NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Endocannabinoid

Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which activate the body's cannabinoid receptors. Before other types were discovered, the term referred to a unique group of secondary metabolites found in the cannabis plant, which are responsible for the plant's peculiar pharmacological effects. Currently, there are three general types of cannabinoids: herbal cannabinoids occur uniquely in the cannabis plant; endogenous cannabinoids are produced in the bodies of humans and other animals; and synthetic cannabinoids are similar compounds produced in the laboratory. The cannabinoid receptors are a class of receptors under the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. ... Secondary metabolites are those chemical compounds in organisms that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism. ... Species Cannabis indica Cannabis ruderalis Cannabis sativa Cannabis is a genus of flowering plant that includes one or more species. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (Ï†Î¬ÏÎ¼Î±ÎºÎ¿Î½) meaning drug, and logos (Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. ... [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{{diversity}}} Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Trinomial name {{{trinomial}}} Type Species {{{type_species}}} Subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu (extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens [[Image:{{{range_map}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|]] Synonyms {{{synonyms}}} Homo (genus). ... Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anenomes) Placozoa (trichoplax) Subregnum Bilateria (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Orthonectida (flatworms, echinoderms, etc. ...

Cannabinoid Receptors

Main article cannabinoid receptor The cannabinoid receptors are a class of receptors under the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. ...

Before the 1980s, it was often speculated that cannabinoids produced their effects through nonspecific interaction with cell membranes, instead of interacting with specific receptors. The discovery of the first cannabinoid receptors in the 1980s helped to resolve this debate. These receptors are common in animals, and have been been found in mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. There are currently two known types of cannabinoid receptors, called CB1 and CB2. In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific factor (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ... Orders Subclass Multituberculata (extinct) Plagiaulacida Cimolodonta Subclass Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Subclass Triconodonta (extinct) Subclass Eutheria (includes extinct ancestors)/Placentalia (excludes extinct ancestors) Afrosoricida Artiodactyla Carnivora Cetacea Chiroptera Cimolesta (extinct) Creodonta (extinct) Condylarthra (extinct) Dermoptera Desmostylia (extinct) Embrithopoda (extinct) Hyracoidea Insectivora Lagomorpha Litopterna (extinct) Macroscelidea Mesonychia (extinct) Notoungulata (extinct) Perissodactyla Pholidota Plesiadapiformes... Orders Many - see section below. ... Groups Conodonta Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Thelodonti Anaspida Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish) Galeaspida Pituriaspida Osteostraci Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Placodermi Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii Osteichthyes (bony fish) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) A fish is a poikilothermic (cold-blooded) water-dwelling... Orders See text Reptiles are tetrapods, and also are amniotes, animals whose embryos are surrounded by an amniotic membrane. ...

CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain, specifically in the basal ganglia and in the limbic system, including the hippocampus. They are also found in the cerebellum and in both male and female reproductive systems. CB1 receptors are essentially absent in the medulla oblongata, the part of the brain that is responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Thus, there is not a risk of respiratory or cardiovascular failure as there is with many other drugs. CB1 receptors appear to be responsible for the euphoric and anticonvulsive effects of cannabis. Comparative brain sizes In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), acts as the control center of the central nervous system. ... The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain associated with motor and learning functions. ... The limbic system is a group of brain structures that are involved in various emotions such as aggression, fear, pleasure and also in the formation of memory. ... The location of the hippocampus in the human brain. ... Figure 1a: A human brain, with the cerebellum in purple. ... A reproductive systems is the ensembles and interactions of organs and or substances within an organism that stricly pertain to reproduction. ... Position of medulla oblangata in the human brain The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem. ...

CB2 receptors are almost exclusively found in the immune system, with the greatest density in the spleen. CB2 receptors appear to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and possible other therapeutic effects of cannabis. The immune system is the system of specialised cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological influences. ... The spleen is a ductless, vertebrate gland that is not necessary for life but is closely associated with the circulatory system, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and removal of other debris from the bloodstream, and also in holding a reservoir of blood. ...

