NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Europeans

Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth; the term continent here referring to a cultural and political distinction, rather than a physiographic one, thus leading to various perspectives about Europe's precise borders. Physically and geologically, Europe is a subcontinent or large peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 55 KB) link title dkrjfjjfffffffffffffffffffffffffvnguigtailewGFGSgfgfFdsguuggsgsugusGUISHGUIYFGHFDGHEAHRUGIDAFGOFDSOGYFOHGUOFDYHOIYFDSYOGIDHB JKZVXCNBJKGDUGKDFH87IHZDJKLGXHGKVCZHBUIJZUIVBHUIVCYUBHFDZKHUIVCVCYUBYVCUIBXChkGHIDAHAYFDUGFGFDZOIGFDZHLGFDZHJLGFDSZhKLZFDHFXGJFSJGFXJXZJXGFGJXJJJJJJFGFFDFHFDZFHHDHFHDZHFDZHDZHFDHFDDHHHFDFDHZFHGFJZHJAYATHZDGXVJGJTDYHDGHBNDZHFXHZGFDHDZHZDZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG World map depicting Europe; map adapted from PDF world map at CIA World Fact Book File links The following pages link to this file: Australia Africa Asia Antarctica Africa-Eurasia Continent Europe Elias Canetti... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 55 KB) link title dkrjfjjfffffffffffffffffffffffffvnguigtailewGFGSgfgfFdsguuggsgsugusGUISHGUIYFGHFDGHEAHRUGIDAFGOFDSOGYFOHGUOFDYHOIYFDSYOGIDHB JKZVXCNBJKGDUGKDFH87IHZDJKLGXHGKVCZHBUIJZUIVBHUIVCYUBHFDZKHUIVCVCYUBYVCUIBXChkGHIDAHAYFDUGFGFDZOIGFDZHLGFDZHJLGFDSZhKLZFDHFXGJFSJGFXJXZJXGFGJXJJJJJJFGFFDFHFDZFHHDHFHDZHFDZHDZHFDHFDDHHHFDFDHZFHGFJZHJAYATHZDGXVJGJTDYHDGHBNDZHFXHZGFDHDZHZDZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG World map depicting Europe; map adapted from PDF world map at CIA World Fact Book File links The following pages link to this file: Australia Africa Asia Antarctica Africa-Eurasia Continent Europe Elias Canetti... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1475x1200, 657 KB) Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco & Algeria should not coloured as they arent part of Europe. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1475x1200, 657 KB) Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco & Algeria should not coloured as they arent part of Europe. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Earth (often referred to as the Earth, or the earth), is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth largest. ... Population density by country, 2006 Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the systematic study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earths surface. ... Physical geography or physiogeography is a subfield of geography that focuses on the systematic study of patterns and processes within the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. ... The Blue Marble: The famous photo of the Earth taken en route to the Moon by Apollo 17s Harrison Schmitt on December 7, 1972. ... A subcontinent is a large part of a continent. ... Peninsula A peninsula (from Latin paene insula, almost island) is a geographical formation consisting of an extension of land from a larger body, surrounded by water on three sides. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ...

Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and – according to the traditional geographic definition – to the south-east by the waterways adjoining the Mediterranean to and including the Black Sea and the Caucasus Mountains (in Caucasia). Europe's eastern frontier is vague, but has traditionally been given as the divide of the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea to the south-east. The Urals are considered by most to be a geographical and tectonic landmark separating Asia from Europe. Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... The Ethnolinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map This article concerns the geographic region. ... A water divide, or watershed, is relatively high ground between water basins. ... Map of Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ = Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð») also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... Caspian Sea viewed from orbit The Caspian Sea is a landlocked endorheic sea of Eurasia between Asia and Europe. ...

Europe is the world's second-smallest of the seven traditional continents in terms of area, covering about 10 400 000 square kilometres (4,010,000 sq mi) or 2.0% of the Earth's surface. The only continent smaller than Europe is Australia. In terms of population, it is the third-largest continent (Asia and Africa are larger) with a population of some 710,000,000, or about 11% of the world's population. Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... A square mile is an Imperial unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (5,280 feet, 1,760 yards, 1,609. ... Earth (often referred to as the Earth, or the earth), is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth largest. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ...

The European Union, comprising 25 member states, is the largest political and economic entity covering the European continent, with the Russian Federation being the second (excluding the portions of Russia historically considered to be in Asia).

