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An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, and behaviours. It is a prime determinant of the sense of subjective well-being and appears to play a central role in many human activities. As a result of this generality, the subject has been explored in many, if not all of the human sciences and art forms. There is much controversy concerning how emotions are defined and classified. An emotion, in psychology and common use, is an aspect of a human beings mental state, normally based in or tied to the persons internal (physical) and external (social) sensory feeling. ...
Look up emotional in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
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Etymology The English word 'emotion' is derived from the French words émotion and émouvoir. This is based on the Latin emovere, where e- (variant of ex-) means 'out' and movere means 'move'.[1] The related term "motivation" is also derived from movere.
Defining Emotion To begin, many researchers distinguish feeling and emotion, where feeling refers to the subjective experience of the emotion. Some believe that emotions can occur unconsciously, and hence that emotion is a more general phenomenon than its subjective feeling. Feelings may also more narrowly refer to the experience of bodily changes. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
A second distinction focuses on the difference between the emotion and the cause of the emotion. For example do we say that thoughts about a loved one cause the emotion of love or that these thoughts are part of the emotion? One way to resolve this issue is to see whether the emotion can occur independently of these thoughts. Thus, thoughts about a particular person or situation could not be part of the emotion of love, since one can experience the same emotion about many other things. Yet could one experience love without some thought or other of a loved person or object? If not, then we may stipulate that thoughts of a loved object are part of the emotion. Some theorists argue that at least some emotions can be caused without any thoughts or indeed 'cognitive activity' at all. They point to very immediate reactions (e.g. LeDoux 1996), as well as the conjectured emotions of infants and animals as justification here. Debate on this point is ongoing but represents a major distinction between what are called 'cognitive' theories of emotions and 'non-cognitive' theories of emotions, where non-cognitive theories regard some other feature of emotions, such as bodily responses to be essential.
A related distinction is between the emotion and the results of the emotion, principally behaviours and emotional expressions. People often behave in certain ways as a direct result of their emotional state, such as crying, fighting or fleeing. Yet again, if one can have the emotion without the corresponding behaviour then we may consider the behaviour not to be essential to the emotion. However some theorists such as Nico Frijda who hold a functionalist approach to emotions point to the idea that emotions have evolved for a particular function, such as to keep the subject safe. If the behaviours associated with an emotion are the determining factor for the very existence of that emotion then goal-directed behaviour should be regarded as essential to the emotion. Yet since we recognise that the behaviour need not necessarily occur, we can stipulate that emotions involve what are called 'action tendencies'. So for instance, fear involves the tendency to flee, which means that the probability that the subject will flee from a given situation is increased when they are undergoing fear.
Emotion Classification -
There has been considerable debate concerning how emotions should be classified. Firstly, are emotions distinctive discrete states or do they vary more smoothly along one or more underlying dimensions? The circumplex model of James Russell (1979) is an example of the latter, placing emotions along bi-polar dimensions of valence and arousal. Another popular option is to divide emotions into basic and complex categories, where some emotions are considered foundational to the existence of others (e.g. Ekman). In this respect complex emotions may be regarded as developments upon basic emotions. Such development may occur due to cultural conditioning or association. Alternatively, analogous to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend together to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. The model of Robert Plutchik is a well known example here.[1] Some have also argued for the existence of meta-emotions which are emotions about emotions.[2] In general discussion centres around which emotions or dimensions should be considered foundational. Combined views are also available. Valence, as used in psychology, especially in discussing emotions, means the intrinsic attractiveness (positive valence) or aversiveness (negative valence) of an event, object, or situation[1] However, the term is also used to characterize and categorize specific emotions. ...
Paul Ekman (born 1934) is a psychologist and has been a pioneer in the study of emotions and facial expressions. ...
This article is about colors. ...
The feeling component of emotion encompasses a vast spectrum of possible responses. ...
// Meta-emotion refers in accordance with the general definition of the prefix meta- to second-order feelings or emotions about first-order emotions. ...
