Eugen Warming

Johannes Eugenius Bülow Warming (November 3, 1841 - April 2, 1924) was a Danish botanist and founder of the scientific discipline of ecology. Warming wrote the first textbook (1895) on plant ecology, taught the first university course in ecology and gave the concept its meaning and content. “If one individual can be singled out to be honoured as the founder of ecology, Warming should gain precedence” (Goodland 1975). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The word ecology is often used in common parlance as a synonym for the natural environment or environmentalism. ...

Warming wrote a number of textbooks on botany, plant geography and ecology, which were translated to several languages and were immensely influential at their time and later. Most important were Plantesamfund and Haandbog i den systematiske Botanik. Plantesamfund - Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi, published in Danish in 1895 by Eugen Warming, and in English in 1909 as Oecology of Plants: An Introduction to the Study of Plant Communities, by Warming and Martin Vahl, was the first book to be published having the word ecology in its...

Life

Warming was born on the small Wadden Sea island of Mandø as the only child of Jens Warming (1797-1844), parish minister, and Anna Marie von Bülow af Plüskow (1801-1863). After the early death of his father, he moved with his mother to her brother i Vejle in eastern Jutland. He attended highschool at Ribe Katedralskole and commenced 1859 studies of natural history at the University of Copenhagen, but left university for three-and-a-half year (1863-1866) to act as secretary for the Danish palaeontologist Peter Wilhelm Lund, who lived and worked in Lagoa Santa, Brasil. He finished his Dr.Phil. in 1871. He was passed over when the professorship in botany became vacant with the death of A.S. Ørsted. He then was a docent of botany at the University of Copenhagen and Polyteknisk Læreanstalt 1873-1882. He became professor in botany at Stockholms högskola (later Stockholm University) 1882-1885. In 1885, he became professor in botany at the University of Copenhagen and director of the Copenhagen Botanical Garden and held these positions until his retirement in 1911. Satellite image of the southwestern part of the Wadden Sea. ... Mandø is a Danish island in the Wadden Sea. ... Vejle as seen from Vejle Fjord Bridge Vejle – in IPA: – town in Denmark and site of the council of both Vejle municipality (kommune) and Vejle County (amt), located in southeast of Jutland peninsula. ... Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: Jütland; Frisian Jutlân; Low German Jötlann) is the western, continental part of Denmark as well as one of the three historical Lands of Denmark, dividing the North Sea from the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. ... Ribe (German: Ripen) is the name of the oldest town of Denmark. ... The University of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Universitet) is the oldest and largest university and research institution in Copenhagen, Denmark. ... A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ... Peter Wilhelm Lund (1801 – 1880) was a Danish zoologist and paleontologist. ... Lagoa Santa is a small city and municipality in southeast Goiás state, Brazil. ... Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ... Anders Sandoe Oersted, also as Anders Sandø Ørsted, Anders Sandö Örsted (21 June 1816 - 3 September 1872) was a Danish botanist, nephew of the politician Anders Sandøe Ørsted. ... The University of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Universitet) is the oldest and largest university and research institution in Copenhagen, Denmark. ... The Technical University of Denmark (Danish: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, DTU) was founded in 1829 as the College of Advanced Technology (Danish: Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt). ... Stockholm University (Stockholms universitet) is a state university in Stockholm, Sweden. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The University of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Universitet) is the oldest and largest university and research institution in Copenhagen, Denmark. ... The University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden (Danish: Botanisk have) is a botanical garden lying near the center of Copenhagen, Denmark. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

He married Johanne Margrethe Jespersen (known as Hanne Warming; 1850-1922). They had eight children: Marie (1872-1947) married C.V. Prytz, Jens Warming (1873-1939), who became a professor in economy and statistics at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College, Fro (1875-1880), Povl (1877-1878), Svend Warming (1879-1982), engineer at Burmeister & Wain shipyard, Inge (1879-1893), Johannes (1882-1970), farmer, and Louise (1884-1964). The faculty previously known as the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University is located in Frederiksberg, Denmark and was established in 1856. ... The MAN B&W Diesel Group is a supplier of large diesel engines for marine propulsion systems, stationary power supply and rail traction. ...

Eugen Warming was president for the ‘Association internationale des botanistes‘ (1913) and member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Honorary fellow of the Royal Society in London. Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (Danish: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab) is a Danish non-governmental science Academy, founded November 13, 1742 by permission of the King Christian VI, as a historical Collegium Antiquitatum. ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ...