Etymology

In Greek mythology, Europa was a Phoenician princess who was abducted by Zeus in bull form and taken to the island of Crete, where she gave birth to Minos. For Homer, Europe (Greek: Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was a mythological queen of Crete, not a geographical designation. Later Europa stood for mainland Greece, and by 500 BC its meaning had been extended to lands to the north. // Greek mythology consists in part of a large collection of narratives that explain the origins of the world and detail the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines. ... Europa and Zeus, on the Greek â‚¬2 coin A commemorative Italian euro coin depicts Europa holding a pen over the text of the Constitution of Europe. ... Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plains of what is now Lebanon. ... Statue of Zeus Phidias created the 12-m (40-ft) tall statue of Zeus at Olympia about 435 BCE. The statue was perhaps the most famous sculpture in ancient Greece, imagined here in a 16th-century engraving. ... Crete (Greek: ÎšÏÎ®Ï„Î· KrÃti; Turkish: Girit) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... In Greek mythology, Minos was a semi-legendary king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. ... The HomÃ¨re Caetani bust at the Louvre, a 2nd century Roman copy of a 2nd century BC Greek original. ... This is a list of traditional Greek place names. ... composite satellite image of Greece Greece is located in southeastern Europe on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and Trends 509 BC - Foundation of the Roman Republic 508 BC - Office of pontifex maximus created...

The Greek term Europe is derived from Greek words meaning broad (eurys) and face (ops) – broad having been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion; see Prithvi (Plataia). A minority, however, suggest this Greek popular etymology is really based on a Semitic word such as the Akkadian erebu meaning "sunset"^[1] (see also Erebus). From the Middle Eastern vantagepoint, the sun does set over Europe, the lands to the west. Likewise, Asia is sometimes thought to have derived from a Semitic word such as the Akkadian asu, meaning "sunrise",^[2] and is the land to the east from a Middle Eastern perspective. An epithet (Greek - ÎµÏ€Î¹Î¸ÎµÏ„Î¿Î½ and Latin - epitheton; literally meaning imposed) is a descriptive word or phrase. ... Earth (often referred to as the Earth, or the earth), is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth largest. ... Ancient anthropomorphic Ukrainian stone stela (Kernosovka stela), possibly depicting a late Proto-Indo-European god, most likely Dyeus, the thunderer. ... Prithvi (pá¹›thivÄ«) is the Hindu earth-god. ... A fake etymology is an invented explanation (etymology) for the origin of a word. ... In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical name Shem) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ... Akkadian (liÅ¡Änum akkadÄ«tum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. ... In Greek mythology, Erebus, or Ã‰rebos was a primordial god, the personification of darkness, offspring of Chaos alone. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ...

The majority of major world languages use words derived from "Europa" to refer to the continent – e.g. Chinese uses the word Ōuzhōu (歐洲), which is abbreviation of the transliterated name Ōuluóbā zhōu (歐羅巴洲).

History

The origins of Western democratic and individualistic culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece, though numerous other distinct influences, in particular Christianity, can also be credited with the spread of concepts such as egalitarianism and universality of law. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Democracy is, literally, rule by the people (from the Greek demos, people, and kratos, rule). The methods by which this rule is exercised, and indeed the composition of the people are central to various definitions of democracy, but the general principle is that of majority rule. ... Individualism is a term used to describe a moral, political, or social outlook, that stresses human independence and the importance of individual self-reliance and liberty. ... The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning to cultivate, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... Ancient Greece is the period in Greek history which lasted for around one thousand years and ended with the rise of Christianity. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... Egalitarianism can refer to moral as well as factual theories. ... The rule of law is the principle that governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure. ...

After the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a long period of changes arising from what is known as the Age of Migrations. That period has been known as the "Dark Ages" to Renaissance thinkers. Isolated monastic communities in Ireland and elsewhere carefully safeguarded and compiled written knowledge accumulated previously. Romulus Augustus, the last of the Western Roman Emperors. ... The German term Völkerwanderung (lit. ... Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European Dark Age. From Cycle of Famous Men and Women, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargillac, c. ... Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ...

During this time, the western part of the Roman Empire was "reborn" as the Holy Roman Empire, later called Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. The eastern part of the Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. In 1453, when the Ottoman Empire conquered the Byzantine capital Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire ceased to exist. The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... The Holy Roman Empire should not be mistaken for the Roman Empire (31 B.C.–A.D. 476). ... Byzantine Empire (native Greek name: - Basileia tÅn RomaiÅn) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah... Map of Constantinople. ...

The Renaissance and the New Monarchs marked the start of a period of discovery, exploration, and increase in scientific knowledge. In the 15th century, Portugal opened the age of discoveries, soon followed by Spain. They were later joined by France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ... New Monarchs were the rulers of European nations during the 15th century who unified their nations, creating a stable and centralized government. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere historically considered to consist of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ...

After the age of discovery, the ideas of democracy took hold in Europe. Struggles for independence arose, most notably in France during the period known as the French Revolution. This led to vast upheaval in Europe as these revolutionary ideas propagated across the continent. The rise of democracy led to increased tension within Europe on top of the tension already existing due to competition within the New World. The most famous of these conflicts happened when Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power and set out on a conquest, forming a new French Empire, which soon collapsed. After these conquests Europe stabilised, but the old foundations were already beginning to crumble. The French Revolution (1789â€“1799) was a pivotal period in the history of French, European and Western civilization. ... Carte dAmÃ©rique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ... Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy (15 August 1769 â€“ 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution; the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from 11 November 1799 to 18 May 1804; then Emperor of the French (Empereur... The First French Empire, commonly known as the French Empire or the Napoleonic Empire, covers the period of the domination of France and much of continental Europe by Napoleon I of France. ...

