Coordinates: 52.734492° N 10.220214° E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

The destruction of the rear passenger cars.

The Eschede train disaster was the world's worst high-speed train disaster. It happened on 3 June 1998, near the village of Eschede in the district of Celle, Lower Saxony, Germany. The toll of 101 dead and 88 injured surpassed the 1971 Dahlerau train disaster as the deadliest accident in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany. Image File history File linksMetadata Ice_eschede_1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Ice_eschede_1. ... French designed Eurostar and Thalys TGVs side-by-side in the Paris-Gare du Nord. ... June 3 is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Eschede is a village and a municipality in the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Celle is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... With an area of 47,618 km and nearly eight million inhabitants, Lower Saxony (German Niedersachsen) lies in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the countrys sixteen Bundesl nder (federal states). ... Dahlerau station at the time of the accident Accident site, showing the destroyed first car of the passenger train The Dahlerau train disaster was a severe railway accident that took place on May 27, 1971 in Dahlerau, a small town belonging to Radevormwald in then-West Germany, in which a...

Chronology

The InterCityExpress high-speed train "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" number 884wqd was on the route from Munich to Hamburg. After stopping in Hanover at 10:30 am, the train continued its journey northwards. Six kilometres south of Eschede, near Celle, the rim of a wheel on the third axle of the first car broke, peeled away from the wheel, and punctured the floor of the car, where it remained embedded. ICE 1 powerhead The InterCityExpress or ICE (German pronunciation: ) is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany and its neighbouring countries. ... French designed Eurostar and Thalys TGVs side-by-side in the Paris-Gare du Nord. ... Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (in English: William Conrad Roentgen) (March 27, 1845 – February 10, 1923) was a German physicist, of the University of Würzburg, who, on November 8, 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as x-rays or Röntgen Rays, an achievement... For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ... Location Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE6 First Mayor Ole von Beust (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  755 km² (292 sq mi) Population 1,754,317 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 2,324 /km² (6,018... Hanover (German: , IPA: ), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ...

What followed was a chain of events that unfolded in minutes and yet would later take investigators months to piece together. The peeled away rim was observed by one of the passengers in his cabin. Instead of pulling the emergency brake, he went to inform a conductor. The conductor, also noticing vibrations of the train, was going to check it when the train arrived at the place of the disaster.

As the train passed over the first of two track switches, the embedded wheel rim slammed against the guide rail of the switch, pulling it from the railway ties. This steering rail also penetrated the floor of the car [known in North American railroading as a "snakehead"] and became embedded there, lifting the axle carriage off the rails. At 10:59, one of the now derailed wheels struck the points lever of the second switch, changing its setting. The rear axles of car number 3 were switched onto a parallel track, and the entire car was thereby thrown into the piers supporting a 300-tonne roadway overpass, destroying them. A railroad switch is a mechanical installation enabling trains to be guided from one set of rail tracks (or tramway tracks) to another. ... For the type of foundation, see Deep foundation. ... A tonne or metric ton (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ... A log bridge in the French Alps near Vallorcine. ...

Car number 4, likewise derailed by the violent deviation of car number 3 and still travelling at 200 km/h (125 mph), passed intact under the bridge and rolled onto the embankment immediately behind it. Three DB railway workers who had been working near the bridge were killed instantly when the derailed car crushed them. The tearing of the wagon hitches caused automatic brakes to engage and the mostly undamaged cars 1 to 3 (as well as the front locomotive) came to a halt at the Eschede train station, some three kilometers (two miles) down the track. As the second half of car number 5 passed under the bridge, the bridge collapsed and fell on the car, flattening it completely. The remaining cars jackknifed into the rubble in a zig-zag pattern as the collapsed bridge had completely obstructed the track: Cars 6 and 7, the service car, the restaurant car, the three first class cars numbered 10 to 12, and the rear locomotive all derailed and slammed into the pile. The resulting mess was likened to a partially collapsed folding ruler. An automobile was also found in the wreckage. It belonged to the three railway technicians and was probably standing on the bridge before the accident. Germanys main train operator, the Deutsche Bahn AG (German Railway Corporation, also known as DB or DBAG) provides passenger and freight service via federally owned tracks. ... For the type of ferns known as brakes, see brake (fern). ...

