NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ernesto Guevara de la Serna

Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or el Che, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary, political figure, and leader of Cuban and internationalist guerrillas. As a young man studying medicine, Guevara traveled rough^rough[›] throughout Latin America, bringing him into direct contact with the impoverished conditions in which many people lived. His experiences and observations during these trips led him to the conclusion that the region's socioeconomic inequalities could only be remedied by revolution, prompting him to intensify his study of Marxism and travel to Guatemala to learn about the reforms being implemented there by President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán. Image File history File links LinkFA-star. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Famousphotoche-cropped. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Rosario is the largest city of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, and the third most populous in the country, after Buenos Aires and CÃ³rdoba. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... The El Che monument La Higuera (Spanish: The Fig Tree) is a small village in Bolivia located in the Department of Santa Cruz, some 150 km (bee-line) southwest of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Motto: En UniÃ³n y Libertad(Spanish) In Union and Freedom Anthem: Himno Nacional Argentino Capital (and largest city) Buenos Aires Official languages Spanish Government Federal republic - President NÃ©stor Kirchner - Vice President Daniel Scioli Independence from Spain - May Revolution 25 May 1810 - Declared 9 July 1816 - Recognized 1821 (by... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and to the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... Revolutionary, when used as a noun, is a person who either advocates or actively engages in some kind of revolution. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... International Socialism redirects here. ... Guerilla may refer to Guerrilla warfare. ... Medicine is a branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention of disease and injury. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows his find. ... Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n with his wife Maria Colonel Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n (September 14, 1913 â€“ January 27, 1971) was president of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954, when he was ousted in a coup dÃ©tat organized by the US Central Intelligence Agency, known as Operation PBSUCCESS, and was replaced...

Some time later, Guevara joined Fidel Castro's paramilitary 26th of July Movement, which seized power in Cuba in 1959. After serving in various important posts in the new government and writing a number of articles and books on the theory and practice of guerrilla warfare, Guevara left Cuba in 1965 with the intention of fomenting revolutions first in Congo-Kinshasa, and then in Bolivia, where he was captured in a CIA/U.S. Army Special Forces-organized military operation.^[1] Guevara was summarily executed by the Bolivian Army in La Higuera near Vallegrande on October 9, 1967.^[2] Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ... Flag of the The Cuban Revolution The 26th of July Movement (Spanish: Movimiento 26 de Julio) was the revolutionary organization led by Fidel Castro that in 1959 overthrew the Fulgencio Batista regime in Cuba. ... Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... CIA redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. Special Operations Force. ... Summary execution of Viet Cong agent. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require rewriting and/or reformatting. ... The El Che monument La Higuera (Spanish: The Fig Tree) is a small village in Bolivia located in the Department of Santa Cruz, some 150 km (bee-line) southwest of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. ... Vallegrande is the capital of the Vallegrande Province in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...

After his death, Guevara became an icon of socialist revolutionary movements worldwide. An Alberto Korda photo of him (shown) has received wide distribution and modification. The Maryland Institute College of Art called this picture "the most famous photograph in the world and a symbol of the 20th century."^[3] Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Alberto DÃaz GutiÃ©rrez, better known as Alberto Korda (September 14, 1928 â€“ May 25, 2001) was a photographer, famous for his photo of Che Guevara. ... Alberto Kordas photograph of Che Guevara Alberto Kordas famous photograph of Che Guevara was taken on March 5, 1960 at a Cuban funeral service for victims of the La Coubre explosion,[1] but was published seven years later. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Family heritage and early life

Ernesto Guevara de la Serna was born in Rosario, Argentina, the eldest of five children in a family of Spanish and Irish descent; both his father and mother were of Basque ancestry.^Basque[›] The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source (Julia Constenla, quoted by Jon Lee Anderson) asserts that he was actually born on May 14 of that year (Constenla alleges that she was told by an unidentified astrologer that his mother, Celia de la Serna, was already pregnant when she and Ernesto Guevara Lynch were married and that the birth date of their son was forged a month later than the actual date to avoid scandal).^[4] One of Guevara's forebears, Patrick Lynch, was born in Galway, Ireland, in 1715. He left for Bilbao, Spain, and traveled from there to Argentina. Francisco Lynch (Guevara's great-grandfather) was born in 1817, and Ana Lynch (his beloved grandmother) in 1868^Galway[›] Her son, Ernesto Guevara Lynch (Guevara's father) was born in 1900. Guevara Lynch married Celia de la Serna y Llosa in 1927, and they had three sons and two daughters. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 984 KB) Summary The building where Che Guevara lived during his first years, on 480 Entre RÃos St. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 984 KB) Summary The building where Che Guevara lived during his first years, on 480 Entre RÃos St. ... Rosario is the largest city of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, and the third most populous in the country, after Buenos Aires and CÃ³rdoba. ... This article is about the Basque people. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Jon Lee Anderson is a staff writer for The New Yorker, reporting from warzone locales such as Afghanistan, Iraq, and Lebanon and also writing stories from other Middle Eastern nations like Iran. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (135th in leap years). ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... La Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta (The most noble and most loyal and undefeated) Location Location of Bilbao in Spain and Biscay Coordinates : 43,15Â° n. ...

Growing up in this leftist-leaning déclassé family of aristocratic lineage, Guevara became known for his dynamic personality and radical perspective even as a boy. He idolized Francisco Pizarro and yearned to have been one of his soldiers.^[5] Though suffering from the crippling bouts of asthma that were to afflict him throughout his life, he excelled as an athlete. He was an avid rugby union player despite his handicap and earned himself the nickname "Fuser" — a contraction of "El Furibundo" (English: "The Raging") and his mother's surname, "Serna" — for his aggressive style of play. Ernesto was nicknamed Chancho or pig by his schoolmates because he rarely bathed- something he was rather proud of.^[6] Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro (c. ... A rugby union scrum. ...

Guevara learned chess from his father and began participating in local tournaments by the age of 12.^[7] During his adolescence he became passionate about poetry, especially that of Pablo Neruda^Neruda[›]. Guevara, as is common practice among Latin Americans of his class, also wrote poems throughout his life. He was an enthusiastic and eclectic reader, with interests ranging from adventure classics by Jack London, Emilio Salgari and Jules Verne to essays on sexuality by Sigmund Freud and treatises on social philosophy by Bertrand Russell. In his late teens, he developed a keen interest in photography and spent many hours photographing people, places and, during later travels, archaeological sites. Image File history File links Chechicoburro. ... Image File history File links Chechicoburro. ... Binomial name Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758 The donkey or jackass, Equus asinus, is a domesticated animal of the horse family, Equidae. ... Chess is an abstract strategy board game for two players that is played both recreationally and competitively. ... Pablo Neruda (July 12, 1904 â€“ September 23, 1973) was the pen name of the Chilean writer and communist politician Ricardo Eliecer NeftalÃ Reyes Basoalto. ... Jack London, probably born John Griffith Chaney (January 12, 1876 â€“ November 22, 1916)[4][5][6] was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild and over fifty other books. ... Emilio Salgari (August 21, 1862 â€“ April 25, 1911) was a writer of action adventure swashbucklers and a pioneer of science fiction in Italy. ... Jules Verne. ... This article is about the issues and phenomena pertaining to human sexual function and behavior. ... Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 â€“ September 23, 1939; IPA pronunciation: []) was an Austrian neurologist and the co-founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS (18 May 1872 â€“ 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, and mathematician, working mostly in the 20th century. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ...

In 1948 Guevara entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. While a student, he spent long periods traveling around Latin America. In 1951 his older friend, Alberto Granado, a biochemist, suggested that Guevara take a year off from his medical studies to embark on a trip they had talked of making for years, traversing South America. Guevara and the 29-year-old Granado soon set off from their hometown of Alta Gracia astride a 1939 Norton 500 cc motorcycle they named La Poderosa II (English: "the Mighty One, the Second") with the idea of spending a few weeks volunteering at the San Pablo Leper colony in Peru on the banks of the Amazon River. Guevara narrated this journey in The Motorcycle Diaries, which was translated into English in 1996 and used in 2004 as the basis for a motion picture of the same name. Image File history File links Ernesto_with_family_in_pool_936. ... Image File history File links Ernesto_with_family_in_pool_936. ... The Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) is the largest university in Argentina, founded on August 12, 1821 in the city of Buenos Aires. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Alberto Granado (born on August 8, 1922 in Hernando, CÃ³rdoba, Argentina) was the travelling companion of Che Guevara during their trip around Latin America, and founder of the Santiago School of Medicine in Cuba. ... Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Alta Gracia, meaning High Grace, is a city located in north-centre of the Cordoba province, in Argentina. ... Norton 850 Commando Norton is a British motorcycle marque from Birmingham and founded in 1898. ... A motorcycle or motorbike is any two-wheeled vehicle powered by an engine. ... A leper colony is a place to quarantine people with leprosy from the rest of the population. ... A satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River, looking south The Amazon River or River Amazon (Spanish: ; Portuguese: ) of South America is the most voluminous river on earth, having a greater total flow than the next six largest rivers combined. ... The Motorcycle Diaries (Spanish: Notas de viaje or Diarios de motocicleta) is an autobiographical book by Che Guevara about his travels through South America with his friend Alberto Granado on a 1939 Norton 500 motorcycle. ... The Motorcycle Diaries (Spanish title: Diarios de motocicleta) is an Academy Award-winning biographical film about the young Ernesto Che Guevara and his friend Alberto Granado and their travels across South America in the 1950s. ...

Witnessing the widespread poverty, oppression and disenfranchisement throughout Latin America, and influenced by his readings of Marxist literature, Guevara decided that the only solution for the region’s inequalities was armed revolution. His travels and readings also led him to view Latin America not as a group of separate nations but as a single entity requiring a continent-wide strategy for liberation. His conception of a borderless, united Ibero-America sharing a common 'mestizo' culture^{Ibero-America[›]} was a theme that would prominently recur during his later revolutionary activities. Upon returning to Argentina, he expedited the completion of his medical studies in order to resume his travels in Central and South America and received his diploma on 12 June 1953.^Diploma[›] Ibero-America is a term used to refer collectively to the countries in the Americas which were formerly colonies of Spain or Portugal. ... Mestizo (Portuguese, MestiÃ§o; French, MÃ©tis: from Late Latin mixticius, from Latin mixtus, past participle of miscere, to mix) is a term of Spanish origin used to designate people of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ...

Guatemala

On 7 July 1953, Guevara set out on a trip through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador. During the final days of December 1953 he arrived in Guatemala where leftist President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán headed an elected populist government that, through land reform and other initiatives, was attempting to bring an end to the U.S.-dominated latifundia system. In a contemporaneous letter to his Aunt Beatriz, Guevara explained his motivation for settling down for a time in Guatemala: "In Guatemala", he wrote, "I will perfect myself and accomplish whatever may be necessary in order to become a true revolutionary."^[8] July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n with his wife Maria Colonel Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n (September 14, 1913 â€“ January 27, 1971) was president of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954, when he was ousted in a coup dÃ©tat organized by the US Central Intelligence Agency, known as Operation PBSUCCESS, and was replaced... Populism is a political ideology or rhetorical style that holds that the common person is oppressed by the elite in society, which exists only to serve its own interests, and therefore, the instruments of the State need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and instead used for the... Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) is an often-controversial type of government-initiated or government-backed real estate property redistribution, generally of agricultural land. ... The latifundia [Latin lÄtifundium: lÄtus, spacious + fundus, farm, estate] of Roman history were great landed estates, specialising in agriculture destined for export: grain, olive oil or wine. ...