The Industrial Revolution started in the United Kingdom in the late 18th century, leading to a move away from agriculture, much greater general prosperity and a corresponding increase in population. Many of the states in Europe took their present form in the aftermath of World War I. From the end of World War II through the end of the Cold War, Europe was divided into two major political and economic blocks: Communist nations in Eastern Europe (with the exception of Turkey and Greece) and Capitalist countries in Southern Europe, Northern Europe and Western Europe. About 1990, with the fall of the Berlin Wall, the wider Iron Curtain, and the Soviet Union the Eastern Block disintegrated. A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ... Woodrow Wilson and the American peace commissioners during the negotiations on the Treaty of Versailles. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the use of images on this page may require cleanup, involving adjustment of image placement, formatting, size, or other adjustments. ... The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their military alliance partners. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... In economics, a capitalist is someone who owns capital, presumably within the economic system of capitalism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... Countries behind the Iron Curtain are shaded red. ... During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ...

European integration has been a theme in European relations since the end of the second World War and has spread to Eastern Europe since the end of the Cold War. The European Union, the successor to the European Community, has enlarged from 6 original founding members to 25 today. It has developed from a peace-keeping and economic orientated organisation into an entity resembling a confederation. NATO has also enlarged since the end of the Cold War, with a number of Eastern European countries joining. European integration is the process of political and economic (and in some cases social and cultural) integration of European states into a tighter bloc. ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... A confederation is an association of sovereign states, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ...

Geography and extent

Geographically, Europe is a subcontinent in the western portion of the larger continent known as Eurasia. The continent begins at the Ural Mountains in Russia, which define Europe's eastern boundary with Asia. The south-east boundary with Asia is not universally defined. Most commonly the Ural or, alternatively, the Emba River serve as possible boundaries. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains or, alternatively, the Kura River in the Caucasus, and on to the Black Sea; the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean, but Iceland, much farther away than the nearest points of Africa, is also often included in Europe. There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe is. For detailed description of the boundary between Asia and Europe see here. Geographically Europe is a part of the larger landmass known as Eurasia. ... Physical map of Germany. ... Physical map of Germany. ... Map of Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ = Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð») also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... Download high resolution version (1158x909, 257 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1158x909, 257 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Aiguille du Midi et Mont Blanc, File links The following pages link to this file: Aiguille du Midi ... Image File history File links Aiguille du Midi et Mont Blanc, File links The following pages link to this file: Aiguille du Midi ... This article is about the Alpine mountain. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1506 KB) A beach in Vourvourou (Greece) Author:Snowdog (6/28/2005) File links The following pages link to this file: Europe Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1506 KB) A beach in Vourvourou (Greece) Author:Snowdog (6/28/2005) File links The following pages link to this file: Europe Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or... Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2399x1599, 1295 KB) Source: Joonas Lyytinen File links The following pages link to this file: Finland Lake PÃ¤ijÃ¤nne Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2399x1599, 1295 KB) Source: Joonas Lyytinen File links The following pages link to this file: Finland Lake PÃ¤ijÃ¤nne Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Lake PÃ¤ijÃ¤nne is the third biggest lake in Finland (1038 km2 water area). ... The White Nights are a short late Spring and early Summer period in high latitude areas in the few weeks around the Summer solstice in June. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ... Map of Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ = Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð») also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... The Ural River (Russian: Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð», UrÃ¡l [formerly: Ð¯Ð¸Ðº, Yaik River], Kazakh: Ð–Ð°Ð¹Ñ‹Ò›, Zhayyq) flows through Russia and Kazakhstan. ... The Emba River in west Kazakhstan rises in the Mugodzhar Mountains and flows some 400 miles (640 km) southwest into the Caspian Sea. ... Caspian Sea viewed from orbit The Caspian Sea is a landlocked endorheic sea of Eurasia between Asia and Europe. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... Mtkvari (Kura) River near Old Town, Tbilisi Kura (Georgian áƒ›áƒ¢áƒ™áƒ•áƒáƒ áƒ˜ - Mtkvari, Azerbaijani KÃ¼r) is a river in the Caucasus Mountains. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... Bosporus - photo taken from International Space Station. ... Map of the Sea of Marmara Satellite view of the Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Modern Greek: Î˜Î¬Î»Î±ÏƒÏƒÎ± Ï„Î¿Ï… ÎœÎ±ÏÎ¼Î±ÏÎ¬ or Î ÏÎ¿Ï€Î¿Î½Ï„Î¯Î´Î±) (also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea) is an inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating the... Map of the Dardanelles The Dardanelles (Turkish: Ã‡anakkale BoÄŸazÄ±, Greek: Î”Î±ÏÎ´Î±Î½ÎµÎ»Î»Î¹Î±), formerly known as the Hellespont, is a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara. ... Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... This map shows the locations of claimants to the title of Centre of Europe An ongoing debate concerns where the geographical centre of Europe is to be found. ... A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent. ...