Another important means of distinguishing emotions concerns their occurrence in time. Some emotions occur over a period of seconds (e.g. surprise) where others can last years (e.g. love). The latter could be regarded as a long term tendency to have an emotion regarding a certain object rather than an emotion proper (though this is disputed). A distinction is then made between emotion episodes and emotional dispositions. Dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions, though about different objects. For example an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others.
Finally some theorists (e.g. Klaus Scherer 2005 place emotions within a more general category of 'affective states'. Where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states like hunger or curiosity, moods, dispositions and traits. Klaus Scherer is Professor of Psychology and director of the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences in Geneva. ...
Theoretical Traditions in Emotion Research Theories about emotions stretch back at least as far as the Ancient Greek Stoics, as well as Plato and Aristotle. We also see sophisticated theories in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes[3], Baruch Spinoza[4] and David Hume. More recent theories of emotions tend to be informed by advances in empirical research. Often theories are not mutually exclusive and many researchers incorporate multiple perspectives in their work. Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy, founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early third century BC. It proved to be a popular and durable philosophy, with a following throughout Greece and the Roman Empire from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed...
For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ...
Descartes redirects here. ...
Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (‎, Portuguese: , Latin: ) (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. ...
For other persons named David Hume, see David Hume (disambiguation). ...
Somatic Theories of Emotion Somatic theories of emotion claim that bodily responses rather than judgements are essential to emotions. The first modern version of such theories comes from William James in the 1880s. The theory lost favour in the 20th Century, but has regained popularity more recently thanks largely to theorists such as Antonio Damasio, Joseph LeDoux and Robert Zajonc who are able to appeal to neurological evidence. António C. R. Damásio (IPA: //) (b. ...
Joseph LeDoux is a professor of neuroscience and psychology and the director of the Center for Neuroscience at New York University. ...
Robert B. Zajonc (1923-present) is a social psychologist who is best known for his decades of work on the mere exposure effect, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to a stimulus brings about an attitude change in relation to the stimulus. ...
The James-Lange Theory William James in the article 'What is an Emotion?' (Mind, 9, 1884: 188-205) argued that emotional experience is largely due to the experience of bodily changes. These changes might be visceral, postural, or facially expressive. Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time and thus the resulting position is known as the James-Lange theory. This theory and its derivates state that a changed situation leads to a changed bodily state. As James says 'the perception of bodily changes as they occur IS the emotion.' James further claims that 'we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and not that we cry, strike, or tremble, because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be.' This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Carl Georg Lange (1834 - 1900) was a Danish physician and psychologist. ...
Bold textThe James-Lange theory refers to a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions developed independently by two 19th-century scholars, William James and Carl Lange. ...
This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state, a desired emotion is induced[citation needed]. Such experiments also have therapeutic implications (e.g. in laughter therapy). A child laughing A woman laughing. ...
The James-Lange theory is often misunderstood because it seems counter-intuitive. Most people believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: i.e. "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The James-Lange theory, conversely, asserts that first we react to a situation (running away and crying happen before the emotion), and then we interpret our actions into an emotional response. In this way, emotions serve to explain and organize our own actions to us.
The Perceptual Theory A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasises the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognised by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion as a result of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions (2004), though we also find forerunners in the work of Peter Goldie and Ronald de Sousa. Peter Goldie is a British philosopher working mainly on ethics and aesthetics. ...
Cognitive Theories of Emotion There are a number of theories of emotions that argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgements, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. This, it is argued is necessary to capture the fact that emotions are about something or have intentionality. Such cognitive activity may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing. An influential theory here is that of Richard Lazarus (1991). A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert Solomon (e.g. The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example. Intentionality, originally a concept from scholastic philosophy, was reintroduced in contemporary philosophy by the philosopher and psychologist Franz Brentano in his work Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkte. ...
Richard Lazarus was a psychologist at UC Berkeley who was named by American Psychologst as one of the most influential psychologists in the field. ...
Robert C. Solomon (b. ...
The Cannon-Bard Theory -
Walter Cannon argued against the dominance of the James-Lange theory regarding the physiological aspects of emotions in the second edition of Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage. Where James argued that emotional behaviour often precedes or defines the emotion, Cannon and Bard argued that the emotion arises first and then stimulates typical behaviour. A psychological theory which suggests that people feel emotions first, and then act upon them. ...