Shortly after reaching Guatemala City, Guevara acted upon the suggestion of a mutual friend that he seek out Hilda Gadea Acosta, a Peruvian economist who was living and working there. Gadea, whom he would later marry, was well-connected politically as a result of her membership in the socialist American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) led by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, and she introduced Guevara to a number of high-level officials in the Arbenz government. He also re-established contact with a group of Cuban exiles linked to Fidel Castro whom he had initially met in Costa Rica; among them was Antonio "Ñico" López, associated with the attack on the "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" barracks in Bayamo in the Cuban province of Oriente,^[9] and who would die at Ojo del Toro bridge soon after the Granma landed in Cuba.^[10] Guevara joined these "moncadistas" in the sale of religious objects related to the Black Christ of Esquipulas, and he also assisted two Venezuelan malaria specialists at a local hospital. It was during this period that he acquired his famous nickname, "Che", due to his frequent use of the Argentine interjection [[Che]] (pronounced /tʃe/), which is used in much the same way as "hey", "pal", "eh", or "mate" are employed colloquially in various English-speaking countries. Argentina, Uruguay,Paraguay,BlackLinerRun 21:04, 9 January 2007 (UTC) and southern Brazil (where the interjection is rendered 'chê' or 'ché' in written Portuguese) are the only areas where this expression is used, making it a trademark of the Rioplatense region. The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) to which the now rulling party, Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprista Party) belongs to, is a Peruvian left-wing social democratic political party. ... VÃctor RaÃºl Haya de la Torre (22 February 1895 â€“ 2 August 1979) was a Peruvian political leader who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ... A violent wind blowing from the land on the south coast of Cuba, especially near the Bight of Bayamo. ... Granma is the yacht that was used to transport the fighters of the Cuban Revolution to Cuba in 1956. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... This page is about the title or the Divine Person. For the Messiah and Son of God, see Jesus. ... Esquipulas is a town in the Guatemalan department of Chiquimula. ... Malaria is an infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. ... An interjection is a part of speech that usually has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker, although most interjections have clear definitions. ... For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ... Expression may refer to: (in the vernacular) the act or particular way of expressing something (including an emotion through a facial expression or configuration) (in mathematics) a mathematical expression (in computing) a programming language expression (in computing) a vector graphics software Microsoft Expression (in genetics) the effect produced by a... RÃo de la Plata in relation to Uruguay and Argentina A satellite view of the estuary The RÃo de la Plata (from Spanish: Silver River), also known by the English name River Plate, as in the Battle of the River Plate, or sometimes [La] Plata River, is the...

Guevara's attempts to obtain a medical internship were unsuccessful and his economic situation was often precarious, leading him to pawn some of Hilda's jewelry. Political events in the country began to move quickly after May 15, 1954 when a shipment of Skoda infantry and light artillery weapons sent from Communist Czechoslovakia for the Arbenz Government arrived in Puerto Barrios aboard the Swedish ship Alfhem. The amount of Czech weaponry was estimated to be 2000 tons by the CIA^[11] though only 2 tons by Jon Lee Anderson.^[12] (Anderson's tonnage estimate is thought to be a typographical error due to how few scholarly sources support it.) Guevara briefly left Guatemala for El Salvador to pick up a new visa, then returned to Guatemala only a few days before the CIA-sponsored coup attempt led by Carlos Castillo Armas began.^[13] The anti-Arbenz forces tried, but failed, to stop the trans-shipment of the Czechoslovak weapons by train. However, after pausing to regroup and recover energy, Castillo Armas' column seized the initiative and, apparently with the assistance of US air support, started to gain ground.^[14] Guevara was eager to fight on behalf of Arbenz and joined an armed militia organized by the Communist Youth for that purpose; but, frustrated with the group's inaction, he soon returned to medical duties. Following the coup, he again volunteered to fight but his efforts were thwarted when Arbenz took refuge in the Mexican Embassy and told his foreign supporters to leave the country. After Gadea was arrested, Guevara sought protection inside the Argentine consulate where he remained until he received a safe-conduct pass some weeks later. At that point, he turned down a free seat on a flight back to Argentina that was proffered to him by the Embassy, preferring instead to make his way to Mexico. May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Å koda Works (Czech: Å kodovy zÃ¡vody) was the largest industrial enterprise in Austria-Hungary and later in Czechoslovakia, one of its successor states. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Puerto Barrios, city (1994 est. ... The Alfhem was a Swedish flag vessel that became famous when she was used to transport a large quantity of Czechoslovak arms and ammunition to the Arbenz government of Guatemala in May 1954. ... Castillo Armas wearing the presidential sash after his taking of power Carlos Castillo Armas (November 4, 1914 â€“ July 26, 1957) was president of Guatemala from July 8, 1954 until his assassination in 1957. ... Lexington Minuteman representing militia minuteman John Parker A militia is the activity of one or more citizens organized to provide defense or paramilitary service, or those engaged in such activity. ... The rule of Napoleon Bonaparte after his coup detat in France had conducted the manners of French governmant under dictatorship and in a consulate. ...

The overthrow of the Arbenz regime by a coup d'état backed by the Central Intelligence Agency cemented Guevara's view of the United States as an imperialist power that would implacably oppose and attempt to destroy any government that sought to redress the socioeconomic inequality endemic to Latin America and other developing countries. This strengthened his conviction that socialism achieved through armed struggle and defended by an armed populace was the only way to rectify such conditions. Former president Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n on the cover of TIME magazine in June 1954 after his overthrow Operation PBSUCCESS was a CIA-organized covert operation that overthrew the democratically-elected President of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n in 1954. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ...

Cuba

Guevara arrived in Mexico City in early September 1954, and shortly thereafter renewed his friendship with Ñico López and the other Cuban exiles whom he had known in Guatemala. In June 1955, López introduced him to Raúl Castro. Several weeks later, Fidel Castro arrived in Mexico City after having been amnestied from prison in Cuba, and on the evening of 8 July 1955 Raúl introduced Guevara to the older Castro brother. During a fervid overnight conversation, Guevara became convinced that Fidel was the inspirational revolutionary leader for whom he had been searching, and he immediately joined the "26th of July Movement" that intended to overthrow the government of Fulgencio Batista. Although it was planned that he would be the group's medic, Guevara participated in the military training alongside the other members of the 26J Movement, and at the end of the course was singled out by their instructor, Col. Alberto Bayo, as his most outstanding student.^[15] Meanwhile, Hilda Gadea had arrived from Guatemala and she and Guevara resumed their relationship. In the summer of 1955 she informed him that she was pregnant and he immediately suggested that they marry. The wedding took place on August 18, 1955, and their daughter, whom they named Hilda Beatríz, was born on February 15, 1956.^[16] Che Guevara was a key figure in the Cuban Revolution, an uprising that successfully removed the longstanding dominance of General Fulgencio Batista over the island. ... Image File history File links Ergstrasbatallasc. ... Image File history File links Ergstrasbatallasc. ... RaÃºl Modesto Castro Ruz (born June 3, 1931) is the First Vice President of the Cuban Council of State and currently, Acting President of Cuba. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ... Nickname: Country Mexico State Federal District Founded (as Tenochtitlan) 1325 Head of Government Marcelo Ebrard Area - City 1,479 1 kmÂ² Elevation 2,240 m Population - City 8,720,916 - Density 5,741/kmÂ² Time zone Central Time zone (UTC-6) 1 Area of the Federal District. ... July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Flag of the The Cuban Revolution The 26th of July Movement (Spanish: Movimiento 26 de Julio) was the revolutionary organization led by Fidel Castro that in 1959 overthrew the Fulgencio Batista regime in Cuba. ... General Fulgencio Batista y ZaldÃvar (pronounced ) (January 16, 1901 â€“ August 6, 1973) was the de facto military leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940 and the de jure President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944. ... Alberto Bayo y Giroud (1892, CamagÃ¼eyâ€”1967, Havana) was a Cuban military leader of the defeated left-wing Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War. ... A pregnant woman Pregnancy is the process by which a mammalian female carries a live offspring from conception until it develops to the point where the offspring is capable of living outside the womb. ... August 18 is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

When the cabin cruiser Granma set out from Tuxpan, Veracruz for Cuba on November 25, 1956, Guevara was one of only four non-Cubans aboard. ^{non-Cubans[›]} Attacked by Batista's military soon after landing, about half of the expeditionaries were killed or executed upon capture. Guevara writes that it was during this confrontation that he laid down his knapsack containing medical supplies in order to pick up a box of ammunition dropped by a fleeing comrade, a moment which he later recalled as marking his transition from physician to combatant.^{Knapsack[›]} Only 15–20 rebels survived as a battered fighting force; they re-grouped and fled into the mountains of the Sierra Maestra to wage guerrilla warfare against the Batista regime. Granma is the yacht that was used to transport the fighters of the Cuban Revolution to Cuba in 1956. ... Tuxpan or TÃºxpam (IPA: ) in Nahuatl, the language of the ancient Toltecs, literally means Place of Rabbits. Tuxpan is a city located in the Mexican state of Veracruz. ... The state of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that compose Mexico (does not include the Mexican Federal District). ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sierra Maestra is a mountain range that runs westward across the south of the old Oriente Province from what is now GuantÃ¡namo Province to Niquero [1] in southeast Cuba, rising abruptly from the coast. ... Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Guevara became a leader among the rebels, a Comandante (English translation: Major), respected by his comrades in arms for his courage and military prowess,^[17] and feared for what some have described as ruthlessness: He was responsible for the execution of many men accused of being informers, deserters or spies. In the final days of December 1958, he directed his "suicide squad" (which undertook the most dangerous tasks in the rebel army)^[18] in the attack on Santa Clara that turned out to be one of the decisive events of the revolution, although the bloody series of ambushes first during la ofensiva in the heights of the Sierra Maestra, then at Guisa, and the whole Cauto Plains campaign that followed probably had more military significance.^[19] Batista, upon learning that his generals — especially General Cantillo, who had visited Castro at the inactive sugar mill "Central America" — were negotiating a separate peace with the rebel leader, fled to the Dominican Republic on January 1, 1959. Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of willfully ending ones own life. ... The Battle of Santa Clara was a series of events in late December 1958 that led to the capture of Santa Clara, Cuba by revolutionaries under the command of Che Guevara. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On February 7, 1959, the victorious government proclaimed Guevara "a Cuban citizen by birth" in recognition of his role in the triumph of the revolutionary forces. Shortly thereafter, he initiated divorce proceedings to put a formal end to his marriage with Gadea, from whom he had been separated since before leaving Mexico on the Granma, and on June 2, 1959, he married Aleida March,^{Children[›]} a Cuban-born member of the 26th of July movement with whom he had been living since late 1958. February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Divorcee be merged into this article or section. ... Separation may refer to a several different subjects: In chemistry, separation refers to the separation process. ... Granma is the yacht that was used to transport the fighters of the Cuban Revolution to Cuba in 1956. ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

