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Encyclopedia > Elihu Root
Elihu Root
Elihu Root

In office
August 1, 1899 – January 31, 1904
President William McKinley (1899-1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1904)
Preceded by Russell A. Alger
Succeeded by William Howard Taft

In office
July 19, 1905 – January 27, 1909
President Theodore Roosevelt
Preceded by John Hay
Succeeded by Robert Bacon

Born February 15, 1845(1845-02-15)
Clinton, New York, U.S.
Died February 07, 1937 (aged 91)
Clinton, New York, U.S.
Political party Republican
Spouse Clara Frances Wales
Profession Lawyer, Politician

Elihu Root (February 15, 1845February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman and the 1912 recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He was the prototype of the 20th century "wise man", who shuttled between high-level government positions in Washington, D.C. and private-sector legal practice in New York City. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2544x2898, 720 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): United States Secretary of State United States Secretary of War Elihu Root ... The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... {{Infobox US Cabinet official | name=Russell Alexander Alger | image=Russell Alexander Alger2. ... For other persons named William Howard Taft, see William Howard Taft (disambiguation). ... Seal of the United States Department of State. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1905 (disambiguation). ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... John Milton Hay (October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman, diplomat, author, journalist, and private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln. ... Categories: Stub | 1860 births | 1919 deaths | U.S. Secretaries of State ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Clinton is the name of some places in the U.S. state of New York: Clinton, Clinton County, New York Clinton, Dutchess County, New York Clinton, Oneida County, New York Clinton also is a name used to refer to the Hells Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Clinton is the name of some places in the U.S. state of New York: Clinton, Clinton County, New York Clinton, Dutchess County, New York Clinton, Oneida County, New York Clinton also is a name used to refer to the Hells Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A politician is an individual who is a formally recognized and active member of a government, or a person who influences the way a society is governed through an understanding of political power and group dynamics. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... The Wise Men were a group of six government officials, who during the Truman administration developed the containment policy of dealing with the Communist bloc. ...

Contents

Early life and career

Root was born in Clinton, New York, as the son of Oren Root and Nancy Whitney Buttrick. His father was professor of mathematics at Hamilton College, where Elihu attended college; there he joined the Sigma Phi Society, later becoming its national mentor and spiritual leader. After graduation, Root taught for one year at the Rome Academy. In 1867, Root graduated from the Law School of New York University. He went into private practice as a lawyer. While mainly practicing corporate law, Root was a junior defense counsel during the corruption trial of William "Boss" Tweed. Root also had private clients including Jay Gould, Chester A. Arthur, Charles Anderson Dana, William C. Whitney, Thomas Fortune Ryan, and E. H. Harriman. Clinton is the name of some places in the U.S. state of New York: Clinton, Clinton County, New York Clinton, Dutchess County, New York Clinton, Oneida County, New York Clinton also is a name used to refer to the Hells Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. ... Hamilton College is a private, independent, highly selective liberal arts college located in Clinton, New York. ... The Sigma Phi Society, founded on 4 March 1827 on the campus of Union College in Schenectady, New York is the second oldest Greek social fraternal organization in the United States. ... Cunt BAg Twat Fuk suck my penis ring 0778851865!!!!!!Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university in New York City. ... 1869 Tobacco label featuring Boss Tweed. ... Jay Gould (1836-1892) Jason Gould (May 27, 1836 – December 2, 1892) was an American financier. ... Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American politician who served as the 21st President of the United States. ... Charles Anderson Dana (August 8, 1819 – October 17, 1897) was an American journalist, author, and government official, best known for his association with Ulysses S. Grant during the American Civil War and his aggressive political advocacy after the war. ... William Collins Whitney (July 5, 1841 - February 2, 1904) was an American political leader and financier and founder of the prominent Whitney family. ... Thomas Fortune Ryan (1851 - 1928) was a U.S. tobacco and transport businessman. ... Edward Henry Harriman (February 20, 1848 – September 9, 1909), better known as E. H. Harriman, was a wealthy railroad executive. ...


Root was appointed United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York by President Chester A. Arthur. United States Attorneys (also known as federal prosecutors) represent the U.S. federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals. ... The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (SDNY) is the Federal district court whose jurisdiction comprises the following counties: New York, Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, and Sullivan. ... Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American politician who served as the 21st President of the United States. ...


Root married Clara Frances Wales (died in 1928), who was the daughter of Salem Wales, the managing editor of Scientific American, in 1878. They had three children: Edith (married Ulysses S. Grant III), Elihu, Jr. (who became a lawyer), and Edward. Scientific American is a popular-science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. ... Ulysses Simpson Grant III (July 4, 1881 – August 29, 1968), the son of Frederick Dent Grant (and the grandson of General of the Army and President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant) was an American soldier and planner. ...


Root was a member of the Union League Club of New York and twice served as its president, 1898-99, and again from 1915-16. The Union League Club of New York The Union League Club of New York is a prominent social club in New York. ...