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The Two Factor Theory Another cognitive theory is the Singer-Schachter theory. This is based on experiments purportedly showing that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of adrenaline. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation displayed that emotion. Hence the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and whether participants received adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticised in Jesse Prinz (2004) Gut Reactions. The Two Factor Theory of Emotion is a social psychology theory that views emotion as having two components (factors): physiological arousal and cognition. ...
The Component Process Model A recent version of the cognitive theory comes from Klaus Scherer which regards emotions more broadly as the synchronisation of many different bodily and cognitive components. Emotions are identified with the overall process whereby low level cognitive appraisals, in particular the processing of relevance, trigger bodily reactions, behaviours and feelings. Klaus Scherer is Professor of Psychology and director of the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences in Geneva. ...
Disciplinary approaches to Emotions Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. These include psychology, neuroscience, sociology, psychiatry, anthropology, ethology, archaeology, economics, criminology, law, political science, history, geography, education, philosophy, linguistics and literature. {redirect|Psychological science|the journal|Psychological Science (journal)}} Not to be confused with Phycology. ...
Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion. ...
Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the scientific or systematic study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous...
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This article is about the social science. ...
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Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ...
Criminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. ...
For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ...
The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ...
HIStory – Past, Present and Future, Book I is a double album by American singer Michael Jackson released in June 1995 and remains Jacksons most conflicting and controversial release. ...
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For the journal, see Linguistics (journal). ...
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Evolutionary Biology of Emotions Perspectives on emotions from evolution theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals.[5] Darwin's original thesis was that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have cross-culturally universal counterparts. Furthermore animals undergo emotions comparable to our own (see Emotion in animals). Evidence of universality in the human case has been provided by Paul Ekman's seminal research on facial expression. Other research in this area focuses on physical displays of emotion including body language of animals and humans (see Affect display). The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were made from this perspectives in the 1990s by, for example, Joseph LeDoux and Antonio Damasio. For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ...
Emotion in animals considers the question, do animals feel, in the sense we understand it? Different answers have been suggested throughout human history, by animal lovers, scientists, and others who interact with animals, but the core question has proven hard to answer since we can neither obtain spoken answers, nor...
Paul Ekman (born 1934) is a psychologist and has been a pioneer in the study of emotions and facial expressions. ...
In psychology, affect display or affective display is a subjects externally displayed affect. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with functional neuroimaging. ...
Joseph LeDoux is a professor of neuroscience and psychology and the director of the Center for Neuroscience at New York University. ...
António C. R. Damásio (IPA: //) (b. ...
American evolutionary biologist, Robert Trivers, argues that moral emotions are based on the principal of reciprocal altruism. The notion of group selection is of particular relevance: Robert L. Trivers, (born 19 February 1943) is an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist, most noted for proposing the theories of reciprocal altruism (1971), parental investment (1972), and parent-offspring conflict (1974). ...
In evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism is a form of altruism in which one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation. ...
In evolutionary biology, group selection refers to the idea that alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups, regardless of the fitness of individuals within that group. ...
- Sympathy prompts a person to offer the first favor, particularly to someone in need for whom it would go the furthest.
- Anger protects a person against cheaters who accept a favor without reciprocating, by making him to punish the ingrate or sever the relationship
- Gratitude impels a beneficiary to reward those who helped him in the past
- Guilt prompts a cheater in danger of being found out to repair the relationship by redressing the misdeed and advertising that he will behave better in the future.
Sociology of Emotions -
We try to regulate our emotions to fit in with the norms of the situation, based on many - sometimes conflicting - demands upon us which originate from various entities studied by sociology on a micro level -- such as social roles and 'feeling rules' the everyday social interactions and situations are shaped by -- and, on a macro level, by social institutions, discourses, ideologies etc. For example, (post-)modern marriage is, on one hand, based on the emotion of love and on the other hand the very emotion is to be worked on and regulated by it.