Natural cannabinoids

Natural cannabinoids, also called herbal cannabinoids and classical cannabinoids, are nearly insoluble in water but soluble in lipids, alcohols, and other non-polar organic solvents. However, as phenols they form more water-soluble phenolate salts under strongly alkaline conditions. All natural cannabinoids are derived from their respective 2-carboxylic acids (2-COOH) by decarboxylation; that is, catalyzed by heat, light, or alkaline conditions. Natural cannabinoids occur naturally only in the cannabis plant, and are concentrated in a viscous resin that is produced in glandular structures known as trichomes. In addition to cannabinoids, the resin is rich in terpenes, which are largely responsible for the odor of the cannabis plant. Figure 1: Structure of a Lipid. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-kukhÅ«l Ø§Ù„ÙƒØÙˆÙ„ = the spirit, the chemical.) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. ... The phenolate anion C6H5O- is the conjugate base and anion of phenol. ... A magnified crystal of salt In chemistry, salt is a term used for ionic compounds composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, so that the product is neutral and without a net charge. ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as COOH. In general, the salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. ... A Decarboxylation is any chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group (-COOH) is split off from a compound as carbon dioxide (CO2). ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... Insect trapped in resin. ... Interior structure of a common cannabis trichome. ... Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons, produced by many plants, particularly conifers. ...

There are over sixty known herbal cannabinoids. To the right the main classes of natural cannabinoids are shown. All classes derive from cannabigerol-type compounds and differ mainly in the way this precursor is cyclized.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) are the most prevalent natural cannabinoids and have received the most study. Other common ones are listed below: Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, Î”9-THC, Î”9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), Î”Â¹-tetrahydrocannabinol (using an older numbering scheme), or dronabinol, is the main psychoactive substance found in the Cannabis plant. ... Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabinol, also known as CBN, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ...

THC is the primary psychoactive component of the plant. Medically, it appears to moderate pain and to be neuroprotective. THC has a greater affinity for the CB1 receptor than for the CB2 receptors. Its effects are perceived to be more cerebral. Cannabivarin, also known as cannabivarol or CBV, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Tetrahydrocannabivarin, also known as tetrahydrocannabivarol, THCV, or THV, is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabidivarine, also known as cannabidivarol or CBDV, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Serving to protect neurons from injury or degeneration. ...

CBD is not psychoactive, and appears to moderate the euphoric effects of THC. It may decrease the rate of THC clearance from the body, perhaps by interfering with the metabolism of THC in the liver. Medically, it appears to relieve convulsion, inflammation, anxiety, and nausea. CBD has a greater affinity for the CB2 receptor than for the CB1 receptor. It is perceived to have more effect on the body. Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from Î¼ÎµÏ„Î±Î²Î¿Î»Î¹ÏƒÎ¼Î¿Ï‚ (metabolismos)), the Greek word for change, or overthrow (Etymonline)), is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. ... The liver is one of the largest internal organs of the human body. ...

CBN is the primary product of THC degradation, and there is usually little of it in a fresh plant. CBN content increases as THC degrades in storage, and with exposure to light and air. It is only mildly psychoactive, and is perceived to be sedative or stupefying.

These compounds may be in different forms depending on the position of the double bond in the alicyclic carbon ring. There is potential for confusion because there are different numbering systems used to describe the position of this double bond. Under the dibenzopyran numbering system widely used today, the major form of THC is called delta-9-THC, while the minor form is called delta-8-THC. Under the alternate terpene numbering system, these same compounds are called delta-1-THC and delta-6-THC, respectively. The term alicyclic compound refers to organic chemical compounds that are both aliphatic and cyclic. ... Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons, produced by many plants, particularly conifers. ...

Most herbal cannabinoid compounds are 21 carbon compounds. However, some do not follow this rule, primarily because of variation in the length of the side chain attached to the aromatic ring. In THC, CBD, and CBN, this side chain is a pentyl (5 carbon) chain. In the most common homologue, the pentyl chain is replaced with a propyl (3 carbon) chain. Cannabinoids with the propyl side chain are named using the suffix "varin", and are designated, for example, THCV, CBDV, or CBNV. It appears that shorter chains increase the intensity and decrease the duration of the activity of the chemicals. An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. ...