External link: Ancestors and descendents [1]

'Plantesamfund' or 'Oecology of Plants'

The book 'Plantesamfund' was based on Warming’s lectures on plant geography at the University of Copenhagen. It gives an introduction to all major biomes of the world. Warming’s aim, and his major lasting impact on the development of ecology, was to explain how nature solved similar problems (drought, flooding, cold, salt, herbivory etc.) in similar way, despite using very different ‘raw material’ (species of different decent) in different regions of the world. This was a remarkably modern view – completely different from the merely descriptive floristic plant geography prevailing at his time. Plantesamfund - Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi, published in Danish in 1895 by Eugen Warming, and in English in 1909 as Oecology of Plants: An Introduction to the Study of Plant Communities, by Warming and Martin Vahl, was the first book to be published having the word ecology in its... The University of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Universitet) is the oldest and largest university and research institution in Copenhagen, Denmark. ...

• Warming, E. (1895) Plantesamfund - Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi. P.G. Philipsens Forlag, Kjøbenhavn. 335 pp.

The book was translated to German in 1896 as Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ...

• Lehrbuch der ökologischen Pflanzengeographie - Eine Einführung in die Kenntnis der Pflanzenverenie by Emil Knoblauch. Berlin, Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1896. 412 pp.

This edition, which was approved by Warming, rapidly ran out of print. A second, unauthorized, edition was issued in 1902 by Paul Graebner, who put his own name after Warming’s on the book’s frontispiece, despite no changes to the contents (Goodland 1975). This edition was expanded in third and fourth editions:

• Warming, E. & Graebner, P. (1918) Eug. Warming's Lehrbuch der ökologischen Pflanzengeographie, 3 ed. Berlin, Gebrüder Borntrager. Fourth edn (1933) - 1158 pp.

A Polish translation of ’Plantesamfund’ (from Knoblauch’s German translation) appeared in 1900: Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ...

• Warming, E. (1900) Zbiorowiska Roślinne zarys ekologicznej geografii roślin by Edward Strumpf and Jósef Trzebiński. Warszawa, 1900. 451 pp.

Two independent Russian (Moscow and St. Petersburg) editions appeared in 1901 and 1903 For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...

• Вармингъ, Е. (1901) Ойкологическая географія растеній – Введеніе въ изученіе растительныхъ сообществъ by M. Golenkin and W. Arnol'di. Moskva, 542 pp. Full text link [2]
• Вармингъ, Е. (1903) Распредъленіе растений въ зависимости отъ внъшнихъ условій - Экологическая географія растеній by A. G. Henkel' and with a treatise of the vegetation of Russia by G. I. Tanfil'ev. St. Petersburg, 474 pp.

An extended and translated edition in English first apperead in 1909:

• Warming, E. with M. Vahl (1909) Oecology of Plants - an introduction to the study of plant-communitiesby P. Groom and I. B. Balfour. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 422 pp. (2nd edn 1925).

The German ecologist A. F. W. Schimper published ”Pflanzengeographie auf physiologisher Grundlage” in 1898. Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour (March 31, 1853 - November 30, 1922) was a Scottish botanist. ... Andreas Schimper Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper May 12, 1856 Strassburg, Germany - September 9, 1901 Basle, Switzerland was a botanist and phytogeographer who made major contributions in the fields of histology, ecology and plant geography. ...

"This work not only covered much of the same ground as Warming did in 1895 and 1896 but in fact also leaned heavily on Warming’s research. Schimper (1898) quoted extensively from more than fifteen of Warming’s works and even reproduced Warming’s figures. Yet nowhere did Schimper acknowledge his profound debt to Warming, neither in the list of picture credits, nor in the acknowledgements section of the Vorwort, nor in his list of major sources, and not even in a footnote! ... Although replete with Warming’s data, it contains few ideas and did not advance ecology beyond what Warming had done earlier.” (Goodland 1975)

Haandbog i den systematiske Botanik

Warming, E. (1878) Haandbog i den systematiske Botanik (nærmest til Brug for Universitets-Studerende og Lærere). København. (2nd edn 1884; 3rd ed with Algae by N. Wille and fungi by E. Rostrup 1891). German edn 1890: Handbuch der systematischen Botanik by E. Knoblauch (2nd edn 1902, 3rd edn 1911, 4th edn 1929 all by M. Möbius). Russian edn 1893: Систематика растеній (from the 3rd Danish edn by S. Rostovzev and M. Golenkin; 2nd edn 1898). English edn 1895: A handbook of systematic botany (by M.C. Potter; several editions, latest 1932). The section on seed plants was later expanded and issue as

• Warming Eug. (1912) Frøplanterne (Spermatofyter). Kjøbenhavn, Gyldendalske Boghandel/Nordisk Forlag. 467 pp. (2nd edn 1933).