Political career

He served as the United States Secretary of War 18991904 under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. He reformed the organization of the United States Army. He was responsible for enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff. He changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Root was concerned about the new territories acquired after the Spanish-American War and worked out the methods of how Cuba would be turned over to the Cubans, wrote the charter of government for the Philippines, and eliminated tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Puerto Rico. Root left the cabinet in 1904 and returned to private practice as a lawyer. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... “USMA” redirects here. ... The United States Army War College is a United States Army school located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 500 acre (2 km²) campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks, a military post dating back to the 1770s. ... A General Staff is a group of professional military officers who act in a staff or administrative role under the command of a general officer. ... Combatants United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey Máximo Gómez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Ramón Blanco Casualties 3,289 U.S. dead (432 from combat); considerably higher although undetermined Cuban and Filipino casualties...

Root with William Howard Taft in 1904.
Root with William Howard Taft in 1904.

In 1905, President Roosevelt named Root to be the United States Secretary of State after the death of John Hay. As secretary, Root placed the consular service under the Civil Service. He maintained the Open Door Policy in the Far East. On a tour to Latin America in 1906, Root persuaded those governments to participate in the Hague Peace Conference. He worked with Japan in emigration to the United States and in dealings with China and established the Root-Takahira Agreement, which limited Japanese and American naval fortifications in the Pacific. He worked with Great Britain in resolving border disputes between the United States (Alaska) and Canada and also in the North Atlantic fisheries. He supported arbitration in resolving international disputes. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (598x611, 37 KB) http://lcweb2. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (598x611, 37 KB) http://lcweb2. ... For other persons named William Howard Taft, see William Howard Taft (disambiguation). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Seal of the United States Department of State. ... John Milton Hay (October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman, diplomat, author, journalist, and private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln. ... The Byzantine civil service in action. ... – Spheres of influence in China prior to the Open Door Policy. ...


Root served a term in the United States Senate as a Republican from New York) from 1909 to 1915. He was an active member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chose not to seek reelection in 1914. During and after his Senate service, Root served as President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace from 1910 to 1925. In that capacity, he helped create the Hague Academy of International Law in the Netherlands. Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... This article is about the state. ... The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a standing committee of the United States Senate, the upper house of the United States Congress. ... The Endowments headquarters at 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private nonprofit organization promoting international cooperation and active international engagement by the United States of America. ... The Hague Academy of International Law is a center for high-level education in international law housed in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. ...


In 1912, as a result of his work to bring nations together through arbitration and cooperation, Root received the Nobel Peace Prize. Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ...


At the outbreak of World War I, Root opposed President Woodrow Wilson's policy of neutrality. He did support Wilson once the United States entered the war. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856–February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ...


In June 1916, Root sought the Republican presidential nomination. However, at the Republican National Convention, Root reached his peak strength of 103 votes on the first ballot. The Republican presidential nomination went to Charles Evans Hughes, who lost the election to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Charles Evans Hughes (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was Governor of New York, United States Secretary of State, Associate Justice and Chief Justice of the United States. ...


In June 1917, at age 72, he was sent to Russia by President Wilson to arrange American co-operation with the new revolutionary government. A large party of well-known people accompanied the Senator, and they traveled from Vladivostok across Siberia in the Czar's former train. Root remained in Petrograd for close to a month, and was not much impressed by what he saw. The Russians, he said, "are sincerely, kindly, good people but confused and dazed." He summed up his attitude to the Provisional Government very trenchantly: "No fight, no loans," which referred to the current conflict with Germany in World War I. Vladivostok (Russian: ) is the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, situated close to the Russo-Sino border and North Korea. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... “Nicholas II” redirects here. ... Saint Petersburg  listen (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...


After World War I, Root supported the League of Nations and served on the commission of jurists, which created the Permanent Court of International Justice. In 1922, President Warren G. Harding appointed him as a delegate to the International Conference on the Limitation of Armaments. He was the founding chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations, established in 1921 in New York. The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919–1920. ... A jurist is a professional who studies, develops, applies or otherwise deals with the law. ... The Permanent Court of International Justice, sometimes called World Court, was the international court of the League of Nations established in 1922. ... Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was an American politician and the twenty-ninth President of the United States, from 1921 to 1923, when he became the sixth president to die in office. ... The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an influential and independent, nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (corner Park Avenue) in New York City, with an additional office in Washington, D.C. Through its membership, meetings, and studies, it has been...


Root worked with Andrew Carnegie in programs for international peace and the advancement of science. He was the first president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He helped found the American Society of International Law in 1906. He was among the founders of the American Law Institute in 1923. Root also served as vice president of the American Peace Society, which publishes World Affairs (journal), the oldest U.S. journal on international relations. Andrew Carnegie (last name pronounced , )[1] (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish industrialist, businessman, a major philanthropist, and the founder of Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. ... The Endowments headquarters at 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private nonprofit organization promoting international cooperation and active international engagement by the United States of America. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The American Law Institute (ALI) was established in 1923 to promote the clarification and simplification of American common law and its adaptation to changing social needs. ... The American Peace Society was a pacifist group founded upon the initiative of William Ladd, in New York City, May 8, 1828. ... World Affairs is one of the oldest U.S. journals on international relations. ...

