary state schools following the Education Reform Act 1988. ... National Curriculum assessments are a series of educational assessments carried out on children attending schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland that follow the National Curriculum. ... GCSE is an acronym that can refer to: General Certificate of Secondary Education global common subexpression elimination - an optimisation technique used by some compilers This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... In business, league tables list the leaders in investment banking activity. ... In United Kingdom, the a grant-maintained school, sometimes shortened to a GM school or a maintained school, is a school that has opted out of local government control but still receives central government funding from the Local Education Authority. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and is the second oldest extant political party in the world. ...

New Labour's educational policies from 1997

During the 1997 General Election, the Labour party mantra was "Education, Education, Education", a reference to their conference slogan. Winning the election returned them to power, but New Labour's political ideology meant that many of the changes introduced by the Conservatives during their time in power remained intact. The UK general election, 1997 was arguably the largest and one of the most significant election Victory of the twentieth century (Labour won 418 seats- More than the liberals in 1906). ... The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the principal political party of the left in England, Scotland and Wales. ... The UK general election, 1997 was arguably the largest and one of the most significant election Victory of the twentieth century (Labour won 418 seats- More than the liberals in 1906). ... New Labour is an alternative name of the British political Labour Party. ...

They began changing the structure of the school and higher education systems. The following changes took place:

• The previous Labour focus on the Comprehensive system was shifted to a focus on tailoring education to each child's ability. Critics see this as reminiscent of the original intentions of the Tripartite system.
• Grant-maintained status was abolished, with GM schools being given the choice of rejoining the local authority as a maintained community school, or becoming a Foundation school.
• Labour expanded a policy started by the Conservatives of creating specialist schools. This new type of secondary school teaches the National Curriculum subjects plus a few specialist branches of knowledge (e.g. business studies) not found in most other schools. These schools are allowed to select 10% of their pupils.
  • Numbers: In 1997 there were 196 of these schools. In August 2002 there were 1000. By 2006 the plan is to have 2000, and the goal is to make all secondary schools specialist eventually.
• The Beacon Schools programme was established in England in 1998. Its aim was to identify high performing schools, in order to help them form partnerships with each other and to provide examples of effective practice for other schools. The programme was replaced in August 2005 with more broadly based programmes; the Leading Edge Partnership programme (for secondary schools) and Primary Strategy Learning Networks (PSLNs) (at the primary level).^[1]
• A new grade of Advanced Skills Teachers was created, with the intention that highly skilled teachers would be paid more if they accepted new posts with outreach duties beyond their own schools.
• City Academies were introduced. These are new schools, built on the site of, or taking over from existing failing schools. A city academy is an independent school within the state system. It is outside the control of the local education authority and set up with substantial funding from interested third parties, which might be businesses, charities or private individuals.
• Education Action Zones were introduced, which are deprived areas run by an action forum of people within that area with the intention of making that area's schools better.
• Vocational qualifications were renamed/restructured as follows:
  • GNVQs became Vocational GCSEs and AVCEs.
  • NVQs scope expanded so that a degree-equivalent NVQ was possible.
• The New Deal was introduced, which made advisors available to long-term unemployed (in the UK this is defined as being unemployed for more than 6 months) to give help and money to those who want to go back into Education.
• Introduced Literacy and Numeracy Hours into schools, and set targets for literacy and numeracy.
• Set Truancy targets.
• Set a maximum class size of 30 for 5-7 year olds.
• Introduced the EMA, (Education Maintenance Allowance), which is paid to those between 16 and 18 as an enticement to remain in full-time education and get A-Levels/AVCEs.
• A Performance Threshold was introduced in 2000 to allow experienced teachers access to higher rates of pay on meeting a set of performance standards, including a standard of pupil attainment. The performance-related pay changes have been bitterly opposed by teaching unions, most notably the National Union of Teachers which challenged the Threshold scheme by legal action.
• Introduced Curriculum 2000, which reformed the Further Education system into the current structure of AS levels, A2 levels and Key Skills.
• Abolished the Assisted Places Scheme.
• A report was commissioned, led by the former chief-inspector of schools, Mike Tomlinson, into reform of the curriculum and qualifications structure for 14–19 year-olds. The report was published on October 18, 2004 and recommended the introduction of a diploma that would bring together both vocational and academic qualifications and ensure that all pupils had a basic set of core skills. It is proposed that the current qualifications would evolve into this diploma over the next decade, whether the government will follow the recommendations is yet to be seen — the Conservative Party have already introduced alternative proposals to return to norm-referencing in A-levels rather than the current system of criterion-referencing.