Warming Eug. Den almindelige Botanik: En Lærebog, nærmest til Brug for Studerende og Lærere. Kjøbenhavn, 1880. (2rd edn 1886; 3rd edn by Warming and Wilhelm Johannsen 1895; 4th edn by Warming and Johannsen 1900-01). Swedish edn 1882: Lärobok i allmän botanik (by Axel N. Lundström). German edn 1907-09: Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Botanik (from the 4th edn, by E. P. Meinecke). Berlin, Borntraeger. 667 pp. Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen (February 3, 1857 - November 11, 1927) was a Danish botanist. ... Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen (February 3, 1857 - November 11, 1927) was a Danish botanist. ...

Warming Eug. (1900) Plantelivet: Lærebog i Botanik for Skoler og Seminarier. København. (2nd edn 1902; 3rd edn 1905; 4th edn by C. Raunkiær and Warming 1908). English edn 1911: Plant Life - A Text-book of Botany for Schools and Colleges (from the 4th edn by M.M. Rehling and E.M. Thomas). London. Russian edn 1904: Растение и его жизнь (Началный учебник ботаники). (from the 2nd edn by L.M. Krečotovič and M. Golenkin). Moskva. Christen C. Raunkiær was a botanist, best known for his system of botanical life-forms, the Raunkiær system, a categorisation of plants based on the position of the wintering buds, described in Raunkiær (1934), The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography, published by Oxford University...

These works show Warming as a skillful and dedicated pedagog, whose presentation of the subject was useful far beyond his lecture theatre in Copenhagen. For other uses, see Copenhagen (disambiguation). ...

Further scientific works of Warming

Lagoa Santa

His early experience with vegetation in a tropical region was decisive for his future work. His collections from Lagoa Santa, 2600 plant species, of which some 370 turned out to be new to scinece (Goodland 1975), were treated in a monumental 40-volume and 1400-page work, Symbolæ ad Floram Brasiliæ centralis cognoscendam. For this work, Warming farmed out plant families to more than fifty plant taxonomists around Europe.

• Symbolæ ad Floram Brasiliæ centralis cognoscendam, particulæ 1-10, 1873
• Symbolæ 11-20, 1875
• Symbolæ 21-30, 1886
• Symbolæ 31-40, 1893
• Symbolæ 31-40, 1893.

They were all published as volumes in the series ’Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn’.

Having finished the taxonomical work, Warming finally published his ecological study of plant communities in the Lagoa Santa area, with cerrado as the main vegetation type. Lagoa Santa is a small city and municipality in southeast Goiás state, Brazil. ... The cerrado (Portuguese: thick, dense) is a vast area of savanna-like grasslands in Brazil. ...

Warming, E. (1892) Lagoa Santa: Et Bidrag til den biologiske Plantegeografi med en Fortegnelse over Lagoa Santas Hvirveldyr. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter - Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, 6. Rk. vol. 6 (3): 153-488.

Warming issued a lengthy summary in French (1893): Lagoa Santa – Étude de Geographie Botanique. Revue Générale de Botanique 5: 145-158, 209-233. Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Portuguese translation: Warming, Eugenio Lagoa Santa: Contribuição para a geographia phytobiologica, by Alberto Löfgren Belo Horizonte, 1908. This edition was augmented by the Brazilian ecologist M.G. Ferri with more recent research on the cerrado system and reissued as: Warming, E. & Ferri, M.G. (1973) Lagoa Santa – a vegetação de cerrados brasileiros. University of São Paulo. The cerrado (Portuguese: thick, dense) is a vast area of savanna-like grasslands in Brazil. ...

Life forms

Warming, E. (1884) Om Skudbygning, Overvintring og Foryngelse [On shoot architecture, perennation and rejuvenation]. Naturhistorisk Forenings Festskrift: 1-105. Warming, E. (1908) Om planterigets livsformer [On the life forms in the vegetable kingdom]. G.E.C. Gad, København. These works may be seen as precursors of the life-form scheme of Warming’s pupil C. Raunkiær. However, Warming’s scheme was more complicated, taking other environmental factors than wintering into account, especially water/drought stress. Warming did not approve of what he saw as over-simplification in Raunkiær’s scheme. Raunkiær in 1896 Christen Christensen Raunkiær (March 29, 1860 – March 11, 1938) was a Danish botanist, who was a pioneer of plant ecology. ... Raunkiær in 1896 Christen Christensen Raunkiær (March 29, 1860 – March 11, 1938) was a Danish botanist, who was a pioneer of plant ecology. ...