Portrait of Elihu Root
Portrait of Elihu Root

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Root was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) and the Grand Commander of the Order of George I (Greece). He was the second cousin twice removed of Henry Luce, through Elihu Root (1772-1843). Prior to his death, Root had been the last surviving member of the McKinley Cabinet. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 452 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (873 × 1158 pixel, file size: 114 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 452 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (873 × 1158 pixel, file size: 114 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries... Please see Order of the Crown for other decorations bearing this name Order of the Crown Belgium The Order of the Crown is an Order of Belgium which was first created in the year 1897. ... The Order of George I was formally a Order of Greece named after King George I of Greece. ... Luce with wife Clare Boothe Luce (1954) Henry Robinson Luce (pronounced like loose) (April 3, 1898 – February 28, 1967) was an influential American publisher. ...


Root died in 1937 in Clinton, New York, with his family by his side. He is buried at the Hamilton College Cemetery [1]. His home that he purchased in 1893, the Elihu Root House, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972. Clinton is the name of some places in the U.S. state of New York: Clinton, Clinton County, New York Clinton, Dutchess County, New York Clinton, Oneida County, New York Clinton also is a name used to refer to the Hells Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. ... Elihu Root House, also known as Grant House, was the home of statesman Elihu Root. ... This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ...


Works by Elihu Root

  • Citizen's Part in Government. Yale University Press, 1911.
  • Experiments in Government and the Essentials of the Constitution. Princeton University Press, 1913.
  • Addresses on International Subjects. Harvard University Press, 1916.
  • Military and Colonial Policy of the United States. Harvard University Press, 1916.
  • Miscellaneous Addresses. Harvard University Press, 1917.
  • Men and Policies: Addresses by Elihu Root. Harvard University Press, 1925.

Quotes

"About half of the practice of a decent lawyer is telling would-be clients that they are damned fools and should stop." - Elihu Root[1] Image File history File links Edit-copy_purple. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ...


"The trouble is that lawyers necessarily acquire the habit of assuming the law to be right.... As a rule, the pure lawyer seldom concerns himself about the broad aspects of public policy which may show a law to be all wrong, and such a lawyer may be oblivious to the fact that in helping to enforce the law he is helping to injure the public. Then, too, lawyers are almost always conservative. Through insisting upon the maintenance of legal rules, they become instinctively opposed to change, and thus are frequently found aiding in the assertion of legal rights under laws which have once been reasonable and fair, but which, through the process of social and business development, have become unjust and unfair without the lawyers seeing it." - Elihu Root [2]


A few days before the Federal Reserve act was passed Senator Elihu Root denounced the Federal Reserve bill as an outrage on American liberties and made the following prediction:

  • "Long before we wake up from our dreams of prosperity through an inflated currency, our gold, which alone could have kept us from catastrophe, will have vanished and no rate of interest will tempt it to return." [citation needed]

References

The National Cyclopædia of American Biography. (1939) Vol. XXVI. New York: James T. White & Co. pp.1-5.


External links

The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a biographical dictionary of all members of both houses of the United States Congress, past and present. ... Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive and distribute cultural works. ...

Footnotes

  1. ^ See Page 22. Gillers, Stephen. Regulation of Lawyers, 7th ed., Aspen, 2005. ISBN 0-7355-5256-8
  2. ^ See Jessup, Phillip C. Elihu Root, 1938. Found on Page 289 of The Quotable Lawyer, Revised Edition, New England Publishing Associates, Inc., 1998, Frost-Knappman, Elizabeth and Shrager, David, editors. ISBN 0-8160-3778-7
Preceded by
Russell A. Alger
United States Secretary of War
Served Under: William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt

August 1, 1899-January 31, 1904
Succeeded by
William Howard Taft
Preceded by
John Hay
United States Secretary of State
Served Under: Theodore Roosevelt

July 19, 1905-January 27, 1909
Succeeded by
Robert Bacon
Preceded by
Thomas C. Platt
United States Senator (Class 3) from New York
March 4, 1909-March 3, 1915
Served alongside: Chauncey Depew, James O'Gorman
Succeeded by
James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.
Preceded by
Adelbert Ames
Oldest living U.S. Senator
April 12, 1933 - February 7, 1937
Succeeded by
Newell Sanders

  Results from FactBites:
 
Elihu Root - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (844 words)
Elihu Root (February 15, 1845 – February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman, the son of Oren Root and Nancy Whitney Buttrick.
Root was appointed United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York by President Chester A. Arthur.
Root was concerned about the new territories acquired after the Spanish-American War and worked out the methods of how Cuba would be turned over to the Cubans, wrote the charter of government for the Philippines, and eliminated tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Puerto Rico.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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