• In 2003 a green paper was published entitled Every Child Matters. It built on existing plans to strengthen children's services and focused on four key areas:
  • Increasing the focus on supporting families and careers as the most critical influence on children's lives
  • Ensuring necessary intervention takes place before children reach crisis point and protecting children from falling through the net
  • Addressing the underlying problems identified in the report into the death of Victoria Climbié - weak accountability and poor integration
  • Ensuring that the people working with children are valued, rewarded and trained

The green paper prompted a wide debate about services for children, young people and families. There followed a wide consultation with those working in children's services, and with parents, children and young people. Following this, the Government published Every Child Matters: the Next Steps, and passed the Children Act 2004, providing the legislative spine for developing more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and families. Every Child Matters: Change for Children was published in November 2004. In England and Wales, a foundation school is a type of school which enjoys a degree of independence from the local education authority. ... The specialist schools programme is a UK government programme which encourages secondary schools to specialise in certain areas to boost acheivement. ... The Beacon schools programme was established in England in 1998. ... A city academy is a type of British secondary school, of which one of the major architects was Andrew Adonis in his capacity as education advisor to the Prime Minister (now Lord Adonis, a junior Minister at the Department for Education and Skills) in the late 1990s. ... The New Deal is the name of a welfare-to-work scheme introduced in the United Kingdom by the year-old Labour government in 1998. ... Numeracy is a term that emerged in the United Kingdom as a contraction of numerical literacy. In the United States, it is familiar to math educators and intellectuals but not in the common usage. ... The National Union of Teachers (NUT) is a major trade union of school teachers in England and Wales. ... gary the snail ... The Assisted Places Scheme was a scheme established in the UK by the Conservative government in 1980 by which children who could not afford to go to fee-paying private schools were provided with free or subsidised places if they were able to pass the schools entrance examination. ... Sir Mike Tomlinson CBE is the chair of the Working Group for 14–19 Reform which has been commissioned by the British Government to look into reform of the syllabus and qualifications structure for 14–19 year-olds in the English education system. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and is the second oldest extant political party in the world. ... Adjo Victoria Climbié (Saturday, November 2, 1991 - Friday, February 25, 2000), better known as Anna Climbié or Victoria Climbié was born in Abobo near Abidjan, Côte dIvoire, and aged seven was sent by her parents to Europe with her great-aunt Marie Thérèse Kouao for a...

• In January 2007 Education Secretary Alan Johnson, who himself only attended school until fifteen and who has no formal qualifications, announced plans to extend the school leaving age to eighteen by 2013. This would raise the leaving age for the first time since the last raise in 1972, when compulsory education was extended until sixteen. This change only affects English schools, and will include training such as apprenticeships and work based training rather than continued academic learning.^[2]

The Secretary of State for Education and Skills is the chief minister of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom government. ... Alan Arthur Johnson MP (born 17 May 1950, London) is a British Labour Party politician. ... Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of skilled crafts practitioners, which is still popular in some countries. ...

Categories of schools

There are 4 main types of maintained school in England:

• Community
• Foundation
• Voluntary Aided
• Voluntary Controlled

In 1998 these replaced the previous categories of state school: county, voluntary controlled, special agreement, voluntary aided and grant-maintained (GM).

Schools in all the categories have a lot in common. They work in partnership with other schools and the LEAs, and they receive funding from LEA and they have to deliver the national curriculum. Each category has its own characteristics. A Local Education Authority (LEA) is the part of a council in England or Wales that is responsible for education within that councils jurisdiction. ... A Local Education Authority (LEA) is the part of a council in England or Wales that is responsible for education within that councils jurisdiction. ...

Community schools

In community schools (formerly county schools), the LEA employs the schools' staff, own the schools' lands and buildings and have primary responsibility for deciding the arrangements for admitting pupils. In such schools, all teachers are employed under the nationally-agreed School Teachers' Pay and Conditions Document. A community school in Ireland is a type of secondary education school funded individually and directly by the state. ... A Local Education Authority (LEA) is the part of a council in England or Wales that is responsible for education within that councils jurisdiction. ... The School Teachers Pay and Conditions Document (STPCD) is an annually-published document which forms a part of the contract of all teachers and head teachers in maintained schools in England and Wales. ...