Due to sociopolitical and cultural differences, there are various descriptions of Europe's boundary; in some sources, some territories are not included in Europe, while other sources include them. For instance, geographers from Russia and other post-Soviet states generally include the Urals in Europe while including Caucasia in Asia. The Post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the independent nations which split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its breakup in 1991. ...

In another usage, Europe is increasingly being used as a short-form for the European Union (EU) and its members, currently consisting of 25 member states and the candidate countries negotiating for membership, and several other countries expected to begin negotiations in the future (see Enlargement of the European Union). This definition, however, excludes non-members such as Switzerland and Norway. The European Union (EU) was originally created by the six founding states in 1952, but has grown to its current size of 25 member states. ...

Physical geography

Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions, however, are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its heart lies the North German Plain. An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western seaboard, beginning in the western British Isles and continuing along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway. The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... Central Pyrenees. ... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ... The North German Plain is a lowland region extending from the North Sea and Baltic Sea southward to the uplands of central Germany. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into British and Irish Isles. ... Fjord in SunnmÃ¸re, Norway A fjord (or fiord) is a narrow inlet of the sea between cliffs or steep slopes, which results from marine inundation of a glaciated valley. ...

This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Iceland and the British Isles are special cases. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into British and Irish Isles. ...

Biodiversity

Having lived side-by-side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man. With the exception of Scandinavia and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are today to be found in Europe, except for different natural parks. Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe named after the Scandinavian Peninsula. ...

The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is forest. The conditions for growth are very favourable. In the north, the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift warm the continent. Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. Some of these (Alps, Pyrenees) are oriented east-west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. Others are oriented south-north (Scandinavian Mountains, Dinarides, Carpathians, Apennines) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable. Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by livestock at some point in time, and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems. Eucalyptus Forest at Swifts Creek in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. ... For the album by Ocean Colour Scene, see North Atlantic Drift (album) The Gulf Stream is orange and yellow in this representation of water temperatures of the Atlantic. ... The North Atlantic drift is a powerful warm ocean current that continues the Gulf Stream northeast. ... The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... Central Pyrenees. ... The Scandinavian Mountains, in Swedish Skanderna, FjÃ¤llen (The Mountains) or KÃ¶len and in Norwegian KjÃ¸len, with the two latter meaning the Keel, are a mountain range that runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula. ... Mt Orjen at the Bay of Kotor is the heaviest karstified range of the dinarids View of the central part of the Dinaric Alps (north=down) The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides (Italian: Alpi Dinariche; Croatian and Serbian: Dinaridi or Dinarsko gorje/Ð”Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð´Ð¸ or Ð”Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñ€ÑÐºÐ¾ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ˜Ðµ; Slovenian: Dinarsko gorstvo) form a mountain chain in... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ...

Eighty to ninety per cent of Europe was once covered by forest. It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. Though over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the taiga of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranean. During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure. The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2–3% or less, in European Russia 5–10%. The country with the smallest percentage of forested area (excluding the micronations) is the Republic of Ireland (8%), while the most forested country is Finland (72%). Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested. ... The taiga is found throughout the high northern latitudes, just below the tundra, and just above the steppes. ... The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia. ... Binomial name Quercus suber L. The Cork Oak (Quercus suber) is a medium sized, evergreen oak tree in the section Quercus sect. ... A plantation is an intentional planting of a crop, on a larger scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. ... Orders & Families Cordaitalesâ€ Pinales Pinaceae- Pine family Araucariaceae- Araucaria family Podocarpaceae- Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae- Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae- Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae- Plum-yew family Taxaceae- Yew family Vojnovskyalesâ€ Voltzialesâ€ The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ...