The sociology of emotions also focuses on general attitude changes in a population. Emotional appeals are commonly found in advertising, health campaigns and political messages. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaign advertising emphasizing the fear of terrorism. This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Psychotherapy of Emotions Depending on the particular school's general emphasis either on cognitive component of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach human emotions differently. While, for example, the school of Re-evaluation Counseling propose that distressing emotions are to be relieved by “discharging” them - hence crying, laughing, sweating, shaking, and trembling.[6] Other more cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Yet other approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy[7]). Psychotherapy is an interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living. ...
Re-evaluation Counseling, or RC is the worlds major organization for Co-counseling. ...
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a comprehensive, active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems in human beings. ...
Gestalt Therapy is an existential and experiential psychotherapy that focuses on the individuals experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts in which these things take place, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of the overall situation. ...
Computer Science of Emotions -
A flurry of recent work in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience is aimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and modelling emotions generally (Fellous, Armony & LeDoux, 2002). Affective computing is computing that deals with the attempt to make machines which can detect and respond to human emotion. ...
Notable theorists of emotions António C. R. Damásio (IPA: //) (b. ...
Paul Ekman (born 1934) is a psychologist and has been a pioneer in the study of emotions and facial expressions. ...
Peter Goldie is a British philosopher working mainly on ethics and aesthetics. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Carl Georg Lange (1834 - 1900) was a Danish physician and psychologist. ...
Richard Lazarus was a psychologist at UC Berkeley who was named by American Psychologst as one of the most influential psychologists in the field. ...
Joseph LeDoux is a professor of neuroscience and psychology and the director of the Center for Neuroscience at New York University. ...
The feeling component of emotion encompasses a vast spectrum of possible responses. ...
Klaus Scherer is Professor of Psychology and director of the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences in Geneva. ...
Robert C. Solomon (b. ...
Robert B. Zajonc (1923-present) is a social psychologist who is best known for his decades of work on the mere exposure effect, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to a stimulus brings about an attitude change in relation to the stimulus. ...
Closely related terms - Affect, a synonym for emotion; in psychology and psychiatry, the term "affect" is used when the emotional experience has been qualified (e.g., intense, labile, or appropriate affect) or quantified (e.g., a high score on a scale that measures positive emotion).
- Affect display, external display of emotion (e.g., facial expression, body posture, voice quality).
- Disposition, referring to a durable differentiating characteristic of a person, a tendency to react to certain classes of situations with a certain emotion;
- Feeling, which usually refers to the subjective, phenomenological aspect of emotion (e.g., the internal experience of anxiety, sadness, love, pride, and so forth);
- Mood, which refers to an emotional state of duration intermediate between an emotion and a disposition (e.g., depressed, euphoric, neutral, or irritable mood).
- Motivation, a state which generates actions. Similar to desire.
- Valence, The distinction of emotions into positive or negative categories.
Look up affect in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In psychology, affect display or affective display is a subjects externally displayed affect. ...
In philosophy, physiology, and psychology, a disposition is a habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way. ...
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This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Phenomenology is a Philosophical movement that stated that the “self†was linked to our perceptions of our immediate experiences. ...
A mood is a relatively lasting affective state. ...
Motivation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior, especially human behavior. ...
Valence, as used in psychology, especially in discussing emotions, means the intrinsic attractiveness (positive valence) or aversiveness (negative valence) of an event, object, or situation[1] However, the term is also used to characterize and categorize specific emotions. ...
See also Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ...
In psychology, affect display or affective display is a subjects externally displayed affect. ...
Affective computing is computing that deals with the attempt to make machines which can detect and respond to human emotion. ...
Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion. ...
Affective science is the scientific study of emotion. ...
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Not to be confused with Pity, Sympathy, or Compassion. ...
Emotion in animals considers the question, do animals feel, in the sense we understand it? Different answers have been suggested throughout human history, by animal lovers, scientists, and others who interact with animals, but the core question has proven hard to answer since we can neither obtain spoken answers, nor...
Emotions are universal phenomena; however it is affected by culture. ...
Emotional competence refers to a persons competence in expressing or releasing their emotions. ...
Emotional contagion is the tendency to express and feel emotions that are similar to and influenced by those of others. ...