He was appointed commander of the La Cabaña Fortress prison, and during his five-month tenure in that post (January 2 through June 12, 1959),^[20] he oversaw the trial and execution of many people, among whom were former Batista regime officials and members of the "Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities" (a unit of the secret police know by its Spanish acronym BRAC). According to José Vilasuso, an attorney who worked under Guevara at La Cabaña preparing indictments, these were lawless proceedings where "the facts were judged without any consideration to general juridical principles" and the findings were pre-determined by Guevara.^[21] Image File history File links Ergstimecover1960. ... Image File history File links Ergstimecover1960. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... A Spanish-era military base overlooking Havana harbor. ... January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Later, Guevara became an official at the National Institute of Agrarian Reform,^INRA[›] and President of the National Bank of Cuba^BNC[›]. He signed all Cuban banknotes issued during his fourteen-month presidency with his nickname, "Che".^{Signature[›]}. Throughout his time in the Cuban government, Guevara refused his due salaries of office, insisting on drawing only his meagre wages as army commandante in order to set a "revolutionary example".^[22]

During this time his fondness for chess was rekindled, and he attended and participated in most national and international tournaments held in Cuba.^[23]^[24] He was particularly eager to encourage young Cubans to take up the game, and organized various activities designed to stimulate their interest in it. Chess is an abstract strategy board game for two players that is played both recreationally and competitively. ...

Even as early as 1959, Guevara helped organize revolutionary expeditions overseas, all of which failed. The first attempt was made in Panama; another in the Dominican Republic (led by Henry Fuerte,^[25] also known as "El Argelino", and Enrique Jiménez Moya)^[26] took place on 14 June of that same year.

In 1960 Guevara provided first aid to victims during the La Coubre arms shipment rescue operation that went further awry when a second explosion occurred, resulting in well over a hundred dead.^[27] It was at the memorial service for the victims of this explosion that Alberto Korda took the most famous photograph of him. Whether La Coubre was sabotaged or merely exploded by accident is not clear. Those who favour the sabotage theory sometimes attribute this to the Central Intelligence Agency^[28] and sometimes name William Alexander Morgan,^[29] a former rival of Guevara's in the anti-Batista forces of the central provinces and later a putative CIA agent, as the perpetrator. Cuban exiles have put forth the theory that it was done by Guevara's USSR-loyalist rivals.^[30] Image File history File links CheyFidel. ... Image File history File links CheyFidel. ... Smoke rises over Havana harbor following the explosion People near the docks run from the blast At 3:10 p. ... Alberto DÃaz GutiÃ©rrez, better known as Alberto Korda (September 14, 1928 â€“ May 25, 2001) was a photographer, famous for his photo of Che Guevara. ... William Alexander Morgan was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on April 19, 1928 [1]. His life origens are obscure and his death legendary (Abella, 2000). ...

Guevara later served as Minister of Industries,^MININD[›] in which post he helped formulate Cuban socialism, and became one of the country's most prominent figures. In his book Guerrilla Warfare, he advocated replicating the Cuban model of revolution initiated by a small group (foco) of guerrillas without the need for broad organizations to precede armed insurrection. His essay El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (1965) (Man and Socialism in Cuba) advocates the need to shape a "new man" (hombre nuevo) in conjunction with a socialist state. Some saw Guevara as the simultaneously glamorous and austere model of that "new man." The foco theory of communist revolution by way of guerrilla warfare, also known as focalism (Spanish language: foquismo), was developed by Ernesto Che Guevara, based upon his experiences surrounding Fidel Castros 1959 victory in the Cuban Revolution. ...

During the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion Guevara did not participate in the fighting, having been ordered by Castro to a command post in Cuba's westernmost Pinar del Río province where he was involved in fending off a decoy force. He did, however, suffer a bullet wound to the face during this deployment, which he said had been caused by the accidental discharge of his own gun.^[31] Combatants Cuba Cuban exiles trained by the United States Commanders Fidel Castro Jose Ramon Fernandez Ernesto Che Guevara Grayston Lynch Pepe San Roman Erneido Oliva Strength 51,000 1,500 Casualties 2,200; estimated 115 dead 1,189 captured Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed with an... Pinar del RÃo is one of the provinces of Cuba. ...

Guevara played a key role in bringing to Cuba the Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles that precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. During an interview with the British newspaper Daily Worker some weeks later, he stated that, if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them against major U.S. cities.^[32] The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 kilometers (11 mi) above the hypocenter. ... Polish missile wz. ... USAF spy photo of one of the suspected launch sites The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. ... The Daily Worker was a newspaper published by the Communist Party USA, a Comintern affiliated organization in New York, beginning in 1924. ...

Disappearance from Cuba

In December 1964 Guevara traveled to New York City as the head of the Cuban delegation to speak at the UN (listen, requires RealPlayer; or read). He also appeared on the CBS Sunday news program Face the Nation, met with a gamut of individuals and groups including U.S. Senator Eugene McCarthy, several associates of Malcolm X, and Canadian radical Michelle Duclos,^[34] and dined at the home of the Rockefellers.^[35] On 17 December, he flew to Paris and from there embarked on a three-month international tour during which he visited the People's Republic of China, the United Arab Republic (Egypt), Algeria, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Dahomey, Congo-Brazzaville and Tanzania, with stops in Ireland, Paris and Prague. In Algiers on 24 February 1965, he made what turned out to be his last public appearance on the international stage when he delivered a speech to the "Second Economic Seminar on Afro-Asian Solidarity" in which he declared, "There are no frontiers in this struggle to the death. We cannot remain indifferent in the face of what occurs in any part of the world. A victory for any country against imperialism is our victory, just as any country's defeat is our defeat."^[36] He then astonished his audience by proclaiming, "The socialist countries have the moral duty of liquidating their tacit complicity with the exploiting countries of the West." He proceeded to outline a number of measures which he said the communist-bloc countries should implement in order to accomplish this objective.^[37]^[38] He returned to Cuba on 14 March to a solemn reception by Fidel and Raúl Castro, Osvaldo Dorticós and Carlos Rafael Rodríguez at the Havana airport. Image File history File links Che-onu-1964. ... Image File history File links Che-onu-1964. ... The United Nations General Assembly (GA) is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations. ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1613 Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area - City 1,214. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... RealPlayer is a media player, created by RealNetworks, that plays a number of multimedia formats including MP3, MPEG-4, QuickTime, and Windows Media formats as well as multiple versions of proprietary RealAudio and RealVideo codecs. ... CBS (an abbreviation for Columbia Broadcasting System, its former legal name) is one of the largest television networks, and formerly one of the largest radio networks, in the United States. ... Face The Nation logo, used until 2002. ... Eugene Joseph Gene McCarthy (March 29, 1916 â€“ December 10, 2005) was an American politician and a longtime member of the U.S. Congress. ... Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 â€“ February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ... Michelle Duclos is a Canadian terrorist who supports the Quebec sovereignty movement which desires the seperation of Quebec from the rest of Canada. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du TrocadÃ©ro. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Motto: FraternitÃ©, Justice, Travail (French) Fellowship, Justice, Labour Anthem: LAube Nouvelle (French) The Dawn of a New Day Capital Porto Novo1 Largest city Cotonou French Government Multiparty democracy - President Yayi Boni Independence from France - Date August 1, 1960 Area - Total 112,622 kmÂ² (101st) 43,483 sq mi - Water... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du TrocadÃ©ro. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Osvaldo DorticÃ³s Torrado (1919 - 1983) was a Cuban politician who served as President of Cuba from 17 July 1959 until 2 December 1976. ...

Two weeks later, Guevara dropped out of public life and then vanished altogether. His whereabouts were the great mystery of 1965 in Cuba, as he was generally regarded as second in power to Castro himself. His disappearance was variously attributed to the relative failure of the industrialization scheme he had advocated while minister of industry, to pressure exerted on Castro by Soviet officials disapproving of Guevara's pro-Chinese Communist bent as the Sino-Soviet split grew more pronounced, and to serious differences between Guevara and the Cuban leadership regarding Cuba's economic development and ideological line. Others suggested that Castro had grown increasingly wary of Guevara's popularity and considered him a potential threat. Castro's critics sometimes say his explanations for Guevara's disappearance have always been suspect (see below), and many found it surprising that Guevara never announced his intentions publicly, but only through an undated and uncharacteristically obsequious letter to Castro. The Communist Party of China (CPC) (official name, though almost universally known in English as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ZhÅngguÃ³ GÃ²ngchÇŽndÇŽng) is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ...

The coincidence of Guevara's views with those expounded by the Chinese Communist leadership had become increasingly problematic for Cuba as the nation's economic dependence on the Soviet Union deepened. Since the early days of the Cuban revolution, Guevara had been considered by many an advocate of Maoist strategy in Latin America and the originator of a plan for the rapid industrialization of Cuba which was frequently compared to China's "Great Leap Forward". According to Western "observers" of the Cuban situation, the fact that Guevara was opposed to Soviet conditions and recommendations that Castro seemed obliged to accept might have been the reason for his disappearance. However, both Guevara and Castro were supportive of the idea of a "united anti-imperialist front" intended to include both the Soviet Union and China, and had made several unsuccessful attempts to reconcile the feuding parties. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Great Leap Forward (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) of the Peoples Republic of China was an economic and social plan used from 1958 to early 1962 which aimed to use Chinas vast population to rapidly transform mainland China from a primarily agrarian economy dominated by peasant farmers...

Following the Cuban Missile Crisis and what he perceived as a Soviet betrayal of Cuba when Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles from Cuban territory without consulting Castro, Guevara had grown more skeptical of the Soviet Union. As revealed in his last speech in Algiers, he had come to view the Northern Hemisphere, led by the U.S. in the West and the Soviet Union in the East, as the exploiter of the Southern Hemisphere. He strongly supported Communist North Vietnam in the Vietnam War, and urged the peoples of other developing countries to take up arms and create "many Vietnams".^[39] Image File history File links Che-airport-14mar65. ... Image File history File links Che-airport-14mar65. ... USAF spy photo of one of the suspected launch sites The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. ... Nikita Khrushchev in 1962 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв) (nih-KEE-tah khroo-SHCHYOFF) (April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union... The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and about 88-90% of the human population. ... The Southern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is south of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On Earth it contains five continents (Antarctica, Australia, most of South America, parts of Africa and Asia) as well as four oceans (South... Stamp featuring Ho Chi Minh commemorating the 70th anniversary of the Communist Party The Communist Party of Vietnam (Äáº£ng Cá»™ng sáº£n Viá»‡t Nam) is the currently and indefinitely ruling, as well as the only legal political party in Vietnam. ... The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), or less commonly, Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Vietnamese: Viá»‡t Nam DÃ¢n Chá»§ Cá»™ng HÃ²a), also known as North Vietnam, was proclaimed by Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, September 2nd1945 and was recognized by the Peoples Republic of China and the... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000...