In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both broadleaf and coniferous trees dominate. The most important species in central and western Europe are beech and oak. In the north, the taiga is a mixed spruce-pine-birch forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached. In the Mediterranean, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. A narrow east-west tongue of Eurasian grassland (the steppe) extends eastwards from Ukraine and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north. Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are a major group of land plants. ... Orders & Families Cordaitalesâ€ Pinales Pinaceae- Pine family Araucariaceae- Araucaria family Podocarpaceae- Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae- Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae- Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae- Plum-yew family Taxaceae- Yew family Vojnovskyalesâ€ Voltzialesâ€ The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Species Fagus crenata - Japanese Beech Fagus engleriana - Chinese Beech Fagus grandifolia - American Beech Fagus hayatae - Taiwan Beech Fagus japonica - Japanese Blue Beech Fagus longipetiolata - South Chinese Beech Fagus lucida - Shining Beech Fagus mexicana - Mexican Beech or Haya Fagus orientalis - Oriental Beech Fagus sylvatica - European Beech Beech (Fagus) is a genus... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus, and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... Species About 35; see text. ... Species About 115. ... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... In physical geography, tundra is an area where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. ... Binomial name Olea europaea L. 19th century illustration The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from Syria and the maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian... Binomial name Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressus sempervirens, the Mediterranean Cypress, is a species of cypress native to the eastern Mediterranean region, in northeast Libya, southeast Greece (Crete, Rhodes), southern Turkey, Cyprus, western Syria, Lebanon and western Jordan, and also a disjunct population in Iran. ... An Inner Mongolian Grassland. ... A steppe in Western Kazakhstan in early spring In physical geography, a steppe (Russian: - step, Ukrainian: - step), pronounced in English as step, is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by...

Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction. The woolly mammoth and aurochs were extinct before the end of the Neolithic period. Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. However, deforestation caused these animals to withdraw further and further. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.), but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat. In addition, polar bears may be found on Svalbard, an autonomous Norwegian island region far north of Scandinavia. The wolf, the second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in Spain and Scandinavia. Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ... This article is about the extinct mammal. ... Trinomial name Bos primigenius primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) Bos primigenius namadicus (Falconer, 1859) Bos primigenius mauretanicus (Thomas, 1881) See Ur (rune) for the rune. ... An array of Neolithic artefacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae Scotland, Europes most complete Neolithic village. ... Wolf Wolf Man Mount Wolf Wolf Prizes Wolf Spider Wolf 424 Wolf 359 Wolf Point Wolf-herring Frank Wolf Friedrich Wolf Friedrich August Wolf Hugo Wolf Johannes Wolf Julius Wolf Max Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf Maximilian Wolf Rudolf Wolf Thomas Wolf As Name Wolf Breidenbach Wolf Hirshorn Other The call... The lion is a well-known, truly carnivorous member of the order Carnivora. ... For other meanings, see Bear (disambiguation). ... An omnivore (from Latin: omne all, everything; vorare to devour) is an animal that eats both plants and meat. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Binomial name Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774 The polar bear (Ursus maritimus), also known as the white bear, northern bear, or sea bear, is a large bear native to the Arctic. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ...

Other important European carnivores are Eurasian lynx, European wild cat, foxes (especially the red fox), jackal and different species of martens, hedgehogs, different species of snakes (vipers, grass snake...), different birds (owls, hawks and other birds of prey). Binomial name Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) The Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat of European and Siberian forests, where it is one of the major predators. ... Binomial name Felis silvestris Schreber, 1775 subspecies See text The wild cat (Felis silvestris), sometimes wildcat or wild-cat especially when distinguishing from other wild species of cats, is a small predator native to Europe, the western part of Asia, and Africa. ... A Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) A fox is a member of any of 27 species of small omnivorous canids. ... It has been suggested that Tame Silver Fox be merged into this article or section. ... Species Canis aureus Canis adustus Canis mesomelas Canis simensis A jackal is any of four small to medium-sized members of the family Canidae, found in Africa and Asia. ... Species Martes americana Martes flavigula Martes foina Martes gwatkinsii Martes martes Martes melampus Martes pennanti Martes zibellina for the Wiltshire village see Marten, Wiltshire The Martens constitute the genus Martes within the subfamily Mustelinae, in family Mustelidae. ... Genera Atelerix Erinaceus Hemiechinus Mesechinus This article is about the spiny mammal. ... Genera Adenorhinos Atheris Azemiops Bitis Cerastes Daboia Echis Eristicophis Macrovipera Montatheris Proatheris Pseudocerastes Vipera This page is about Viper snakes. ... Binomial name Natrix natrix Linnaeus, 1758 The Grass Snake, sometimes called the Ringed Snake or Water Snake (Natrix natrix) is a European non-venomous snake. ... Families Strigidae Tytonidae An owl is a member of any of about 220 (222 currently known) species of solitary, mainly nocturnal birds of prey in the order Strigiformes. ... The term hawk refers to birds of prey in any of three senses: Strictly, to mean any of the species in the genera Accipiter, Micronisus, Melierax, Urotriorchis, and Megatriorchis. ... If you are looking for other meanings of the term, refer to Bird of prey (disambiguation). ...