The train driver did not notice the trailer loss itself; instead he was interpreting the automatic brakes and missing control lamps as an electric error. While checking on standard procedures for this case in the power head, the station manager informed him of the situation ("You passed through alone! You're derailed!") The driver fell into a seat in shock and was unable to leave the power head for hours. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ...

The crash made a sound that witnesses later described as "startling", "horribly loud", and "like a plane crash". Nearby residents, alerted by the sound, were the first to arrive at the scene. At 11:02, the local police declared an emergency; at 11:07, as the magnitude of the disaster quickly became apparent, this was elevated to "major emergency" and at 12:30 the Celle district government declared "catastrophe emergency" (civil state of emergency). More than 1000 rescue workers from the regional emergency services, fire departments, rescue services, police and army were dispatched. Some 37 emergency physicians, who happened to be attending a professional conference in nearby Hanover, also gave their assistance in the early hours of the rescue effort, as did units of the British Army of the Rhine. // Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline dealing of with and avoiding risks. ... Celle is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... For other uses, see Disaster (disambiguation). ... A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hanover (German: , IPA: ), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ...

While many passengers and the driver survived in the front part of the train, there was almost no chance of survival in the rear carriages, which crashed into the concrete bridge pile at 200 km/h. Including the three railway workers who had been standing under the bridge, 101 people died. ICE 787 was passing the bridge in the opposite direction (on route from Hamburg to Hannover) only two minutes earlier.

Accident statistics

• Total number of passengers: 287 (ICE-1 max. is 651)
• dead: 101
• severely injured: 88
• unharmed: 106

Causative factors

Wheel design

The first generation ICE (ICE 1) trains were equipped with single-cast wheels, known as "monoblock" wheels. Once in service it soon became apparent that this design could, as a result of metal fatigue and out-of-round conditions, lead to resonation and vibration at cruising speed. Passengers noticed this particularly in the restaurant car, where there were reports of loud vibrations in the dinnerware and of glasses "creeping" across tables. The Class 401 EMUs, better known as ICE 1, were the first german high-speed trains in revenue service. ... This article is about a computer game. ... This article is about resonance in physics. ... Oscillation is the variation, typically in time, of some measure as seen, for example, in a swinging pendulum. ... Some dishware Dishware is a general term for objects—dishes—from which people eat or serve food, such as plates and bowls. ...

In trying to solve the problem, engineers decided that the suspension of ICE cars could be improved with the use of a rubber damping ring between a metal wheel rim and the wheel body. A similar design had been employed successfully in streetcars, though at significantly lower speeds. This new rim, dubbed a "wheel-tire" design, consisted of a wheel body surrounded by a 20 mm thick rubber damper and then a relatively thin metal wear rim. The new design was not tested at high speed before it was commissioned and brought into service, but proved successful at resolving the issue of vibration at cruising speeds. Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The front suspension components of a Ford Model T. Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. ... Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky colloidal suspension (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants. ...

At this point in time, no facilities existed in Germany to physically test the failure limit of a wheel and so complete prototypes were never actually tested. The design and specification relied heavily on available materials data and theory. Very few laboratory and rail tests were carried out, and the few that were did not measure wheel behaviour under extended wear conditions or outside of cruising speeds. Nevertheless, over a period of years the wheels proved themselves apparently reliable and, until the accident, had not posed any major problems. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with prototyping. ... Specification may refer to several different concepts: Specification (standards) refers to specific standards Specificatio - a legal concept Specification (regression) refers to the practice of translating theory into a regression model Category: ... The Materials Science Tetrahedron, which often also includes Characterization at the center Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. ...

The Fraunhofer Institute was charged with the task of determining the cause of the accident. It was later revealed that the institute had told the DB management as early as 1992 about its concerns vis-à-vis possible metal wheel rim failure. In the months leading up to the accident, the Hanover transit authority reported that the metal wheel rims employed in its trains were failing far earlier than expected based on the failure limit estimates; it unilaterally decided to replace the wheels much earlier than was legally required by the specification. In doing so, it reported its findings in a warning to all other users of wheels built following similar designs, including the German Federal Railway. The Fraunhofer Society (German Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) is a German research organization named after the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer, with 58 institutes spread over Germany each focusing on different fields of applied science, as opposed to the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, which works mostly on basic science. ... Hanover (German: , IPA: ), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ...