Pressed by international speculation regarding Guevara's fate, Castro stated on 16 June 1965, that the people would be informed about Guevara when Guevara himself wished to let them know. Numerous rumors about his disappearance spread both inside and outside Cuba. On 3 October of that year, Castro revealed an undated letter^[40] purportedly written to him by Guevara some months earlier in which Guevara reaffirmed his enduring solidarity with the Cuban Revolution but declared his intention to leave Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution. He explained that "Other nations of the world summon my modest efforts," and that he had therefore decided to go and fight as a guerrilla "on new battlefields". In the letter Guevara announced his resignation from all his positions in the government, in the party, and in the Army, and renounced his Cuban citizenship, which had been granted to him in 1959 in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the revolution. June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...

During an interview with four foreign correspondents on 1 November, Castro remarked that he knew where Guevara was but would not disclose his location, and added, denying reports that his former comrade-in-arms was dead, that "he is in the best of health." Despite Castro's assurances, Guevara's fate remained a mystery at the end of 1965 and his movements and whereabouts continued to be a closely held secret for the next two years.

Congo

Expedition

During their all-night meeting on March 14–March 15, 1965, Guevara and Castro had agreed that the former would personally lead Cuba's first military action in Sub-Saharan Africa.^Algeria[›] Some usually reliable sources state that Guevara persuaded Castro to back him in this effort, while other sources of equal reliability maintain that Castro convinced Guevara to undertake the mission, arguing that conditions in the various Latin American countries that had been under consideration for the possible establishment of guerrilla focos were not yet optimal.^[41] Castro himself has said the latter is true.^[42] According to Ahmed Ben Bella, who was president of Algeria at the time and had recently held extended conversations with Guevara, "The situation prevailing in Africa, which seemed to have enormous revolutionary potential, led Che to the conclusion that Africa was imperialism’s weak link. It was to Africa that he now decided to devote his efforts."^[43] Image File history File links Cheguevaracongo. ... Image File history File links Cheguevaracongo. ... March 14 is the 73rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (74th in leap years) with 292 days remaining in the year. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area A political map showing national divisions in relation to the ecological break Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to describe those countries of the African continent that are not considered part of North Africa. ... Ahmed Ben Bella Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella (Muhammad Ahmad Bin Balla) (Arabic: ) (born December 25, 1918?, Maghnia, Algeria) was the first President of Algeria, and seen by many as the Father of the Nation. ...

The Cuban operation was to be carried out in support of the pro-Patrice Lumumba Marxist Simba movement in the Congo-Kinshasa (formerly Belgian Congo, later Zaire and currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Guevara, his second-in-command Victor Dreke, and twelve of the Cuban expeditionaries arrived in the Congo on 24 April 1965; a contingent of approximately 100 Afro-Cubans joined them soon afterwards.^[44]^[45] They collaborated for a time with guerrilla leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila,^Kabila[›] who helped Lumumba supporters lead a revolt that was suppressed in November of that same year by the Congolese army. Guevara dismissed Kabila as insignificant. "Nothing leads me to believe he is the man of the hour," Guevara wrote.^[46] Patrice Lumumba as the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1960 Patrice Ã‰mery Lumumba (2 July 1925 â€“ 17 January 1961) was an African anti-colonial leader and the first legally elected Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo after he helped to win its independence... Capital LÃ©opoldville Government Protectorate Created 1908 Dissolved 1960 Official language(s) French, Dutch The Belgian Congo was the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between King LÃ©opold IIs formal relinquishment of personal control over the state to Belgium on 15 November 1908... VÃctor Emilio Dreke Cruz (born 1937) is a Cuban Communist leader and a General in the Revolutionary Armed Forces. ... The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. ... Laurent-DÃ©sirÃ© Kabila Laurent-DÃ©sirÃ© Kabila (November 27, 1939 â€“ January 18, 2001) was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from May 1997, when he overthrew Mobutu Sese Seko until his assassination in January 2001. ...

Although Guevara was 37 at the time and had no formal military training, he had the experiences of the Cuban revolution, including his successful march on Santa Clara, which was central to Batista finally being overthrown by Castro's forces. His asthma had prevented him from being drafted into military service in Argentina, a fact of which he was proud given his opposition to Perón's government. Image File history File links CheInCongo. ... Image File history File links CheInCongo. ... Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in central Africa (3Â° 20 to 8Â° 48 South and from 29Â° 5 to 31Â° 15 East). ... Juan Domingo PerÃ³n (October 8, 1895 â€“ July 1, 1974) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ...

South African mercenaries including Mike Hoare and Cuban exiles worked with the Congolese army to thwart Guevara. They were able to monitor his communications, arrange to ambush the rebels and the Cubans whenever they attempted to attack, and interdict his supply lines.^[47]^[48] Despite the fact that Guevara sought to conceal his presence in the Congo, the U.S. government was fully aware of his location and activities: The National Security Agency (NSA) was intercepting all of his incoming and outgoing transmissions via equipment aboard the USNS Valdez, a floating listening post which continuously cruised the Indian Ocean off Dar-es-Salaam for that purpose.^NSA[›] Thomas Michael Hoare 1920- is a mercenary leader known for his exploits in Africa and the Indian Ocean. ... For other uses of Congo, see Congo (disambiguation). ... The National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) is the U.S. governments cryptologic organization. ... Dar es Salaam (Arabic: â€Ž [translation: Abode of Peace] DÄr as-SalÄm), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. ...

Guevara's aim was to export the Cuban Revolution by instructing local Simba fighters in communist ideology and strategies of guerrilla warfare. In his Congo Diary, he cites the incompetence, intransigence, and infighting of the local Congolese forces as the key reasons for the revolt's failure.^[49] Later that same year, ill with dysentery, suffering from his asthma, and disheartened after seven months of frustrations, Guevara left the Congo with the Cuban survivors (six members of his column had died). At one point Guevara had considered sending the wounded back to Cuba, then standing alone and fighting until the end in the Congo as a revolutionary example; however, after being urged by his comrades in arms and pressured by two emissaries sent by Castro, at the last moment he reluctantly agreed to leave the Congo. A few weeks later, when writing the preface to the diary he had kept during the Congo venture, he began it with the words: "This is the history of a failure."^[50] Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Interlude

Because Castro had made public Guevara's "farewell letter"^[51] to him — a letter Guevara had intended should only be revealed in case of his death — wherein he had written that he was severing all ties to Cuba in order to devote himself to revolutionary activities in other parts of the world, he felt that he could not return to Cuba with the other surviving combatants for moral reasons, and he spent the next six months living clandestinely in Dar-es-Salaam, and Prague. During this time he compiled his memoirs of the Congo experience, and wrote the drafts of two more books, one on philosophy^[52] and the other on economics.^[53] He also visited several countries in Western Europe in order to "test" a new false identity and the corresponding documentation (passport, etc.) created for him by Cuban Intelligence that he planned to use to travel to South America. Throughout this period Castro continued to importune him to return to Cuba, but Guevara only agreed to do so when it was understood that he would be there on a strictly temporary basis for the few months needed to prepare a new revolutionary effort somewhere in Latin America, and that his presence on the island would be cloaked in the tightest secrecy. Dar es Salaam (Arabic: â€Ž [translation: Abode of Peace] DÄr as-SalÄm), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Cuban General Intelligence Directorate (Dirección General de Inteligencia), or DGI, was established under the Cuban Ministry of the Interior in late 1961 shortly after Fidel Castro took power in 1959. ...

Bolivia

Insurgent

Speculation on Guevara's whereabouts continued throughout 1966 and into 1967. Representatives of the Mozambican independence movement FRELIMO reported meeting with Guevara in late 1966 or early 1967 in Dar es Salaam, at which point they rejected his offer of aid in their revolutionary project.^[54] In a speech at the 1967 May Day rally in Havana, the Acting Minister of the armed forces, Major Juan Almeida, announced that Guevara was "serving the revolution somewhere in Latin America". The persistent reports that he was leading the G-Units in Bolivia were eventually shown to be true. The Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO, pronounced fray-LEE-moo; Portuguese: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique) is a political party that has ruled Mozambique since independence in 1975. ... Dar es Salaam (Ø¯Ø§Ø± Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ... May Day is May 1, and refers to any of several holidays celebrated on this day. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

At Castro's behest, a 3,700 acre parcel of jungle land in the remote Ñancahuazú region had been purchased by native Bolivian Communists for Guevara to use as a training area and base camp ^Camp[›]. The evidence suggests that the training at this camp in the Ñancahuazú valley was more hazardous than combat to Guevara and the Cubans accompanying him. Little was accomplished in the way of building a guerrilla army. Former Stasi operative Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider, better known by her nom de guerre "Tania", who had been installed as his primary agent in La Paz, was reportedly also working for the KGB and is widely inferred to have unwittingly served Soviet interests by leading Bolivian authorities to Guevara's trail.^[55] The numerous photographs taken by and of Guevara and other members of his guerrilla group that they left behind at their base camp after the initial clash with the Bolivian army in March 1967 provided President René Barrientos with the first proof of his presence in Bolivia; after viewing them, Barrientos allegedly stated that he wanted Guevara's head displayed on a pike in downtown La Paz. He thereupon ordered the Bolivian Army to hunt Guevara and his followers down. Image File history File links Vallegrandescboliviamine02. ... Image File history File links Vallegrandescboliviamine02. ... Vallegrande is the capital of the Vallegrande Province in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia. ... Logo of East Germanys Ministerium fÃ¼r Staatssicherheit (MfS or Stasi) / Ministry for State Security This article is about Stasi, the secret police of East Germany. ... HaydÃ©e Tamara Bunke Bider (November 19, 1937 â€“ August 31, 1967) was a communist revolutionary, better known as Tania or Tania the Guerrillera, was a spy who played a prominent role in the Cuban Revolution and in other Latin American revolutionary movements. ... A pseudonym or allonym is a name (sometimes legally adopted, sometimes purely fictitious) used by an individual as an alternative to their birth name. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of ÐšÐ“Ð‘) is the Russian-language abbreviation for Committee for State Security, (Russian: ; Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ... RenÃ© Barrientos OrtuÃ±o (born on May 30, 1919; died on April 27, 1969) was a former Vice-President (1964) and President of Bolivia (1964-66 and 1966-69). ... La Paz (NASA aerial view) Central La Paz Panoramic sight of the city of La Paz Nuestra SeÃ±ora de La Paz or Chuquiyapu (chuqui, gold, yapu, farm) is the administrative capital of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of La Paz Department. ...