Structure and biology of arctic flowering plants

Warming, E. ed. (1908-1921) The structure and biology of Arctic flowering plants.

• Meddelelser om Grønland, 36,
  • Warming, E. (1908) 1. Ericinæ (Ericaceae, Pirolaceae). 1. Morphology and biology, p. 1-71.
  • Petersen, H. E. (1908) 1. Ericinæ (Ericaceae, Pirolaceae). 2. The biological anatomy of them leaves and stems, p. 73-138.
  • Petersen, H.E. (1908) 2. Diapensiaceae. Diapensia lapponica, p. 139-154.
  • Mentz, A. (1909) 3. Empetraceae. Empetrum nigrum, p. 155-167.
  • Warming, E. (1909) 4. Saxifragaceae. 1. Morphology and biology, p. 169-236.
  • Galløe, O. (1909) 4. Saxifragaceae. 2. The biolocical leaf-anatomy of the Arctic species of Saxifraga, p. 237-294.
  • Seidelin, A. (1909) 5. Hippuridaceae, Halorrhagidaceae and Callitrichaceae, p. 295-332.
  • Jessen, K. (1909) 6. Ranunculaceae, p. 334-440.
  • Heide, F. (1909) 7. Lentibulariaceae, 441-481.
• Meddelelser om Grønland, 37,
  • Jessen, K. (1913) 8. Rosaceæ, p. 1-126.
  • Olsen, C. (1914) 9. Cornaceae, p. 127-150.
  • Hagerup, O. (1915) 10. Caprifoliaceae. Linnaea borealis L., p. 151-164.
  • Mathiesen, F.J. (1916) 11. Primulaceae, p. 165-220.
  • Warming, E. (1920) 13. Caryophyllaceæ, p. 229-342.
  • Porsild, M.P. (1920) 14. Liliales, p. 343-358.
  • Mathiesen, F.J. (1921) 15. Scrophulariaceae, 359-507.

Meddelelser om Grønland was a Danish scientific periodical issued by the Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland. ... Genera See text The plant Family Ericaceae (Heath Family) or ericaceous plants are mostly lime-hating or calcifuge plants that thrive in acid soils. ... Genera Chimaphila Moneses Orthilia Pyrola The Pyrolaceae is a small family of plants, closely related to the heather family Ericaceae, and included in it by some botanists. ... Genera See text The plant Family Ericaceae (Heath Family) or ericaceous plants are mostly lime-hating or calcifuge plants that thrive in acid soils. ... Genera Chimaphila Moneses Orthilia Pyrola The Pyrolaceae is a small family of plants, closely related to the heather family Ericaceae, and included in it by some botanists. ... Genera Berneuxia Decne. ... Genera See text The plant Family Ericaceae (Heath Family) or ericaceous plants are mostly lime-hating or calcifuge plants that thrive in acid soils. ... Species Empetrum nigrum Empetrum eamesii The crowberries (Empetrum L.) are a small genus of dwarf evergreen shrubs that bear edible fruits. ... Genera many, see text Saxifragaceae is a plant family with about 460 known species in 36 genera. ... Genera many, see text Saxifragaceae is a plant family with about 460 known species in 36 genera. ... Species Hippuris montana Hippuris tetraphylla Hippuris vulgaris Hippuridaceae is the Mares tail family. ... genera see text Haloragacea is a family in the order of Saxifragales, of dicotyledon flowering plants. ... Species    C. fassetti    C. hermaphroditica        Synonym    C. heterophylla        Synonym    C. intermedia    C. longipedunculata    C. marginata        Synonym    C. palustris        Synonym    C. pedunculosa        Synonym    C. peploides    C. stagnalis    C. terrestris        Synonym    C. trochlearis Callitriche is the only genus in the family Callitrichaceae. ... genera see text Ranunculaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. ... Genera Genlisea Pinguicula Utricularia Lentibulariaceae is a family of carnivorous plants containing three genera: Genlisea, the corkscrew plants, Pinguicula, the butterworts, and Utricularia, the bladderworts. ... Meddelelser om Grønland was a Danish scientific periodical issued by the Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland. ... Global distribution of Rosaceae Subfamilies Rosoideae Spiraeoideae Maloideae Amygdaloideae or Prunoideae The Rosaceae or rose family is a large family of plants, with about 3,000-4,000 species in 100-120 genera. ... Carsten Erik Olsen (March 1, 1891 – August 19, 1974) was a Danish plant ecologist and plant physiologist, who pioneered the study of plant nutrition in soils of different pH. He was born in Copenhagen and began studies of botany at the University of Copenhagen in 1910, at first with professor... Genera Cornaceae sensu stricto     Cornus -- dogwood Nyssaceae     (Nyssa -- tupelo)     (Camptotheca -- happy tree)     (Davidia -- dove tree) The Dogwood family (Cornaceae) is a widespread family, mostly in the north temperate zone, in the order Cornales. ... Genera See text. ... Binomial name Linnaea borealis L. Twinflower (sometimes written twin flower, scientific name Linnaea borealis) is a woodland subshrub, treated either in the family Caprifoliaceae, or sometimes in its own family Linnaeaceae. ... Genera See text Primulaceae is a family of flowering plants with about 24 genera, including some favorite garden plants and wildflowers. ... Genera See text The Caryophyllaceae, the Pink or Carnation family, are a family of dicotyledons, flowering plants, included in the order Caryophyllales. ... genera see text Tofieldiaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. ... Genera See text. ...