Foundation schools

In foundation schools the governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions. The school land and buildings are owned by the governing body or by a charitable foundation. Many of these schools were formerly grant maintained schools. The Foundation appoints the majority of governors. In 2005 the Labour government proposed allowing all schools to become Foundation schools if they so wished. In England and Wales, a foundation school is a type of school which enjoys a degree of independence from the local education authority. ... In the United Kingdom, School Governors are the largest volunteer force in the country and have an important part to play in raising school standards through their three key roles of setting strategic direction, ensuring accountability and monitoring and evaluating school performance (http://www. ...

Voluntary aided (VA) schools

St Barnabas Church of England Primary School, Oxford

Many voluntary aided schools are church schools. VA governing bodies employ the staff and decide admission arrangements. The schools' lands and buildings are normally owned by a charitable foundation. The governing body contributes towards the capital costs of running the school. Most aided schools are linked to either the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church, but there are schools linked to other faith groups and a few non-denominational schools, often linked to philanthropic organisations like the Haberdashers and the Drapers. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1760x1168, 902 KB) Summary St Barnabas Church of England Primary School, Oxford. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1760x1168, 902 KB) Summary St Barnabas Church of England Primary School, Oxford. ... In a voluntary aided school (many of which are church schools) the governing body, as opposed to the Local Education Authority, employs the staff, and decide admission arrangements but the school is nevertheless funded by the state and does not charge fees. ... In the United Kingdom, School Governors are the largest volunteer force in the country and have an important part to play in raising school standards through their three key roles of setting strategic direction, ensuring accountability and monitoring and evaluating school performance (http://www. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church... The Worshipful Company of Haberdashers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. ... Arms of the Drapers Company The Worshipful Company of Drapers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London; it has the formal name of The Master and Wardens and Brethren and Sisters of the Guild or Fraternity of the Blessed Mary the Virgin of the Mystery of...

Voluntary controlled (VC) schools

Voluntary controlled schools are almost always church schools, and the lands and buildings are often owned by a charitable foundation. However, the LEA employ the schools' staff and has primary responsibility for admission arrangements. In a voluntary controlled school in England (almost always church schools), the land and buildings are often owned by a charitable foundation. ... A Local Education Authority (LEA) is the part of a council in England or Wales that is responsible for education within that councils jurisdiction. ...

References

Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ... Shortcut: WP:-( Vandalism is indisputable bad-faith addition, deletion, or change to content, made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. ...

See also

• City academy
• City Learning Centre
• Comprehensive System
• List of schools in England
• Education by country
• Education in Northern Ireland
• Education in the United Kingdom
• Education in Scotland
• Education in Wales
• School governors
• specialist schools
• Specialist Schools and Academies Trust
• National Union of Students of the United Kingdom
• UK topics
• Science Learning Centres

A city academy is a type of British secondary school, of which one of the major architects was Andrew Adonis in his capacity as education advisor to the Prime Minister (now Lord Adonis, a junior Minister at the Department for Education and Skills) in the late 1990s. ... This article, image, template or category belongs in one or more categories. ... The Comprehensive System is a system of education in the United Kingdom and other countries, based on all-ability comprehensive schools. ... The following is a partial list of schools in the United Kingdom. ... This is a list of articles on education organized by country: Education in Afghanistan Education in Albania Education in Algeria Education in Argentina Education in Australia Education in Austria Education in Belgium Education in Brazil Education in Bulgaria Education in Canada Education in Québec Education in the Peoples... Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from the system used elsewhere in the United Kingdom. ... Education in the United Kingdom. ... {{Infobox Education| country name = Scotland | agency image = | agency = Scottish Executive | leader titles = Minister for Education and Young People Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning| leader names = Peter Peacock   Nicol Stephen | budget = £4. ... Education in Wales differs in certain respects from the system used elsewhere in the United Kingdom. ... In the United Kingdom, School Governors are the largest volunteer force in the country and have an important part to play in raising school standards through their three key roles of setting strategic direction, ensuring accountability and monitoring and evaluating school performance (http://www. ... The specialist schools programme is a UK government programme which encourages secondary schools to specialise in certain areas to boost acheivement. ... The Specialist Schools and Academies Trust (SSAT) is a national body for secondary education in England, with responsibility for overseeing the Specialist schools and Academies programmes. ... The National Union of Students (NUS) is the main federation of students unions that exist inside the United Kingdom. ... This is a list of topics related to the United Kingdom. ... // In 2001, the House of Lords Science & Technology Select Committee Report identified an urgent need for subject specific Continuing Professional Development for Science Teachers. ...

External links

• The Legislative Growth of English Education
• A history of education in England by Derek Gillard, an advocate of the comprehensive system
• Working Group on 14–19 Reform
• Every Child Matters
• Teachernet - Types of School

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