Guevara's guerrilla force, numbering about 50 and operating as the ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional de Bolivia; English: "National Liberation Army of Bolivia"), was well equipped and scored a number of early successes against Bolivian regulars in the difficult terrain of the mountainous Camiri region. In September, however, the Army managed to eliminate two guerrilla groups, reportedly killing one of the leaders. The National Liberation Army (Spanish: EjÃ©rcito de LiberaciÃ³n Nacional) was a Marxist-Leninist guerrilla organization that operated in Bolivia during the 1960s and 1970s. ...

Despite the violent nature of the conflict, Guevara gave medical attention to all of the wounded Bolivian soldiers whom the guerrillas took prisoner, and subsequently released them. Even after his last battle at the Quebrada del Yuro, in which he had been wounded, when he was taken to a temporary holding location and saw there a number of Bolivian soldiers who had also been wounded in the fighting, he offered to give them medical care. (His offer was turned down by the Bolivian officer in charge.)^[56]

Guevara's plan for fomenting revolution in Bolivia appears to have been based upon a number of misconceptions:

In addition, his penchant for confrontation rather than compromise appears to have contributed to his inability to develop successful working relationships with local leaders in Bolivia, just as it had in the Congo.^[59] This tendency had surfaced during his guerrilla warfare campaign in Cuba as well, but had been kept in check there by the timely interventions and guidance of Castro.^[60] This article is about the U.S. Special Operations Force. ... The 75th Ranger Regiment â€”also known as the United States Army Rangersâ€” is a special operations force of the United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC); with headquarters in Fort Benning, Georgia. ... // Jungle warfare is a term used to cover the special techniques needed for military units to survive and fight in jungle terrain. ... Mario Monje was the Secretary-General of the PCB (Partida Comunista Boliviana), and after its split into two wings: the pro-Soviet wing and the pro-Peking wing, was leader of the pro-Soviet wing. ... Manuel PiÃ±eiro Losada (March 12, 1934 â€“ May 14, 1998), also known as Barbarroja (Spanish: red beard) was Cuban revolutionary who became the first head of the Cuban General Intelligence Directorate (DirecciÃ³n General de Inteligencia). ... Excerpt from a one-time pad. ...

Capture and execution

The Bolivian Special Forces were notified of the location of Guevara's guerrilla encampment by an informant. On 8 October, the encampment was encircled, and Guevara was captured while leading a detachment with Simeón Cuba Sarabia in the Quebrada del Yuro ravine. He offered to surrender after being wounded in the legs and having his rifle destroyed by a bullet. According to some soldiers present at the capture, during the skirmish as they approached Guevara, he allegedly shouted, "Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and worth more to you alive than dead."^[61] Rodriguez arresting Che Guevera File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Rodriguez arresting Che Guevera File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Escuela_de_la_higuera_01. ... Image File history File links Escuela_de_la_higuera_01. ... The El Che monument La Higuera (Spanish: The Fig Tree) is a small village in Bolivia located in the Department of Santa Cruz, some 150 km (bee-line) southwest of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. ... Simeon Cuba Sarabia (Willy), ca. ...

Barrientos promptly ordered his execution upon being informed of his capture.^{Barrientos[›]} Guevara was taken to a dilapidated schoolhouse in the nearby village of La Higuera where he was held overnight. Early the next afternoon he was executed. The executioner was Mario Terán, a Sergeant in the Bolivian army who had drawn a short straw after arguments over who got the honour of killing Guevara broke out among the soldiers. Guevara received multiple shots to the legs, so as to avoid maiming his face for identification purposes and simulate combat wounds in an attempt to conceal his execution. Che Guevara did have some last words before his death; he allegedly said to his executioner, "I know you are here to kill me. Shoot, coward, you are only going to kill a man."^[62] His body was lashed to the landing skids of a helicopter and flown to neighboring Vallegrande where it was laid out on a laundry tub in the local hospital and displayed to the press.^[63] Photographs taken at that time gave rise to legends such as those of San Ernesto de La Higuera and El Cristo de Vallegrande.^[64] After a military doctor surgically amputated his hands, Bolivian army officers transferred Guevara's cadaver to an undisclosed location and refused to reveal whether his remains had been buried or cremated.^{Amputation[›]} The El Che monument La Higuera (Spanish: The Fig Tree) is a small village in Bolivia located in the Department of Santa Cruz, some 150 km (bee-line) southwest of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. ... Mario TerÃ¡n is the executioner of Che Guevara. ... The Last Words - Malcolm Baxter (vocals), Andy Groome (guitar), Leigh Kendall (bass), John Gunn (drums) - were one of the first Australian punk bands. ... Vallegrande is the capital of the Vallegrande Province in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia. ...

The hunt for Guevara in Bolivia was headed by Félix Rodríguez, a CIA agent, who previously had infiltrated into Cuba to prepare contacts with the rebels in the Escambray Mountains and the anti-Castro underground in Havana prior to the Bay of Pigs invasion, and had been successfully extracted from Cuba afterwards.^[65]^[66] Upon hearing of Guevara's capture, Rodríguez relayed the information to CIA headquarters at Langley, Virginia, via CIA stations in various South American nations. After the execution, Rodríguez took Guevara's Rolex watch and several other personal items, often proudly showing them to reporters during the ensuing years. Today, some of these belongings, including his flashlight, are on display at the CIA. Felix Rodriguez with the captured Che Guevara. ... The Escambray Mountains are off the coast of the western shore of Cuba. ... Havana (Spanish (IPA pronunciation: ) in full: Ciudad de La Habana, formerly named San CristÃ³bal de La Habana; UN/LOCODE: CU HAV) is the capital of Cuba. ... Langley is an unincorporated community in the census-designated place of McLean in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. ... Rolex Logo Rolex SA is a Swiss manufacturer of wristwatches and accessories renowned for their quality and exclusivity, as well as their cost (from a few thousand to more than one hundred thousand U.S. dollars). ...

On October 15, Castro acknowledged that Guevara was dead and proclaimed three days of public mourning throughout Cuba. The death of Guevara was regarded as a severe blow to the socialist revolutionary movements in Latin America and the rest of the third world. For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ...

In 1997, the skeletal remains of Guevara's handless body were exhumed from beneath an air strip near Vallegrande, positively identified by DNA matching, and returned to Cuba. On 17 October 1997, his remains, along with those of six of his fellow combatants killed during the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia, were laid to rest with full military honors in a specially built mausoleum^{Mausoleum[›]} in the city of Santa Clara, where he had won the decisive battle of the Cuban Revolution. Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 652 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 652 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix. ... October 17 is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Bolivian Diary

Also removed when Guevara was captured was his diary, which documented events of the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia.^[67] The first entry is on November 7, 1966 shortly after his arrival at the farm in Ñancahuazú, and the last entry is on October 7, 1967, the day before his capture. The diary tells how the guerrillas were forced to begin operations prematurely due to discovery by the Bolivian Army, explains Guevara's decision to divide the column into two units that were subsequently unable to reestablish contact, and describes their overall failure. It records the rift between Guevara and the Bolivian Communist Party that resulted in Guevara having significantly fewer soldiers than originally anticipated. It shows that Guevara had a great deal of difficulty recruiting from the local populace, due in part to the fact that the guerrilla group had learned Quechua rather than the local language which was Tupí-Guaraní. As the campaign drew to an unexpected close, Guevara became increasingly ill. He suffered from ever-worsening bouts of asthma, and most of his last offensives were carried out in an attempt to obtain medicine. November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Quechua (Runa Simi; Kichwa in Ecuador) is a Native American language of South America. ... TupÃ-GuaranÃ is the name of the most important subfamily of the TupÃ languages of South America. ...

The Bolivian Diary was quickly and crudely translated by Ramparts magazine and circulated around the world. There are at least four additional diaries in existence — those of Israel Reyes Zayas (Alias "Braulio"), Harry Villegas Tamayo ("Pombo"), Eliseo Reyes Rodriguez ("Rolando")^[68] and Dariel Alarcón Ramírez ("Benigno")^[69] — each of which reveals additional aspects of the events in question. Ramparts was an American political and literary magazine, published from 1962 through 1975. ...

Legacy and criticisms

While pictures of Guevara's dead body were being circulated and the circumstances of his death debated, his legend began to spread. Demonstrations in protest against his execution occurred throughout the world, and articles, tributes, songs and poems were written about his life and death.^[70] Latin America specialists advising the U.S. State Department immediately recognized the importance of the demise of “the most glamorous and reportedly most successful revolutionary”, noting that Guevara would be eulogized by communists and other leftists as “the model revolutionary who met a heroic death”.^[71] Mandy Patinkin in his role as Che in the original Broadway version of Evita. ... Image File history File links Dscoverche-gandhi. ... Image File history File links Dscoverche-gandhi. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ...

Such predictions gained increasing credibility as Guevara became a potent symbol of rebellion and revolution during the global student protests of the late 1960s. ^[72] Left wing activists responded to Guevara's apparent indifference to rewards and glory, and concurred with Guevara's sanctioning of violence as a necessity to instill socialist ideals.^[73] The slogan 'Che lives!' began to appear on walls throughout the west,^[74] while Jean-Paul Sartre, a leading figure in the movement, encouraged the adulation by describing Guevara as "the most complete human being of our age".^[75] A May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up, with the stereotypical silhouette of the General de Gaulle. ... Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 â€“ April 15, 1980), normally known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (pronounced: ), was a French existentialist philosopher, dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic. ...

Typically, responses to Guevara's legacy followed partisan lines. The US State Department was advised that his death would come as a relief to non-leftist Latin Americans, who had feared possible insurgencies in their own countries.^[71] Subsequent analysts have also shed light on aspects of cruelty in Guevara’s methods, and analysed what Fidel Castro described as Guevara’s “excessively aggressive quality”.^[76] Studies addressing problematic characteristics of Guevara's life have cited his principal role in setting up Cuba's first post-revolutionary labor camps, his unsympathetic treatment of captured fighters during various guerrilla campaigns, and his frequent humiliations of those deemed his intellectual inferiors.^[77] Though much opposition to Guevara's methods has come from the political right, critical evaluation has also come from groups such as anarchists and civil libertarians, some of whom consider Guevara an authoritarian, anti-working-class Stalinist, whose legacy was the creation of a more bureaucratic, authoritarian regime.^[78] Detractors have also theorized that in much of Latin America, Che-inspired revolutions had the practical result of reinforcing brutal militarism for many years.^[79] In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... Anarchist redirects here. ... Civil libertarian refers to one who is actively concerned with the protection of individual liberty. ... Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. ...

Legacy in Cuba

In Cuba, Guevara’s death precipitated the abandonment of guerrilla warfare as an instrument of foreign policy, ushering in a rapprochement with the Soviet Union, and the reformation of the government along Soviet lines. When Cuban troops returned to Africa in the 1970s, it was as part of a large-scale military expedition, and support for insurrection movements in Latin America and the Caribbean became logistical and organizational rather than overt. Cuba also abandoned Guevara's plans for economic diversification and rapid industrialization which had ultimately proved to be impracticable in view of the country's incorporation into the COMECON system. A Soviet poster reading COMECON: Unity of Goals, Unity of Action The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON / Comecon / CMEA / CEMA), 1949 â€“ 1991, was an economic organization of communist states and a kind of Eastern Bloc equivalent toâ€”but more inclusive thanâ€”the European Economic Community. ...