Iceland and Faroe Islands

Rosenvinge, L. Kolderup & Warning, E. (eds) (1912-1945) The Botany of Iceland, vol. 1-3. Copenhagen, J. Frimodt. 675, 607 and 547 pp. Warming, E. (1901) Botany of the Faeroes (based upon Danish investigations), vol. I-III. London.

His favourite plant family - Podostemaceae

Warming, E (1881-1899) Familien Podostemaceae - Etudes sur la famille des Podostemacees. Genera Angolaea Apinagia Butumia Castelnavia Ceratolacis Cladopus Cipoia Crenias Crenias Dalzellia Devillea Diamantina Dicraeanthus Diplobryum Djinga Endocaulos Farmeria Hydrobryopsis Hydrobryum Indotristicha Jenmaniella Lawia Ledermanniella Leiothylax Letestuella Lonchostephus Lophogyne Macrarenia Macropodiella Malaccotristicha Marathrum Monostylis Mourera Oserya Paleodicraeia Podostemum Polypleurella Polypleurum Rhyncholacis Saxicolella Sphaerothylax Stonesia Thelethylax Torrenticola Tristicha Tulasneantha Weddellina Willisia Winklerella...

• I. 1881 Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter - Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, 6. Rk., vol. II (1)
• II. 1882. Kong. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Skr. – Naturv. Math. Afd., 6. Rk., vol. II. (3)
• III. 1888 Kong. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Skr. – Naturv. Math. Afd., 6. Rk., vol. IV (8)
• IV. 1891. Kong. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Skr. – Naturv. Math. Afd., 6. Rk., vol. VII (4)
• V. 1899. Kong. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Skr. – Naturv. Math. Afd., 6. Rk., vol. IX (2)
• VI. 1901. Kong. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Skr. – Naturv. Math. Afd., 6. Rk., vol. XI (1)

Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (Danish: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab) is a Danish non-governmental science Academy, founded November 13, 1742 by permission of the King Christian VI, as a historical Collegium Antiquitatum. ...

Vegetation of Denmark

• Warming, E. 1906. Dansk Plantevækst. 1. Strandvegetationen. - Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag. [beach vegetation]
• Warming, E. 1909. Dansk Plantevækst. 2. Klitterne. - Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag. [dunes]
• Warming, E. 1917. Dansk Plantevækst. 3. Skovene. - Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag. [forests]

Warming’s influence

It was Eugenius Warming's Lehrbuch der ökologischen Pflanzengeographie that must be considered as the starting point of self-conscious ecology. This book was the first to use physiological relations between plants and their environment, and in addition biotic interactions to explain the moulding of the assemblages that plant geographers had described and classified, and it would set up a research agenda for decades to come. Jax (2001)

Despite the language barrier, Warming’s influence on the development of ecology is remarkable, not the least in Britain and the USA. The British ecologist Arthur Tansley was extremely influenced by reading ’Plantesamfund’ (or rather the 1896 German edition). Reading the book made him jump from anatomy to ecology (Goodland 1975). Sir Arthur George Tansley (1871 - 1955) was an English botanist who was a pioneer in the science of plant ecology. ...