Cannabinoids were first discovered in the 1940s, when CBD and CBN were identified. The structure of THC was first determined in 1964. Due to molecular similarity and ease of synthetic conversion, it was originally believed that CBD was a natural precursor to THC. However, it is now known that CBD and THC are produced independently in the cannabis plant. Cannabinoid production starts when an enzyme causes geranyl pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid to combine and form CBG. Next, CBG is independently converted to either CBD or CBC by two separate synthase enzymes. CBC is then enzymatically cyclized to THC. For the propyl homologues (THCV, CBDV and CBNV), there is a similar pathway that is based on CBGV. Ribbon diagram of the catalytically perfect enzyme TIM. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes, or speeds up, a chemical reaction. ... Chemical structure of geranyl pyrophosphate. ... In biochemistry, a synthase is an enzyme which catalyzes a synthesis process. ...

Cannabis plants can exhibit wide variation in the quantity and type of cannabinoids they produce. The mixture of cannabinoids produced by a plant is known as the plant's cannabinoid profile. Selective breeding has been used to control the genetics of plants and modify the cannabinoid profile. For example, strains which are used as fiber (commonly called hemp), are bred such that they are low in psychoactive chemicals like THC. Strains used in medicine are often bred for high CBD content, and strains used for recreational purposes are usually bred for high THC content, or for a specific chemical balance. Some strains of more than 20% THC have been created. Selective breeding in domesticated animals is the process of developing a cultivated breed over time. ... A High-altitude Electromagnetic Pulse, or HEMP, is emanated from the detonation of a single nuclear warhead several kilometers into the atmosphere. ... Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational rather than for working or for medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ...

Quantitative analysis of a plant's cannabinoid profile is usually determined by gas chromatography (GC), or more reliably by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Liquid chromatography (LC) techniques are also possible, although these are often only semi-quantitative or qualitative. There have been systematic attempts to monitor the cannabinoid profile of cannabis over time, but their accuracy is impeded by the illegal status of the plant in many countries. Quantitative analysis has different meanings in different contexts. ... Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), or simply gas chromatography (GC) is a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or nitrogen, and the stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid on an inert solid support. ... Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique which determines the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of ions. ...

Cannabinoids can be administered by smoking, vaporizing, oral ingestion, transdermal patch, intravenous injection, sublingual absorption, or rectal suppository. Once in the body, most cannabinoids are metabolized in the liver, although some is stored in fat. Delta-9-THC is metabolized to 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC, which is then metabolized to 9-carboxy-THC. Some cannabis metabolites can be detected in the body after several weeks. The liver is one of the largest internal organs of the human body. ... This article is about lipid molecules. ... A metabolite is the product of metabolism. ...

Cannabinoids can be separated from the plant by extraction with organic solvents. Hydrocarbons and alcohols are often used as solvents. However, these solvents are flammable and many are toxic. Supercritical solvent extraction with carbon dioxide is an alternative technique. Although this process requires high pressures, there is minimal risk of fire or toxicity, solvent removal is simple and efficient, and extract quality can be well-controlled. Once extracted, cannabinoid blends can be separated into individual components using wiped film vacuum distillation or other distillation techniques. However, to produce high purity cannabinoids, chemical synthesis or semisynthesis is generally required. In chemistry, liquid-liquid extraction is a useful method to separate components (compounds) of a mixture. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... Hydrocarbons are refined at oil refineries and chemical plants In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is any chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-kukhÅ«l Ø§Ù„ÙƒØÙˆÙ„ = the spirit, the chemical.) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Strathisla whisky distillery in Keith, Scotland Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their vapor pressures. ... In chemistry, the phrase chemical synthesis appears to have one of two meanings. ...