As early as 1965, the Yugoslav communist journal Borba observed the many half-completed or empty factories in Cuba, a legacy of Guevara's tenure as Minister of Industries, "standing like sad memories of the conflict between pretension and reality".^[80] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 554 KB) Licensing This picture was taken by Peter J. Sugden on 9 March 2006. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 554 KB) Licensing This picture was taken by Peter J. Sugden on 9 March 2006. ... Look up artist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Jim Fitzpatricks version of Che Jim Fitzpatrick is an Irish artist famous for Irish folk art. ... Alberto DÃaz GutiÃ©rrez, better known as Alberto Korda (September 14, 1928 â€“ May 25, 2001) was a photographer, famous for his photo of Che Guevara. ... Alberto Kordas photograph of Che Guevara Alberto Kordas famous photograph of Che Guevara was taken on March 5, 1960 at a Cuban funeral service for victims of the La Coubre explosion,[1] but was published seven years later. ... Borba/Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð±Ð° is a Serbian newspaper, formerly the official newspaper of the Yugoslav League of Communists. ...

The Cuban state continued to cultivate Guevara’s cult of personality, constructing numerous statues and artworks in his honor throughout the land; adorning school rooms, workplaces, public buildings, billboards, and money with his image.^[81] Children across the country begin each school day with the chant "¡Pioneros por el Comunismo, Seremos como el Che!" (English: Pioneers for Communism, We will be like Che!). Guevara's mausoleum in Santa Clara has become a site of almost religious significance to many Cubans,^[74] while the nation’s burgeoning tourist industry has benefited greatly from the ongoing international interest in Guevara's life. Some 205,832 people visited the mausoleum during 2004, of whom 127,597 were foreigners. Billboard of Joseph Stalin. ... Santa Clara is the capital city of the Cuban province of Villa Clara. ... In the mid 1990s tourism surpassed sugar, long the mainstay of the Cuban economy, as the primary source of foreign exchange. ...

Reverence among Cubans for Guevara's memory is by no means universal. Many Cuban exiles have spoken of Guevara in less than favorable terms, and he is remembered by some as the "The Butcher of la Cabaña", a reference to Guevara’s post-revolutionary role as “supreme prosecutor” at the Cabana fortress. The epithet was repeated by Cuban-born musician Paquito D'Rivera, who wrote an open letter castigating fellow musician Carlos Santana, for wearing a T-shirt displaying Guevara’s image to the 2005 Academy Awards ceremony.^[82] Similar sentiments have been shared by Cuban-American actor and director Andy Garcia, who stated in 2004 that "Che has been romanticized over the years, but there is a darker side to his story. He looks like a rock star, but he executed a lot of people without trial or defense."^[83] Garcia’s 2005 film The Lost City, which was reportedly banned in several Latin American countries, portrayed a ruthless brutality at the heart of the Cuban revolution.^[84] Actor Jsu Garcia as Guevara is shown casually shooting wounded Batista foot soldiers where they lie.^[85] The term Cuban exile usually refers to the large exodus of Cubans since the 1959 Cuban Revolution and in particular the wave of Cuban American refugees to the U.S. during the years 1960 and 1979, who sought greater political and economic freedom. ... A Spanish-era military base overlooking Havana harbor. ... Paquito DRivera is a Cuban-born, internationally-acclaimed, Grammy-winning jazz and classical saxophonistist and clarinetist. ... Carlos Augusto Alves Santana (born July 20, 1947), known simply as Carlos Santana or Santana, is a Grammy Award-winning Mexican-born American Latin rock musician and guitarist. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... A Cuban-American is a United States citizen whose ancestry can be traced to Cuba. ... Andy Garcia at the Incirlik hospital, Incirlik Air Base, December 7, 2001 Andy GarcÃa (born April 12, 1956) is a Cuban-American actor. ... The Lost City is a 2005 film directed by Andy GarcÃa. ... Jsu Garcia (b. ...

The "Cult of Che"

Despite the controversies, Guevara's status as a popular icon has continued throughout the world, leading commentators to speak of a global "cult of Che". A photograph of Guevara taken by photographer Alberto Korda^[86] has became one of the century's most ubiquitous images, and the portrait, transformed into a monochrome graphic, is reproduced endlessly on a vast array of merchandise, such as T-shirts, posters, coffee mugs, and baseball caps.^[87] The image had been likened to a global brand, long since shedding its ideological or political connotations, and the obsession with Guevara has been dismissed by some as merely "adolescent revolutionary romanticism".^[74] American, Latin American and European writers, Jon Lee Anderson, Régis Debray, Jorge Castañeda and others contributed to demystify the image of Guevara via articles and biographies, which detailed his life and legacy in more unidealistic terms; and, in the case of Octavio Paz, was accompanied by a critical indictment of the Marxism espoused by many in the Latin American left.^[88] Political writer Paul Berman went further, asserting that the "modern-day cult of Che" obscures the work of dissidents and what he believes is a "tremendous social struggle" currently taking place in Cuba. ^[89] Author Christopher Hitchens, a supporter of the Cuban revolution in the 1960s, summarised Guevara's legacy thus: "Che's iconic status was assured because he failed. His story was one of defeat and isolation, and that's why it is so seductive. Had he lived, the myth of Che would have long since died." ^[74]

Popular culture, or pop culture, (literally: the culture of the people) consists of widespread cultural elements in any given society. ... Alberto Kordas photograph of Che Guevara Alberto Kordas famous photograph of Che Guevara was taken on March 5, 1960 at a Cuban funeral service for victims of the La Coubre explosion,[1] but was published seven years later. ... Alberto DÃaz GutiÃ©rrez, better known as Alberto Korda (September 14, 1928 â€“ May 25, 2001) was a photographer, famous for his photo of Che Guevara. ... Jules RÃ©gis Debray is a French intellectual, journalist, government official and professor. ... Jorge GermÃ¡n CastaÃ±eda Gutman (b. ... Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet, diplomat, and 1990 Nobel Prize winner for literature Octavio Paz Lozano (March 31, 1914 â€“ April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat, and the winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature. ... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and to the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... Paul Berman is a prominent liberal American intellectual. ... Christopher Eric Hitchens (born in Portsmouth, England April 13, 1949) is an author, journalist and literary critic. ...

Timeline

Guevara's published works

In Spanish The Motorcycle Diaries (Spanish: Notas de viaje or Diarios de motocicleta) is an autobiographical book by Che Guevara about his travels through South America with his friend Alberto Granado on a 1939 Norton 500 motorcycle. ...

Image File history File links Adobepdfreader7_icon. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Image File history File links Adobepdfreader7_icon. ... Image File history File links Adobepdfreader7_icon. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Image File history File links Adobepdfreader7_icon. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Image File history File links Adobepdfreader7_icon. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ...

See also

Che Guevara was a key figure in the Cuban Revolution, an uprising that successfully removed the longstanding dominance of General Fulgencio Batista over the island. ... Following the establishment of diplomatic ties to the Soviet Union, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid becoming an ally of the Soviet Union during the Cold war. ... Smoke rises over Havana harbor following the explosion People near the docks run from the blast At 3:10 p. ... USAF spy photo of one of the suspected launch sites The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. ... Flag of the The Cuban Revolution The 26th of July Movement (Spanish: Movimiento 26 de Julio) was the revolutionary organization led by Fidel Castro that in 1959 overthrew the Fulgencio Batista regime in Cuba. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ... Carlos Fonseca Amador (born June 23, 1936 - died November 7, 1976), a revolutionary, teacher and a founder of the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional ( FSLN, Sandinista National Liberation Front), was assassinated by the Guardia Nacional three years before the FSLN took power in Nicaragua. ... Laurent-DÃ©sirÃ© Kabila Laurent-DÃ©sirÃ© Kabila (November 27, 1939 â€“ January 18, 2001) was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from May 1997, when he overthrew Mobutu Sese Seko until his assassination in January 2001. ... Felix Rodriguez with the captured Che Guevara. ... Mandy Patinkin in his role as Che in the original Broadway version of Evita. ... Alberto Kordas photograph of Che Guevara Alberto Kordas famous photograph of Che Guevara was taken on March 5, 1960 at a Cuban funeral service for victims of the La Coubre explosion,[1] but was published seven years later. ... Guevarism is a theory of communist revolution and a military strategy of guerrilla warfare associated with Ernesto Che Guevara, one of the leading figures of the Cuban Revolution. ... A silkscreen poster by Daniel Desiga promoting Colegio CÃ©sar ChÃ¡vez, ca. ... Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The foco theory of communist revolution by way of guerrilla warfare, also known as focalism (Spanish language: foquismo), was developed by Ernesto Che Guevara, based upon his experiences surrounding Fidel Castros 1959 victory in the Cuban Revolution. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and to the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... Extrajudicial punishment is physical punishment without the permission of a court or legal authority, generally carried out by a state apparatus needing to rid itself of a dangerously disruptive influence. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cuba. ...