Important European herbivores are snails, amphibians, fish, different birds, and mammals, like rodents, deers and roe deers, boars, and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamoises among others. A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage In zoology, an herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plant matter (rather than meat). ... The name snail applies to most members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have coiled shells. ... Subclasses and Orders Order Temnospondyli- extinct Subclass Lepospondyli- extinct Subclass Lissamphibia Anura Caudata Gymnophiona Amphibians (class Amphibia) are a taxon of animals that include all tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) that do not have amniotic eggs. ... The Guppy, also known as guppie (Poecilia reticulata) is one of the most popular freshwater aquarium fish species in the world. ... Orders Subclass Multituberculata (extinct) Plagiaulacida Cimolodonta Subclass Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Subclass Triconodonta (extinct) Subclass Eutheria (excludes extinct ancestors) Afrosoricida Anagaloidea (extinct) Artiodactyla Carnivora Cetacea Chiroptera Cimolesta (extinct) Creodonta (extinct) Condylarthra (extinct) Dermoptera Desmostylia (extinct) Dinocerata (extinct) Embrithopoda (extinct) Hyracoidea Insectivora Lagomorpha Litopterna (extinct) Macroscelidea Mesonychia (extinct) Notoungulata (extinct) Perissodactyla Pholidota Plesiadapiformes... Suborders Sciuromorpha Castorimorpha Myomorpha Anomaluromorpha Hystricomorpha Rodentia is an order of mammals (Mammalia). ... Subfamilies Capreolinae Cervinae Hydropotinae Muntiacinae A deer is a ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. ... Binomial name Capreolus capreolus, Capreolus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758) There are two species of Roe Deer. ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 Young piglets feeding The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domestic pig. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Capra ibex Linnaeus, 1758 The Alpine Ibex or Capra Ibex (is commonly called by its German name, steinbock) is the species of Ibex that lives in the European Alps. ... Binomial name Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) The chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) is a large, goat-like animal that lives in the European Alps and Carpathians. ...

Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna. The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton. Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crayfish, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins, and whales. Diagrams of some typical phytoplankton Phytoplankton refers to the autotrophic component of the plankton that drifts in the water column. ... Photomontage of plankton organisms Plankton is the aggregate community of weakly swimming but mostly drifting small organisms that inhabit the water column of the ocean, seas, and bodies of freshwater. ... Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora - Chitons Monoplacophora Bivalvia - Bivalves Scaphopoda - Tusk shells Gastropoda - Snails and Slugs Cephalopoda - Squids, Octopuses, etc. ... Classes Asteroidea Blastoidea (extinct) Concentricycloidea Crinoidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata, from the Greek for spiny skin) are a phylum of marine animals found at all depths. ... Families Astacoidea Astacidae Cambaridae Parastacoidea Parastacidae Crayfish, sometimes called crawfish, or crawdads are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are closely related. ... Suborders Myopsina Oegopsina Squids are a large, diverse group of marine cephalopods. ... Families 14 in two suborders, see text The octopus is a cephalopod of the order Octopoda that inhabits many diverse regions of the ocean, especially coral reefs. ... Genera See article below. ... Whales are the largest species of exclusively aquatic placental mammals, members of the order Cetacea, which also includes dolphins and porpoises. ...

Demographics

Almost all of Europe was possibly settled before or during the last ice age about 10,000 years ago. Neanderthal man and modern man coexisted during at least some of this time. Roman road building helped with the interbreeding of the native Europeans' genetics. In contemporary times Europe has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world. The population growth/decline of European countries The Demographics of Europe refers to the changing number and make-up of the population of Europe. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... Binomial name Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864 The Neanderthal or Neandertal was a species of genus Homo (Homo neanderthalensis) that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago (in the Middle Palaeolithic, early Stone Age). ... Modern Man - Not you. ... In biology, hybrid has three meanings. ... Fertility is the ability of people or animals to produce healthy offspring in abundance. ...

Political geography

Extent

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1596x1043, 110 KB) Summary According to one common view of the boundary, the European continent is the area coloured green on this map. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1596x1043, 110 KB) Summary According to one common view of the boundary, the European continent is the area coloured green on this map. ... A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent. ...

Territories and regions

The countries in this table are categorised according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations, and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles. Where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated.

According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations. Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ...

