In physics, the electroweak theory presents a unified description of two of the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low energies, the theory models them as two different aspects of the same force. Above the unification energy, on the order of 102GeV, they would merge into a single electroweak force.
Mathematically, the unification is accomplished under an SU(2) × U(1) gauge group. The corresponding gauge bosons are the photon of electromagnetism and the W and Z bosons of the weak force. In the Standard Model, the weak gauge bosons get their mass from the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the electroweak symmetry from SU(2) × U(1)Y to U(1)em, caused by the Higgs mechanism. The subscripts are used to indicate that these are different copies of U(1); the generator of U(1)em is given by Q = Y/2 + I3, where Y is the generator of U(1)Y (called the hypercharge), and I3 is one of the SU(2) generators (a component of isospin). The distinction between electromagnetism and the weak force arises because there is a (nontrivial) linear combination of Y and I3 that vanishes for the Higgs boson (it is an eigenstate of both Y and I3, so the coefficients may be taken as −I3 and Y): U(1)em is defined to be the group generated by this linear combination, and is unbroken because it doesn't interact with the Higgs.
Electromagnetism is a long-ranged force that is relatively strong, and therefore describes almost all phenomena of our everyday experience—phenomena ranging all the way from lasers and radios to the structure of atoms and the structure of metals to friction and rainbows.
Electromagnetism and the weak force were theoretically understood to be two aspects of a unified electroweakforce - this was the first step toward the unified theory known as the Standard Model.
In electroweak theory, the carriers of the weak force are massive gauge bosons called the W and Z bosons.
Electromagnetism and the weak nuclear forces have been shown to be two aspects of a single electroweakforce.
The modern quantum mechanical view of the three fundamental forces (all except gravity) is that particles of matter (fermions) do not directly interact with each other but rather exchange by virtual particles (bosons) called interaction carriers or interaction mediators (as, for example, virtual photons in case of interaction of electric charges).
The weak force is an example of a physical theory in which parity is not conserved i.e., which is left-right asymmetric.
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