Source notes

^ Death of Che Guevara National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 5 - Declassified top secret document
^ Rostow, Walter W. Memorandum for the President:"Death of 'Che' Guevara", dated 11 October 1967. Online at GWU National Security Archive accessed 08 October 2006.
° Ryan, Henry Butterfield. The Fall of Che Guevara: A Story of Soldiers, Spies, and Diplomats, New York, 1998: Oxford University Press, pp 129-135.
^ Maryland Institute of Art, referenced at BBC News, "Che Guevara photographer dies", 26 May 2001.Online at BBC News, accessed January 4, 2006.
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, pp. 3 and 769.
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 446. "At one time I wanted to be one of Pizarro's soldiers; but [to fulfill] my quest for adventures and my yearnings to overlook climatic moments, that isn't a necessity any longer; today it is all here, and with an ideal to fight for, together with the responsibility of leaving an example." -- excerpt from a December 1959 letter to his parents.
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 28.
^ Digital Granma Internacional, "Simultaneous chess game on 37th anniversary of Che’s death", 13 October 2004. Online at Granma International English Edition, accessed January 5, 2006.
^ Guevara Lynch, Ernesto. Aquí va un soldado de América. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés Editores, S.A., 2000, p. 26. "En Guatemala me perfeccionaré y lograré lo que me falta para ser un revolulcionario auténtico." This statement in a letter written in Costa Rica on 10 December 1953 is important because it proves that, whereas many authors have asserted that Guevara became a revolutionary as a result of witnessing the US-sponsored coup against Arbenz, he had in fact already made the decision to become a revolutionary before arriving in Guatemala and indeed went there for that express purpose.
^ Radio Cadena Agramonte, "Ataque al cuartel del Bayamo" Online, accessed February 25, 2006
^ Granma.cu, "Walking towards sunrise" Online, accessed February 25, 2006
^ U.S. Department of State, "Foreign Relations, Guatemala, 1952-1954". Online, accessed March 04, 2006
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 144
^ U.S. Department of State. "Foreign Relations, Guatemala, 1952-1954". Online, accessed March 04, 2006
^ Holland, Max."Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy: William Pawley and the 1954 Coup d'Etat in Guatemala", Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005, pp. 36-73
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 194.
^ Taibo, Paco Ignacio II. Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che, p. 104. See also The Guardian online, Making of a Marxist, Online, in Guevara's words "Since February 15 1956 I am a father: Hilda Beatriz Guevara is my first-born" accessed October 6, 2006.
^ U. S. Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Biographic Register on Ernesto 'Che' Guevara". Online, accessed July 12, 2006."Commander of one of the largest of the five rebel columns (Column 4), he gained a reputation for bravery and military prowess second only to Fidel Castro himself."
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "Suicide Squad: Example Of Revolutionary Morale (an excerpt from Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War - 1956-58). The Militant Online, accessed March 27, 2006.
^ Castro, Fidel (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés). Revolutionary Struggle. 1947-1958. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: MIT Press, 1972, pp. 439-442.
° Castro, Fidel. (December 27, 1983). Speech given in Palma Soriano, Cuba. Online. In this speech, given at the dedication of a publishing house and commemorating the 25th anniversary of the taking of Palma, Castro discussed the importance to the revolution of the taking of Palma on the way to Santiago. He talked about the previous recent fighting at Guisa, Baire, Jiguani and in the Sierra Maestra and how as a result of revolutionary successes the Cuban army in Bayamo was unable to consolidate forces with its surrounding units. Castro went on to describe the strategic importance of the revolutionary position along the banks of the Cautillo River as a position from which the army at Bayamo could be contained while, on the other side, the army at Santiago could be targeted once Palma was taken and the revolutionary forces re-armed. With respect to the planned attack against Santiago, Castro said: We established our defensive line on the Cautillo River. We had Mapos surrounded, but there was still Palma. There were approximately 300 enemy soldiers. We had to take Palma. We were also anxious to take the arms that were to be found in Palma, because when we left La Plata, in the Sierra Maestra, because of the latest offensive, we left with 25 armed soldiers and 1,000 unarmed recruits. We armed those troops along the way. We armed them during the fighting, but we really finished fully arming them in Palma. Castro then described the battle in detail and mentioned how, after the overthrow of Batista, the final war orders to the rebels were issued from Palma on January 1, 1959.
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 372 and p. 425
^ "Executions at La Cabaña fortress under Ernesto "Ché" Guevara". Document written by José Vilasuso. Online accessed October 18, 2006. In this document Vilasuso (who, along with most of the other legally-trained participants, quit due to its excesses) described the La Cabaña tribunal as the “Purging Commission”. He described a process where “[t]he statements of the investigating officer constituted irrefutable proof of wrongdoing” and where "[t]here were relatives of victims of the previous regime who were put in charge of judging the accused." He also provided vivid recollections of the final hours of the condemned with their family and friends, and he gave a graphic description of the execution details. He recalled that Guevara "chastised us all: 'Don’t delay these trials. This is a revolution, the proofs are secondary. We have to proceed by conviction. They are a gang of criminals and murderers. Besides, remember that there is an Appeals Tribunals [sic]'." But the Appeals Tribunal, according to Vilasuso, "never decided in favor of the appeal. It simply confirmed the sentences. It was presided by Commander Ernesto Guevara Serna."
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 503
^ chessgames.com, "Miguel Najdorf vs Ernesto Che Guevara". Online at chessgames.com, accessed January 5, 2006.
^ ar.geocities.com/carloseadrake/AJEDREZ/, Ernesto "Che" Guevara – Ajedrez Online, accessed June 29, 2006.
^ Puerto Padre website, "Cronologia" (List of anniversaries) Online at Puerto Padre website, accessed January 4, 2006.
^ Peña, Emilio Herasme," La Expedición Armada de junio de 1959", 14 June 2004.Online at 'Listín Diario (Dominican Republic), accessed January 4, 2006.
^ Cuban Information Archives, "La Coubre explodes in Havana 1960." Online, accessed February 26, 2006; pictures can be seen at Cuban site fotospl.com.
^ Defensa Nacional, "SABOTAJE AL BUQUE LA COUBRE" Online, accessed February 26, 2006
^ The Miami Herald, "Dockworker set ship blast in Havana, American claims". Online, accessed February 26, 2006
^ Guaracabuya.org, "Recuento Histórico:El porque el PCC ordenó volar el barco "La Coubre".Online, accessed February 26, 2006
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 508.
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 545: "In an interview with Che a few weeks after the crisis, Sam Russell, a British correspondent for the socialist Daily Worker, found Guevara still fuming over the Soviet betrayal. Alternately puffing on a cigar and taking blasts from an inhaler, Guevara told Russell that if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them off. Russell came away with mixed feelings about Che, calling him 'a warm character whom I took to immediately... clearly a man of great intelligence though I thought he was crackers from the way he went on about the missiles.'"
^ Chronology (1964-66). MISIÓN PERMANENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA DE CUBA ANTE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS. Permanent Missions To The United Nations. Retrieved on 2006-10-09.
^ Montreal Gazette, "Liberals picked the wrong issue". Online, accessed February 26, 2006
‡ Guaracabuya.org, "TERRORISTS CONNECTED TO CUBAN COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT". Online, accessed February 26, 2006
^ Gálvez, William. Che in Africa: Che Guevara's Congo Diary. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1999, p. 28.
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, (editors Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdés), Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara, Cambridge, MA: 1969, p. 350.
‡ Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of Algiers Speech", Online at Sozialistische Klassiker, accessed January 4, 2006.
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, (editors Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdés), Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara, Cambridge, MA: 1969, pp. 352-59.
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of Algiers Speech", Online at Sozialistische Klassiker, accessed January 4, 2006.
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of his Message to the Tricontinental", or see Original Spanish text at Wikisource .
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "Che Guevara's Farewell Letter", 1965. English translation of complete text: Che Guevara's Farewell Letter at Wikisource.
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 628
^ Miná, Gianni. An Encounter with Fidel, Melbourne, 1991: Ocean Press, p 223.
^ Ahmed Ben Bella. "Che as I knew him". Online at Le Monde Diplomatique, accessed June 19, 2006. Heikal's account of Guevara's conversations with Nasser in February and March of 1965 lends further credence to this interpretation. See Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein. The Cairo Documents, pp 347-357.
^ Gálvez, William. Che in Africa: Che Guevara's Congo Diary, Melbourne, 1999: Ocean Press, p 62.
^ Gott, Richard. Cuba: A new history, Yale University Press 2004, p219
^ BBC News,"Profile: Laurent Kabila", 26 May 2001. Online at BBC News, accessed January 5, 2006.
^ African History Blog, "Che Guevara's Exploits in the Congo", Che Guevara's Exploits in the Congo Online at African History, accessed January 5, 2006.
^ Mad Mike Hoare Site, "Mad Mike". Online at Geocities.com, accessed January 5, 2006.
^ Ireland's Own, "From Cuba to Congo, Dream to Disaster for Che Guevara". Onine at irelandsown.net, accessed January 11, 2006.
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, translated from the Spanish by Patrick Camiller, The African Dream, New York: Grove Publishers, 2000, p.1.
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "Che Guevara's Farewell Letter", 1965. English translation of complete text: Che Guevara's Farewell Letter at Wikisource.
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, Apuntes Filosóficos, draft.
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, Notas Económicas, draft.
^ Mittleman, James H. Underdevelopment and the Transition to Socialism - Mozambique and Tanzania, New York: 1981, Academic Press, p. 38
^ Major Donald R. Selvage - USMC, "Che Guevara in Bolivia", 1 April 1985. Online at GlobalSecurity.org, accessed January 5, 2006.
^ Taibo, Paco Ignacio II. Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che, Barcelona, 1999: Editorial Planeta, p 726.
^ U.S. Army, "Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Activation, Organization and Training of the 2d Ranger Battalion – Bolivian Army (28 April 1967)". Online at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/che14_1.htm, accessed June 19, 2006.
^ Ryan, Henry Butterfield. The Fall of Che Guevara : A Story of Soldiers, Spies, and Diplomats, New York, 1998: Oxford University Press, p 82-102, inter alia.
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "Excerpt from Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria: Congo", Online at Cold War International History Project, accessed April 26, 2006.
^ Castañeda, Jorge G. Che Guevara: Compañero, New York: 1998, Random House, pp 107-112; 131-132.
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p.733. "When they were a few feet away, a short, sturdy highland Indian named Sergent Bernardino Huanca broke through the bush and pointed his gun at them. He later claimed Che had told him "Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and worth more to you alive than dead."
^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997.
^ Richard Gott, "Bolivia on the Day of the Death of Che Guevara". Online at Mindfully.org, accessed February 26, 2006
^ El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrado, "Galeria Che Guevara". Online, accessed April 27, 2006
^ Rodriguez, Felix I. and John Weisman. Shadow Warrior/the CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles (Hardcover), New York: 1989, Publisher: Simon & Schuster
^ NewsMax, "Félix Rodríguez:Kerry No Foe of Castro". Online, accessed February 27, 2006
^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "Diario (Bolivia)". Online, accessed February 26, 2006.
^ Major Donald R. Selvage - USMC, "Che Guevara in Bolivia", 1 April 1985. Online at GlobalSecurity.org, accessed January 5, 2006;
^ Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel dit "Benigno". Le Che en Bolivie, Paris: 1997, Éditions du Rocher
^ Carlos Puebla,"Carta al Che". Online, accessed February 26, 2006.
° Carlos Puebla,"Hasta Siempre, Comandante". Online at BBC News, accessed February 26, 2006.
^ ^a ^b U.S. Department of State : Guevara's Death, The Meaning for Latin America p.6. October 12, 1967: Thomas Hughes, the Latin America specialist at the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research providing an interpretive report for Secretary of State Dean Rusk
^ "The Cult of Che". Time Magazine. Friday, May 17, 1968.Online. Accessed October 24, 2006
^ Trento, Angelo. Castro and Cuba : From the revolution to the present". p.64. Arris books. 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The Guardian. "Just a pretty face?" Online. Accessed October 25 2006
^ Michael Moynihan, "Neutering Sartre at Dagens Nyheter". Online at Stockholm Spectator. Accessed February 26, 2006
^ Fidel Castro on Che Guevara : Speech by Fidel Castro was given on October 18, 1967. Online. Ocean Press Pty Ltd website. Accessed October 24, 2006.
^ Samuel Farber, "The Resurrection of Che Guevara", Summer 1998. William Paterson University online, accessed June 18, 2006.
° Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 567. "Once, when he took economist Regino Boti with him to the farm and tested some of the men on their reading comprehension. One man did so badly that Che insulted him, saying: "Well, if you keep studying maybe you'll get to be as smart as an ox in twenty years" and turning on his heel. The poor guajiro was so humiliated he began crying. Boti went back to talk to Che, telling him that he had been wrong to be so harsh, to go back and talk like a man, to lift his spirits again. Such episodes were commonplace."
^ Libertarian Community, "Ernesto "Che" Guevara, 1928-1967". [1]
^ The Killing Machine: Che Guevara, from Communist Firebrand to Capitalist Brand. The Independent Institute. online. Accessed Nov 10, 2006.
^ Hugh Thomas. Cuba : The pursuit of freedom p 1007
^ "Cuba's face". Stanford University Germanic Collections.Online. Accessed October 24, 2006
^ Paquito D'Rivera, "Open letter to Carlos Santana by Paquito D'Rivera in Latin Beat Magazine", 25 March 2005.Find Articles Online, accessed June 18, 2006
^ "Andy Garcia Tells His Cuba Story, at Last". NewsMax.com. Friday, May 5, 2006. Online. Accessed October 24, 2006.
^ Don’t Let This Movie Get Lost Kathryn Jean Lopez. National Review. Accessed October 24, 2006.
^ Stylus Magazine. The Lost City, Movie Review Online. Accessed 26 October 2006.
^ BBC News, "Che Guevara photographer dies", 26 May 2001.Online at BBC News, accessed January 4, 2006.
^ CBC Radio One, "Discussion about Che Guevara". Online, accessed February 26, 2006.
^ Paz, Octavio (1995). Obras Completas 9, Ideas y costumbres I: la letra y el cetro (edición del autor), México: FCE.
°Review of Jon Lee Anderson's Che Guevara, A Revolutionary Life. Bertrand de la Grange. "This shining book, that does not hide the dark side of this icon of the international left." Online, accessed December 21, 2006
°Review of Régis Debray : Alabados sean nuestros señores. Una educación política. "Its picture of the Argentine guerrilla is harder at heart and less friendly. The Che Guevara of these memories is an implacable, cruel man." Online Accessed December 21, 2006
°Castañeda, Jorge (1997). Compañero: vida y muerte del Che Guevara, Vintage.
^ Paul Berman, "The Cult of Che", 24 September, 2004. Slate Online, accessed June 18, 2006.