The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... The tricolour flag of France A flag is a piece of coloured cloth flown from a pole or mast, usually for purposes of signalling or identification. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital â€” although the latter phrase has an alternative meaning based on an alternative meaning of capital) is the principal city or town associated with its government. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belarus. ... [[Post code]]: 220050 Location of Minsk, shown within the Minsk Voblast Coordinates: Districts Frunzenski Kastrychnitski Leninski Maskouski Partyzanski Pershamayski Savetski Centralny Zavodzki Incorporated 980 (Polatsk) Incorporated 1991 (Belarus) Mayor Mikhail Pavlov Area - City 266. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bulgaria_(bordered). ... Position of Sofia in Bulgaria Coordinates: Country Bulgaria Province Sofia-City Mayor Boyko Borisov Area - City 1,310 kmÂ² - Land (?) kmÂ² - Water (?) kmÂ² Elevation 550 m Population - City (12 June 2006) 1,203,680 - Density 907/kmÂ² - Metro 1,326,377 Time zone EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC+3) Website... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic_(bordered). ... Prague (Czech: Praha (IPA: ), see also other names) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Moldova. ... County ChiÅŸinÄƒu Status Municipality Mayor Vasile URSU, since 2005 Area 635 kmÂ² Population (2004) 712218 Density 1114 inh/kmÂ² Geographical coordinates Founded in 1436 Dialing code +373 22 Web site http://www. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland_(bordered). ... Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Romania. ... Bucharest (Romanian: BucureÅŸti ) is the capital city and industrial and commercial centre of Romania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia_(bordered). ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovakia_(bordered). ... Bratislava is the capital of Slovakia and the countrys largest city, with a population of some 450,000. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ukraine. ... Kiev (Київ, Kyiv, in Ukrainian; Киев, Kiev, in Russian) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper river. ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Aaland. ... Motto: None Anthem: Ã…lÃ¤nningens sÃ¥ng Capital Mariehamn Largest city Mariehamn Official language(s) Swedish Government Autonomous province - Governor Peter LindbÃ¤ck1 - Premier Roger Nordlund Autonomy From Finland - Declared 1920 - Recognized 19212 Accession to EU January 1, 19953 Area - Total 13,517 kmÂ² (n/a) 5,267 sq mi... Founded 1861 Province Ã…land Region Ã…land Sub-region Mariehamn Area - Of which land - Rank 11. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Denmark. ... Copenhagen (IPA: , rhyming with pagan (the way the Danes themselves pronounce the capitals name when saying it in English), or , with a as in spa; Danish IPA: ) is the capital of Denmark and the countrys largest city (metropolitan population 1,115,035 (2006)), at present made up of... Image File history File links Flag_of_Estonia_(bordered). ... County Harju County Mayor JÃ¼ri Ratas Area 159. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands_(bordered). ... The peninsula Tinganes is seat of the Faroese Government in TÃ³rshavn. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Finland_(bordered). ... Founded 1550 Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Area - Of which land - Rank 185. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Guernsey. ... This is a map of Guernsey. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iceland. ... Location Location in Iceland Government Constituency ReykjavÃk North ReykjavÃk South Geographical characteristics Area - City 274. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_isle_of_man. ... Location within the British Isles Douglas (Doolish in Manx) is the capital of the Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin) and its largest town. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jersey. ... Saint Helier (JÃ¨rriais: St HÃ©lyi) is one of the twelve parishes and the largest town on Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Latvia. ... Map of Latvia Coordinates: Founded 1201 Mayor Aivars Aksenoks Area - City 307. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lithuania. ... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Elderate Number of elderates 20 Coordinates General information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population (rank) 540,318 in 2005 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Vilnius ( (helpÂ· info), see also... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... County Oslo NO-03 District Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form Neutral Area - Total - Land - Percentage Ranked 224 454 kmÂ² {{{arealand}}} kmÂ² 0. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Svalbard and Jan Mayen are Norwegian territories in the Arctic Ocean, considered together for administrative purposes. ... Longyearbyen Longyearbyen is the largest settlement on Svalbard, Norway and its capital. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... Stockholm panorama from the City Hall is the capital of Sweden, and consequently the site of its Government and Parliament as well as the residence of the Swedish head of state, King Carl XVI Gustaf. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Albania. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Andorra. ... Andorra la Vella by morning Andorra la Vella (2004 est. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina. ... Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) Coordinates: Country Bosnia and Herzegovina Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Canton Sarajevo Canton Mayor Semiha Borovac Area - City 142 kmÂ² (54. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Croatia. ... Zagreb (pronounced: ) is the capital city of Croatia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Gibraltar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece. ... Athens (Greek: Î‘Î¸Î®Î½Î±, AthÃna IPA: ) is the capital of Greece and one of the most famous cities in the world, named after goddess Athena. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus â€“ SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) coordinates: 41Â°54â€²N 12Â°29â€²E Time Zone: UTC+1 Administration Subdivisions 19 municipi Province Rome Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni ( The Union ) Characteristics Area 1,285 kmÂ² Population 2,547,677 (2005 estimate) Density 1983... Image File history File links Flag_of_Macedonia. ... Skopje is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the political, cultural, economical and academic centre of the country. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Malta_(bordered). ... Valletta, population 7048 (official estimate for 2000), is the capital city of Malta - The city is located at , (35. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Montenegro. ... Motto: None Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Official language(s) Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic - President Filip VujanoviÄ‡ - Prime Minister Milo ÄukanoviÄ‡ Independence From Serbia and Montenegro - Declared June 3, 2006 - Recognised June 8, 2006 Area - Total 14,026 kmÂ² (159th) 5,414... Mayor Dr. Miomir MugoÅ¡a Area - city - municipality kmÂ² 1,399 kmÂ² Population - city - municipality 136,473 169,132 Time zone Summer Time CET (UTC +1) CEST (UTC +2) Founded 14th Century Latitude Longitude 42Â°47 N 19Â°28 E Area code +381 81 Car plates PG Official Website Podgorica... Image File history File links Flag_of_Portugal. ... Location - Region - Subregion - District or A.R. Lisbon Grande Lisboa Lisbon Mayor - Party Carmona Rodrigues PSD Area 84. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_San_Marino_(bordered). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Serbia_(state)_(bordered). ... Motto: none Anthem: BoÅ¾e Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878 - Serbia and Montenegro union... Belgrade (Serbian: Ð‘ÐµÐ¾Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð´/Beograd ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Serbia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovenia_(bordered). ... (IPA: ) is the capital and largest city in Slovenia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Spain. ... Location Location of Madrid in Europe Coordinates : 40Â° 23â€™N , 3Â°43â€²0â€³W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Villa de... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Vatican_City. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Vienna (German: Wien ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belgium_(civil). ... Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Brussels City Hall Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: BrÃ¼ssel) is the capital of Belgium, the... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur Tossed by the waves, she does not founder Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Subdivisions 20 arrondissements DÃ©partement Paris (75) RÃ©gion ÃŽle-de-France Mayor Bertrand DelanoÃ« (PS) City (commune) Characteristics Land Area 86. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Berlin is the capital city and a state of Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Liechtenstein. ... The city centre of Vaduz Vaduz Castle, one of the towns primary landmarks Vaduz (vÃ¤dOOts) is the capital of the principality of Liechtenstein. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Luxembourg. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Monaco. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Netherlands. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Demonym Amsterdammer Coordinates Website www. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Switzerland. ... Location within Switzerland The city of Bern, English traditionally Berne (Bernese German BÃ¤rn , German Bern , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna ), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after ZÃ¼rich, Geneva and Basel). ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia (Russian: Ð¡Ñ€ÐµÐ´Ð½ÑÑ ÐÐ·Ð¸Ñ/Srednyaya Azia for Middle Asia or Ð¦ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÐ·Ð¸Ñ/Tsentralnaya Azia for Central Asia; in Turkic languages Orta Asya; in Persian Ø¢Ø³ÙŠØ§Ù‰ Ù…Ø±Ú©Ø²ÛŒ; (Urdu: ÙˆØ³Ø·Ù‰ Ø§ÙŠØ´ÙŠØ§)Wasti Asia; Standard Mandarin Chinese... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kazakhstan. ... Astanas flag Astanas coat-of-arms Map showing Astanas location in Kazakhstan New buldings in Astana Astana climate Astana (Kazakh, Russian: ÐÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ð°), estimated population of 600,000 (2004 and growing fast), has been the capital of Kazakhstan since 1998. ... A map showing Southwest Asia - The term Middle East is more often used to refer to both Southwest Asia and some North African countries Southwest Asia, or West Asia, is the southwestern part of Asia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Azerbaijan. ... Municipality: Baku Area: 1000 kmÂ² Altitude: -28 m Population: 2,074,300 census 2003 Population density: 1280 persons/kmÂ² Postal Code: AZ1000 Area code: 012 Municipality code: BA Latitude: 41Â° 01 52 N Longitude: 21Â° 20 25 E Mayor: Hajibala Abutalybov The Baku region. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Georgia_(bordered). ... Tbilisi (Georgian áƒ—áƒ‘áƒ˜áƒšáƒ˜áƒ¡áƒ˜ ) is the capital city of the country of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) river, at . ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Istanbul. ...