In psychology, an emotional expression is a representation of emotions. ...
Emotional Intelligence (EI), often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ), describes an ability, capacity, or skill to perceive, assess, and manage the emotions of ones self, of others, and of groups. ...
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy, founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early third century BC. It proved to be a popular and durable philosophy, with a following throughout Greece and the Roman Empire from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed...
For other uses, see Emotion (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the emotion. ...
For other uses, see Fear (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Happiness (disambiguation). ...
Sadness is a mood that displays feeling of disadvantage and loss. ...
For other uses, see Acceptance (disambiguation). ...
For the change in vowel and consonant quality in Celtic languages, see Affection (linguistics). ...
Alertness is the the process of paying close and continuous attention. ...
Look up ambivalence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see Angst (disambiguation). ...
Annoyance is an unpleasant mental state that is characterized by such effects as irritation and distraction from ones conscious thinking. ...
Anticipation is an emotion involving pleasure (and sometimes anxiety) in considering some expected or longed-for good event, or irritation at having to wait. ...
This article is about state anxiety. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Resentment is an emotion, from ressentiment, a French word, meaning malice, anger, being rancorous. The English word has the sense of feeling bitter. ...
Boring and Bored redirect here. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Compassion is best described as an understanding of the emotional state of another; not to be confused with empathy. ...
For other uses, see Contempt (disambiguation). ...
This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...
Severe confusion of a degree considered pathological usually refers to loss of orientation (ability to place oneself correctly in the world by time, location, and personal identity), and often memory (ability to correctly recall previous events or learn new materal). ...
For other uses, see Depression. ...
Disappointment is the emotion felt when a strongly held expectation of something desired is not met. ...
A woman showing disgust. ...
This article is about the mental state. ...
This article is about informal use of the term. ...
Embarrassment is an unpleasant emotional state experienced upon having a socially or professionally unacceptable act or condition witnessed by or revealed to others. ...
For other uses, see Emptiness (disambiguation). ...
Enthusiasm (Greek: enthousiasmos) originally meant inspiration or possession by a divine afflatus or by the presence of a God. ...
For other uses, see Envy (disambiguation). ...
This article is about a feeling, for other meanings see epiphany (disambiguation). ...
Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ...
Fanaticism is an emotion of being filled with excessive, uncritical zeal, particularly for an extreme religious or political cause, or with an obsessive enthusiasm for a pastime or hobby. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Gratification is the positive emotional response (happiness) to a fulfillment of desire. ...
For other uses, see Gratitude (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested that Anticipatory Grief be merged into this article or section. ...
This article is about the emotion. ...
For other uses, see Hate (disambiguation). ...
Homesickness is generally described as a feeling of longing for ones familiar surroundings. ...
For other uses, see Hope (disambiguation). ...
Look up despair in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Horror is the feeling of revulsion that usually occurs after something frightening is seen, heard, or otherwise experienced. ...
Etymology: Late Latin humiliatus, past participle of humiliare, from Latin humilis low. ...
Inspiration in artistic composition refers to an irrational and unconscious burst of creativity. ...
Jealous redirects here. ...
Look up Limerence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Loneliness is an emotional state in which a person experiences a powerful feeling of emptiness and isolation. ...
For other uses, see Love (disambiguation). ...
A demon sating his lust in a 13th century manuscript Lust is any intense desire or craving for self gratification and excitement. ...
Melancholy redirects here. ...
Panic is the primal urge to run and hide in the face of imminent danger. ...
Patience, engraving by Hans Sebald Beham, 1540 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: patience Patience is the ability to endure waiting, delay, or provocation without becoming annoyed or upset, or to persevere calmly when faced with difficulties. ...
Not to be confused with Empathy, Sympathy, or Compassion. ...
This article is about the emotion. ...
Rage, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (XIV century) Rage, in psychiatry, is a mental state that is one extreme of the intensity spectrum of anger. ...
Regret is an intelligent (and/or emotional) dislike for personal past acts and behaviors. ...
People feel remorse when reflecting on their actions that they believe are wrong. ...
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Righteous indignation is an emotion one feels when one gets angry over perceived mistreatment, insult, or malice. ...