id="Content_notes"> October 8 is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 5 is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Paquito DRivera is a Cuban-born, internationally-acclaimed, Grammy-winning jazz and classical saxophonistist and clarinetist. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Andy Garcia at the Incirlik hospital, Incirlik Air Base, December 7, 2001 Andy GarcÃa (born April 12, 1956) is a Cuban-American actor. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Loudspeaker. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 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October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 26 is the 330th day (331st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... Western Sahara (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ØµØØ±Ø§Ø¡ Ø§Ù„ØºØ±Ø¨ÙŠØ©; transliterated: al-á¹¢aá¸¥rÄ al-GharbÄ«yah; Spanish: Sahara Occidental) is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. ... View of Oran Oran (population 700,000) (Arabic: , Wahran) is a city in northwest Algeria, situated on the Mediterranean Sea coast. ... King Hassan, pictured late in life. ... Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella (Muhammad Ahmad Bin Balla) (born December 25, 1916, Maghnia, Algeria) was the first President of Algeria, and seen by many as the French colonial period to a Sufi Muslim family. ... Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa za Banga (October 14, 1930 â€“ September 7, 1997), known commonly as Mobutu, or Joseph Mobutu-Sese Seko, born Joseph-DÃ©sirÃ© Mobutu, was the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) for 32 years (1965â€“1997). ... January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 2001. ... Joseph Kabila Kabange (born June 4, 1971), known commonly as Joseph Kabila, became president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo after the assassination of his father Laurent-DÃ©sirÃ© Kabila in January 2001. ... August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ...

References

Printed matter

Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel ("Benigno"). Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y Muerte de la Revolución. Barcelona: Tusquets Editores S.A., 2002. ISBN 84-8310-014-2

Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel dit "Benigno". Le Che en Bolivie. Éditions du Rocher, 1997. ISBN 2-268-02437-7

Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8021-1600-0

Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency. New York: Anchor Books, 2002 (Reprint edition). ISBN 0-385-49908-6

Bravo, Marcos. La Otra Cara Del Che. Bogota, Colombia: Editorial Solar, 2005. “I’d like to confess, papá, at that moment I discovered that I really like killing.” Guevara writing to his father.

Castañeda, Jorge G. Che Guevara: Compañero. New York: Random House, 1998. ISBN 0-679-75940-9

Castro, Fidel (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés). Revolutionary Struggle. 1947-1958. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: MIT Press, 1972. ISBN 0-262-02065-3

Feldman, Allen 2003. Political Terror and the Technologies of Memory: Excuse, Sacrifice, Commodification, and Actuarial Moralities. Radical History Review 85, 58-73.

Escobar, Froilán and Félix Guerra. Che: Sierra adentro (Che: Deep in the Sierra). Havana: Editora Política, 1988.

Fuentes, Norberto. La Autobiografía De Fidel Castro ("The Autobiography of Fidel Castro"). Mexico D.F: Editorial Planeta, 2004. ISBN 84-233-3604-2, ISBN 970-749-001-2

Gálvez, William. Che in Africa: Che Guevara's Congo Diary. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1999. ISBN 1-876175-08-7

George, Edward. The Cuban Intervention In Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara To Cuito Cuanavale. London & Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers, 2005. ISBN 0-415-35015-8

Gliejeses, Piero. Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965, Journal of Latin American Studies, no. 28, London: Cambridge University Press, Spring 1996.

Granado, Alberto. Travelling with Che Guevara - The Making of a Revolutionary. New York: Newmarket Press, 2004, ISBN 1-55704-640-9 (hardcover), ISBN 1-55704-639-5 (pbk.)

Guevara, Ernesto "Che". Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria

Guevara, Ernesto "Che" (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés). Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969. ISBN 0-262-52016-8

Guevara, Ernesto "Che" (editor Waters, Mary Alice). Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War 1956-1958. New York: Pathfinder, 1996. ISBN 0-87348-824-5 (See reference to "El Viscaíno" on page 186).

Guevara, Ernesto "Che", translated from the Spanish by Patrick Camiller. The African Dream, New York: Grove Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0-8021-3834-9

Guevara Lynch, Ernesto. Aquí va un soldado de América. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés Editores, S.A., 2000. ISBN 84-01-01327-5

Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein. The Cairo Documents. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1973. ISBN 0-385-06447-0

Holland, Max. Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy William Pawley and the 1954 Coup d'État in Guatemala in Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005, pp. 36-73.

James, Daniel. Che Guevara: A Biography. New York: Stein and Day, 1969. ISBN 0812813480

James, Daniel. Che Guevara. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8154-1144-8

Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. New York: Macmillan, 1967. ISBN 0684831309

Matos, Huber. Como llegó la Noche ("As night arrived"). Barcelona: Tusquet Editores, SA, 2002. ISBN 84-8310-944-1

Miná, Gianni. An Encounter with Fidel. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1991. ISBN 1-875284-22-2

Morán Arce, Lucas. La revolución cubana, 1953-1959: Una versión rebelde ("The Cuban Revolution, 1953-1959: a rebel version"). Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Universitaria, Universidad Católica, 1980. ISBN B0000EDAW9.

Peña, Emilio Herasme. La Expedición Armada de junio de 1959, Listín Diario, (Dominican Republic), 14 June 2004.

Peredo-Leigue, Guido "Inti". Mi campaña junto al Che, México: Ed. Siglo XXI, 1979. PDF version.

Rodriguez, Félix I. and John Weisman. Shadow Warrior/the CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. ISBN 0-671-66721-1

Rojo del Río, Manuel. La Historia Cambió En La Sierra ("History changed in the Sierra"). 2a Ed. Aumentada (Augmented second edition). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Texto, 1981.

Ros, Enrique 2003. Fidel Castro y El Gatillo Alegre: Sus Años Universitarios (Colección Cuba y Sus Jueces). Miami: Ediciones Universal. ISBN 1-59388-006-5

Ryan, Henry Butterfield. The Fall of Che Guevara : A Story of Soldiers, Spies, and Diplomats. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-511879-0

Taibo, Paco Ignacio II. Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1999. ISBN 84-08-02280-6

Thomas, Hugh. Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, April 1998 (Updated edition). ISBN 0-306-80827-7

Vargas Llosa, Álvaro. The Killing Machine: Che Guevara, from Communist Firebrand to Capitalist Brand in The New Republic

Villegas, Harry "Pombo". Pombo : un hombre de la guerrilla del Che : diario y testimonio inéditos, 1966-1968. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Colihue S.R.L., 1996. ISBN 950-581-667-7

Image File history File links Adobepdfreader7_icon. ... For other uses, see the disambiguation section. ...

Websites

ABC.es. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
African History. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
BBC News. Retrieved on June 19, 2006.
CBC Radio One. Retrieved on June 20, 2006.
Che-Lives (RevolutionaryLeft.com). Retrieved on February 26, 2006.
chessgames.com. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
CIA Biographic Register on Che Guevara. Retrieved on July 12, 2006.
CNC TV. Retrieved on February 26, 2006.
CNN News. Retrieved on March 26, 2006.
Cuba SI. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
Cuban Information Archives(cuban-exile.com). Retrieved on 27 June 2006.
Cuban Aviation. Retrieved on February 26, 2006.
El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrado. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
Ernesto Che Guevara - Ajedrez. Retrieved on June 29, 2006.
Find Articles. Retrieved on June 18, 2006.
Florida International University. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
FrontPage Magazine. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
Granma Internacional Digital. Retrieved on June 26, 2006.
Guaracabuya. Retrieved on February 26, 2006.
History News Network. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
Ireland's OWN: History. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
Latino Studies Resources. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
Le Monde Diplomatique. Retrieved on June 19, 2006.
libertarian community and organising resource. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
Listín Diario. Retrieved on January 4, 2006.
MadMikeHoare.com. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
Mindfully.org. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Czech Republic. Retrieved on June 18, 2006.
National Security Archive at George Washington University. Retrieved on June 19, 2006.
NewsMax. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
Periódico 26, Las Tunas, Cuba. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
Radio Bayamo. Retrieved on February 26, 2006.
Radio Cadena Agramonte. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
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Slate. Retrieved on June 18, 2006.
Sozialistische Klassiker. Retrieved on June 26, 2006.
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The New Humanist. Retrieved on February 26, 2006.
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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved on June 28, 2006.

June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (86th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

Family heritage and early life

Guatemala

Cuba

Disappearance from Cuba

Congo

Expedition

Interlude

Bolivia

Insurgent

Capture and execution

The Bolivian Diary

Legacy and criticisms

Legacy in Cuba

The "Cult of Che"

Timeline

Guevara's published works

See also

Source notes

Content notes

References

Printed matter

Websites

Further reading

External links

Contents

Family heritage and early life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Guatemala

Cuba

Disappearance from Cuba

Congo

Expedition

Interlude

Bolivia

Insurgent

Capture and execution

The Bolivian Diary

Legacy and criticisms

Legacy in Cuba

The "Cult of Che"

Timeline

Guevara's published works

See also

Source notes

Content notes

References

Printed matter

Websites

Further reading

External links

Family heritage and early life