It was soon apparent that dynamic, repetitive forces had not been accounted for in the statistical failure modelling done during the design phase, and the resulting design lacked an adequate margin of safety. The following factors, overlooked during design, were noted: A graph of a normal bell curve showing statistics used in educational assessment and comparing various grading methods. ... A mathematical model is an abstract model that uses mathematical language to describe the behaviour of a system. ... Factor of safety (FoS) can mean either the fraction of structural capability over that required, or a multiplier applied to the maximum expected load (force, torque, bending moment or a combination) to which a component or assembly will be subjected. ...

1. The metal wheel rims are flattened into an ellipsoid as the wheel turns through each revolution (approximately 500,000 times during a typical day in service on an ICE train), with corresponding fatigue effects.
2. In contrast to the monoblock wheel design, cracks can also form on the inside of the metal wheel rim.
3. As the metal rim gets thinner due to wear, the dynamic forces are exaggerated and the microfine cracks become larger.
4. Flat spots and ridges or swells in the rim surface dramatically increase the dynamic forces on the assembly and greatly accelerate wear.

"Wheel-tire" designs are no longer used in Germany.

Failure to stop train

By failing to stop the train, the wheel disintegration resulted in a catastrophic chain of events. Had the train been stopped immediately it is unlikely that the subsequent events would have occurred.

Conventionally, railways apply a stop and examine policy when there is strange behaviour or noises from a train. However, this was not the case aboard the ICE. Valuable time was lost when a passenger tried to warn the train crew about a large piece of metal coming up through the floor, instead of pulling the emergency brake himself. The train manager refused to stop the train until he had investigated the problem himself, saying this was company policy. This decision was upheld in court, clearing the train manager of all charges. The Stop and Examine rule on railways allows, if not requires, train crew to stop a train if they hear strange sounds or vibrations. ...

Other factors

The design of the overbridge may have also contributed to the accident because it had two thin piers holding up the bridge on either side, instead of the spans going from solid abutments to solid abutments. The Granville train disaster of 1977 had a similar weakness in its bridge. The bridge built after the disaster is a cantilevered design and does not suffer this deficiency. On January 18, 1977, Australia experienced its worst ever railway disaster at Granville, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Another contributing factor is the use of welds in the carriage bodies that "unzipped" during the crash (see Modern Railways December 2004, p16). Modern Railways is a monthly magazine covering the rail industry published by Ian Allan. ...

Consequences

Memorial site next to the bridge, with the railway line in the background

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 206 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 206 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Legal

In August 2002, two Deutsche Bahn officials and one engineer were charged with manslaughter. The trial lasted for 53 days with expert witnesses from around the world blaming each other for wrong approaches and bad results. The case was dismissed in April 2003 on condition of a fine being paid. Germanys main train operator, the Deutsche Bahn AG (German Railway Corporation, also known as DB or DBAG) provides passenger and freight service via federally owned tracks. ...

Technical

Within weeks, all wheels of similar design were replaced with monobloc wheels. The entire German railway network was checked for similar arrangements of switches close to possible obstacles.

Rescue workers at the crash site experienced considerable difficulties in cutting their way through the train to gain access to the victims. Both the aluminium framework and the pressure-proof windows offered unexpected resistance to heavy rescue equipment. As a result, all trains were refitted with some windows that have predetermined breaking points. General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ...

See also

• List of rail disasters
• 2006 Lathen maglev train accident - high speed crash in Germany

Notable historic train accidents: 1830s September 15, 1830 – England: William Huskisson becomes first ever passenger train death. ... The 2006 Lathen maglev train accident occurred on September 22, 2006 when a Transrapid magnetic levitation (or maglev) train collided with a maintenance vehicle near Lathen, Germany, killing at least 23 people. ...

External links

• The Eschede Reports
• The ICE/ICT pages
• ICE Train Accident in Eschede - Recent News Summary
• Eschede Website (German)