Endogenous Cannabinoids

Endocannabinoids are naturally produced in the bodies of animals. After cannabinoid receptors were first discovered in the 1980s, scientists began searching for natural compounds that activate these receptors.

In the early 1990s, the first such compound was identified as arachidonyl ethanolamine and named anandamide, a name derived from the Sanskrit word for bliss and amide. Anandamide is derived from the essential fatty acid arachadonic acid. It has a pharmacology similar to THC, although its chemical structure is different. Anandamide bonds primarily to the CB1 receptor, and is found in a wide range of animals. It is about half as potent as THC. Two analogs of anandamide, docosatetraenylethanolamide and homo-γ-linoenylethanolamide, have similar pharmacology. Anandamide, also known as arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter found in the brain of animals, as well as other organs. ... Sanskrit ( à¤¸à¤‚à¤¸à¥à¤•à¥ƒà¤¤à¤®à¥) is a classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. ... In chemistry, the term amide has several meanings. ... Essential fatty acids are fatty acids that are required in the human diet. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (Ï†Î¬ÏÎ¼Î±ÎºÎ¿Î½) meaning drug, and logos (Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. ...

Another endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonyl glycerol, binds to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, and is more abundant and less active than anandamide. Little is known about two other discovered endocannabinoids, palmitoyl ethanolamide and oleamide.

Endocannabinoids serve as intracellular 'messengers', signaling molecules that are released from one cell and activate the cannabinoid receptors present on other nearby cells. Although in this intracellular signaling role they are similar to conventional neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, GABA or glutamate, endocannabinoids differ in numerous ways from them. Neurotransmitters are commonly small, water-soluble molecules that are contained within, and released from, tiny membrane-bound vesicles inside cells. Vesicles are often found in the tips, ‘terminals’, of long cellular branches called axons, and complex morphological and biochemical specializations mark the location from which vesicular release occurs. Endocannabinoids are fatty acids, lipophilic molecules that are not very soluble in water. They are not prepackaged in vesicles, and exist as integral constituents of the membrane bilayers that make up cells. When required for signaling purposes they are liberated from the bilayers through the actions of various cellular enzymes. No morphological specializations apparently indicate the zone from which endocannabinoids are released, and release may occur from broad areas of the cell, including the cell body and dendrites, that rarely participate in the vesicular form of signaling. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. ... The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ... Chemical structure of GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter in widely divergent species. ... Glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid. ...

Conventional neurotransmitters are generally liberated from the vesicles into the extracellular space of a synapse separating the sending and receiving cells following an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration. Often a sharp increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration also triggers endocannabinoid release, but the mechanisms by which calcium acts in neurotransmitter and endocannabinoid release are very different. In addition, endocannabinoids the action of certain G-protein coupled enzymes in the presence of basal levels of calcium.

Conventional neurotransmitters are released from a ‘presynaptic’ cell and activate appropriate receptors on a ‘postsynaptic’ cell, where presynaptic and postsynaptic designate the sending and receiving sides of a synapse, respectively. Endocannabinoids are described as ‘retrograde’ transmitters because they most commonly travel ‘backwards’ against the usual synaptic transmitter flow. They are in effect released from the postsynaptic cell and act on the presynaptic cell, where the target receptors are densely concentrated on axonal terminals in the zones from which conventional neurotransmitters are released. Activation of cannabinoid receptors temporarily reduces the amount of conventional neurotransmitter released. This endocannabinoid mediated system permits the postsynaptic cell to control its own incoming synaptic traffic. The ultimate effect on the endocannabinoid releasing cell depends on the nature of the conventional transmitter that is being controlled. When the release of the inhibitory transmitter, GABA, is reduced, the net effect is an increase in the excitability of the endocannabinoid-releasing cell. Conversely, when release of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, is reduced, the net effect is a decrease in the excitability of the endocannabinoid-releasing cell.

Endocannabinoids constitute a versatile system for affecting neuronal network properties in the nervous system.

