Sir Ernst Boris Chain (June 19, 1906 – August 12, 1979) was a German-born British biochemist, and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin. June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search August 12 is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search This page refers to the year 1979. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ... Jump to: navigation, search Penicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. ...

Chain was born in Berlin. In 1930, he received his degree in chemistry from Friedrich Wilhelm University. After the Nazis came to power, Chain knew that he, being a Jew, would no longer be safe in Germany. He left Germany in 1933 and moved to England. Berlin ( ♫), IPA: , is the capital of Germany and its largest city; down from 4. ... Chemistry (in Greek: χημεία) is the science of matter that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo. ... Alternative meaning: Humboldt State University, located in Arcata, California Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin The Humboldt University of Berlin (German Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) is the successor to Berlins oldest university, the Friedrich Wilhelm University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität), founded in 1810 by the liberal Prussian educational reformer... Jump to: navigation, search Look up Nazi on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

He began working on phospholipids at Cambridge University under the direction of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. In 1935, he accepted a job at Oxford University as a lecturer in pathology. During this time he worked on a range of research topics, including snake venoms, tumour metabolism, lysozymes, and biochemistry techniques. Two schematic representations of a phospholipid. ... REDIRECT [1] ... Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861 - 1947) was an English biochemist. ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Pathology (in ancient Greek pathos = feeling, pain, suffering and logos = discourse or treatise, i. ... This article is about the toxin. ... Tumor (American English) or tumour (British English) originally means swelling, and is sometimes still used with that meaning. ... Lysozyme 3D structure. ... Biochemistry is the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life. ...

In 1939, he partnered with Howard Florey to investigate natural antibacterial agents produced by microorganisms. This led him and Florey to revisit the work of Alexander Fleming, who had described penicillin nine years previously. Chain and Florey went on to discover penicillin's theraputic action and its chemical composition. It was Chain who worked out how to isolate and concentrate penicillin. He also theorized the structure of penicillin, which was confirmed by x-ray crystallography done by Dorothy Hodgkin. For this research, Chain, Florey, and Fleming received the Nobel Prize in 1945. Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey (September 24, 1898 - February 21, 1968) was a pharmacologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the extraction of penicillin. ... Jump to: navigation, search A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ... Jump to: navigation, search Alexander Fleming Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 – March 11, 1955) discovered the antibiotic substance lysozyme and isolated the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum, for which he shared a Nobel Prize. ... Jump to: navigation, search Penicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin OM (May 12, 1910–July 29, 1994) was a British scientist, born Dorothy Mary Crowfoot in Cairo. ...

After World War II, Chain moved to Rome, Italy to work at the Istituto Superiore di Sanita (Superior Institute of Health). He returned to Britain in 1964 as head of the biochemistry department at Imperial College in London. Jump to: navigation, search City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1290 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost... Jump to: navigation, search 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Royal School of Mines Entrance Imperial College London is a college of the University of London which focuses on science and technology, and is located in South Kensington in London. ... Jump to: navigation, search The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ...

After retirement he moved to the west of Ireland. When he was hospitalised for the last time in Castlebar, County Mayo, he reportedly was very impressed with the dedication of the recently qualified doctor who was attending him and said "Future of medicine is safe in your hands". His words seemed prophetic - the doctor in question was Ashoka Jahnavi-Prasad, who introduced sodium valproate as a safer alternative to lithium salt in bipolar disorders. Castlebar (Caisleán an Bharraigh in Irish) is the county town of, and at the centre of, County Mayo, Ireland. ... Jump to: navigation, search County Mayo (Irish: Contae Mhaigh Eo, the plain of the yews) is a county on the west coast of Ireland. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ashoka Jahnavi-Prasad( A.J.Prasad) is a behavioral scientist who was the first to postulate that neuroses have a biological basis. ... Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ... Jump to: navigation, search Lithium salts are chemical salts of lithium used as mood stabilizing drugs (Eskalith® Lithobid® Camcolit®), primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder, depression, and mania; but also in treating schizophrenia. ... Jump to: navigation, search Italic text The artist Edvard Munch, who is now regarded as probably having suffered from bipolar disorder, depicts intense anguish in The Scream Bipolar disorder, originally called manic-depression, is a psychological condition that causes extreme shifts in mood. ...

See also

• List of Jewish scientists and philosophers
• List of British Jews

Jump to: navigation, search List of Jewish scientists and philosophers: Main article: List of Jews. ... Jump to: navigation, search The first Jews arrived in Britain with the Romans but it wasnt until the arrival of William the Conqueror in 1066 that organized Jewish communities first appeared. ...

External links

• A biography at Nobel Museum site
• the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.