The German translation was widely read in England and America and played an important part in stimulating fieldwork in both, countries. It certainly did in my own case: I well remember working through it with enthusiasm in 1898 and going out into the field to see how far one could match the plant communities Warming had described for Denmark in the English countryside; and I also made the book the basis of a course of University Extension lectures at Toynbee Hall in 1899. (Tansley 1947) Sir Arthur George Tansley (1871 - 1955) was an English botanist who was a pioneer in the science of plant ecology. ...

Similarly, Warming's book impregnated North American naturalists like Henry Chandler Cowles and Frederic Clements (Coleman 1986). Cowles appear to have been completely taken: Henry Chandler Cowles (February 27, 1869 - September 12, 1939) was an American ecological pioneer. ... Frederic Edward Clements (1874–1945) was an American plant ecologist and pioneer in the study of vegetation succession. ...

Charles J. Chamberlain, who attended Coulter’s lectures as a student and later joined the University of Chicago faculty, recalled in a memoir that ‘none of us could read Danish except a Danish student, who would translate a couple of chapters, and the next day Coulter would give a wonderful lecture on Ecology ... Cowles, with his superior knowledge of taxonomy and geology, understood more than the rest of us, and became so interested that he studied Danish and, long before any translation appeared, could read the book in the original ... The treatment of such sand dunes as Warming knew, started Henry on his study of the comparatively immense moving dunes south of the University (Cassidy 2007).

Warming’s influence on later Scandinavian ecology was immense. Especially significant was his inspiration to Christen Raunkiær – his pupil and successor on the chair of botany at the University of Copenhagen. Raunkiær in 1896 Christen Christensen Raunkiær (March 29, 1860 – March 11, 1938) was a Danish botanist, who was a pioneer of plant ecology. ... The University of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Universitet) is the oldest and largest university and research institution in Copenhagen, Denmark. ...

Miscellaneous

The standard botanical author abbreviation Warm. is applied to species he described. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The Orchid genus Warmingia and dozens of species has been named to his honour.

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais has organized a series of 'Eugen Warming lectures in Evolutionary Ecology' since 1994. The Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais or UFMG) is a public university (and therefore it does not charge any tuition for the enrolled students) located in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. ...

References

• Obituary in Nature, 113, 683-684 (1924) by William G. Smith
• Obituary in Botanisk Tidsskrift, 39, 1-56 (1924) by L. K. Rosenvinge, Carl Christensen, C. H. Ostenfeld, A. Mentz, C. Flahault, O. Juel, C. Schröter and A.G. Tansley.
• Christensen, C. (1924-26) Den danske botaniks historie, med tilhørende bibliografi. I. Den danske botaniks historie fra de ældste tider til 1912. II. Bibliografi.
• Tansley, A.G. (1947) The early history of modern plant ecology in Britain. Journal of Ecology, 35, 130-137. [3]
• Prytz, S. (1984) Warming – botaniker og rejsende. Lynge, Bogan. 197 pp. A personal account by Warming’s granddaughter.
• Goodland, R.J. (1975) The tropical origin of ecology: Eugen Warming’s jubilee. Oikos, 26, 240-245. [4]
• Coleman, W. (1986) Evolution into ecology? The strategy of Warming’s ecological plant geography. Journal of the History of Biology, 19(2), 181-196.
• Klein, Aldo Luiz (2000) Eugen Warming e o cerrado brasileiro um século depois. São Paulo, UNESP. 156 pp. [5]
• Jax, Kurt (2001) History of Ecology. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0003084
• Cassidy, V.M. (2007) Henry Chandler Cowles – pioneer ecologist. Kedzie Sigel Press, Chicago. [6]
• Raunkiær, C. Biography in Dansk Biografisk Lexikon Dansk biografisk Lexikon / XVIII. Bind

Nature is one of the most prominent scientific journals, first published on 4 November 1869. ... Botanisk Tidsskrift was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society. ... Sir Arthur George Tansley (1871 - 1955) was an English botanist who was a pioneer in the science of plant ecology. ... The Journal of Ecology (not to be confused with another journal called Ecology) is a scientific journal concerning ecology. ... Oikos is a monthly scientific journal published by the Nordic Society OIKOS concerning ecology. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• Biographical sketch
• Encyclopaedia Britannica Online: Warming