Scientific American published an article written by Roger Nicoll and Brad Alger that was titled "The Brain's Own Marijuana" in their Dec. 2004 issue discussing the endogenous cannabinoid system. The current understanding recognizes the role that endocannabinoids play in almost every major life function in the human body. The cannabinoids act as a bioregulatory mechanism for most life processes, which reveals why medical cannabis has been cited to treat so many diseases and ailments in anecdotal reports and scientific literature. Some of these ailments include: pain, arthritic conditions, migraine headaches, anxiety, epileptic seizures, insomnia, loss of appetite, GERD (chronic heartburn), nausea, glaucoma, AIDS wasting syndrome, multiple sclerosis, high blood pressure, irritable bowel syndrome, and bladder incontinence.

Synthetic Cannabinoids

Historically, laboratory synthesis of cannabinoids were often based on the structure of herbal cannabinoids and a large number of analogs have been produced and tested, especially in a group led by Roger Adams as early as 1941 and later in a group led by Raphael Mechoulam. Newer compounds are no longer related to natural cannabinoids or are based on the structure of the endogenous cannabinoids. Roger Adams (1889-1971) was a leading American organic chemist best known for the Adams catalyst, but who also greatly influenced graduate education in America, trained over 250 Ph. ...

Synthetic cannabinoids are particularly useful in experiments to determine the relationship between the structure and activity of cannabinoid compounds, by making systematic, incremental modifications of cannabinoid molecules.

Created by Pfizer in 1974, CP-55940 is a cannabinoid which mimics the effects of naturally occurring THC (The psychoactive compound found in marijuana). ... HU-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid that was discovered around 1988 in the group of Dr Raphael Mechoulam at the Hebrew University. ... Chemical structure of (R,R)-nabilone. ... An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. ... Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ...

Miscellaneous

Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, Î”9-THC, Î”9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), Î”Â¹-tetrahydrocannabinol (using an older numbering scheme), or dronabinol, is the main psychoactive substance found in the Cannabis plant. ... Anandamide, also known as arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter found in the brain of animals, as well as other organs. ... Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. ... Species Cannabis indica Cannabis ruderalis Cannabis sativa Cannabis is a genus of flowering plant that includes one or more species. ... Tetrahydrocannabivarin, also known as tetrahydrocannabivarol, THCV, or THV, is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... The antagonist is the character (or group of characters) of a story who represents the opposition against which the heroes and/or protagonists must contend. ... Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ... // General In generic terms, a precursor is something that existed before and was incorporated into something that came later. ... Cannabinol, also known as CBN, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... See also sedative. ...

Table of natural cannabinoids

External links

References

Cannabinoids edit

{Anandamide} {CBD} {CBDV} {CBN} {CBV} {CP 55,940} {HU-210} {Nabilone} {Rimonabant} {THC} {THCV} {WIN 55,212-2} {URB597} Anandamide, also known as arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, is a naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter found in the brain of animals, as well as other organs. ... Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabidivarine, also known as cannabidivarol or CBDV, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabinol, also known as CBN, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Cannabivarin, also known as cannabivarol or CBV, is a non_psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... Chemical structure of CP 55,940 CP 55,940, also written as CP55940, CP55,940, CP-55940, CP-55,940, and CP 55940, is a cannabinoid which mimics the effects of naturally occurring THC (the psychoactive compound found in marijuana). ... HU-210 is a synthetic cannabinoid that was discovered around 1988 in the group of Dr Raphael Mechoulam at the Hebrew University. ... Chemical structure of (R,R)-nabilone. ... This article or section has or is prone to spam, that is, HTML links added only to promote a site or product. ... Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC, Î”9-THC, Î”9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), Î”Â¹-tetrahydrocannabinol (using an older numbering scheme), or dronabinol, is the main psychoactive substance found in the Cannabis plant. ... Tetrahydrocannabivarin, also known as tetrahydrocannabivarol, THCV, or THV, is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. ... URB597 urb597 In pre-clinical laboratory tests researchers found URB597 increased the production of endocannabinoids by blocking their degradation, resulting in measurable antidepressant effects. ...

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