Look up Schadenfreude in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
For other uses, see Shame (disambiguation). ...
In humans, shyness is the feeling of apprehension or lack of confidence experienced in regard to social association with others, e. ...
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Suffering, or pain in this sense,[1] is a basic affective experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with harm or threat of harm in an individual. ...
For other uses, see Surprise. ...
{redirect|Psychological science|the journal|Psychological Science (journal)}} Not to be confused with Phycology. ...
The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates, in Europe, back to the Late Middle Ages. ...
A psychologist is an expert in psychology, the systematic investigation of the human body, including behavior, cognition, and affect. ...
means basic pussy and the dick In psychology, biological psychology or psychobiology[1] is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior. ...
The Greek letter Psi is often used as a symbol of psychology. ...
Cognitive Psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. ...
The field of cognitive neuroscience concerns the scientific study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and is a branch of neuroscience. ...
A brain of a cat Psychologists and scientists do not always agree on what should be considered Comparative Psychology. ...
This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
Evolutionary psychology (EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, that is, as the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. ...
Experimental psychology approaches psychology as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. ...
Mathematical Psychology is an approach to psychological research that is based on mathematical modeling of perceptual, cognitive and motor processes, and on the establishment of law-like rules that relate quantifiable stimulus characteristics with quantifiable behavior. ...
Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology and neurology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors. ...
Personality psychology is a branch of psychology which studies personality and individual differences. ...
Physiological psychology is sometimes related to psychiatry, and in fact may end up becoming the parent branch which contains psychiatry. ...
Positive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology that studies the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. ...
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, and understand language. ...
Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress, or the manifestation of behaviors and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment. ...
Psychophysics is a subdiscipline of psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective correlates, or percepts. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
In the broadest sense qualitative research is research which uses only dichotomous data — that is, data which can take only the values 0 (zero) and 1 (one). ...
Quantitative psychological research is psychological research which performs statistical estimation or statistical inference. ...
Social psychology is the scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Allport, 1985). ...
Image File history File links Psi2. ...
Psychological testing is a field characterized by the use of samples of behavior in order to infer generalizations about a given individual. ...
The Greek letter Psi is often used as a symbol of psychology. ...
Counseling psychology is an application of the basic professional skills in psychology to a population that has been more located in schools rather than hospitals and clinics. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Industrial and organizational psychology (also known as I/O psychology, work psychology, work and organizational psychology, W-O psychology, occupational psychology, personnel psychology or talent assessment) concerns the application of psychological theories, research methods, and intervention strategies to workplace issues. ...
Legal psychology involves the application of empirical psychological research to legal institutions and people who come into contact with the law. ...
Relationship counseling is the process of counseling the parties of a relationship in an effort to recognize and to better manage or reconcile troublesome differences. ...
Educational psychology or school psychology is the psychological science studying how children and adults learn, the effectiveness of various educational strategies and tactics, and how schools function as organizations. ...
Analytical psychology (or Jungian psychology) refers to the school of psychology originating from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, and then advanced by his students and other thinkers who followed in his tradition. ...
Behaviorism (also called learning perspective) is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors. ...
In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical approach to understanding the mind, which argues that mental function can be understood by quantitative, positivist and scientific methods, and that such functions can be described as information processing models. ...
A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy based on modifying cognitions, assumptions, beliefs and behaviors, with the aim of influencing disturbed emotions. ...
Existential psychotherapy is partly based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in the world. ...
Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy and family systems therapy, is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. ...
Feminist Therapy Code of Ethics* (Revised, 1999) Preamble Feminist therapy evolved from feminist philosophy, psychological theory and practice, and political theory. ...
Gestalt Therapy is an existential and experiential psychotherapy that focuses on the individuals experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts in which these things take place, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of the overall situation. ...
Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. ...
Narrative Therapy was initially developed during the 1970s and 1980s, largely by Australian Michael White (Dulwich Centre) and his friend and colleague, David Epston, of New Zealand. ...
Today psychoanalysis comprises several interlocking theories concerning the functioning of the mind. ...
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