Languages and cultures

There are several linguistic groups widely recognized in Europe. These sometimes (but not always) coincide with cultural and historical connections between the various nations, though in other cases religion is considered a more significant distinguishing factor. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2879x2012, 589 KB) Beschreibung Description: The map shows the approximate current distribution of native languages in Europe. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2879x2012, 589 KB) Beschreibung Description: The map shows the approximate current distribution of native languages in Europe. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Eurolinguistics is a comparatively young branch of linguistics which deals with questions on the languages of Europe. ...

Germanic languages

Germanic languages are spoken more or less in north-western Europe and some parts of central Europe. This region consists of: Norway, Sweden, Germany, most of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Austria, Liechtenstein, most of Switzerland, Iceland, Flanders and the German-speaking areas of Belgium, the Faroe Islands, Luxembourg, the Swedish-speaking municipalities of Finland, and South Tyrol in Italy. Germanic Europe Green: Countries where a Germanic language is the national language Blue: Countries where a Germanic language is an official language Germanic Europe is the part of Europe in which Germanic languages are predominant. ... The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. ... Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) has several main meanings: the social, cultural and linguistical, scientific and educational, economical and political community of the Flemings; some prefer to call this the Flemish community (others refer to this as the Flemish nation) which is, with over 6 million inhabitants, the majority of all Belgians... ... The municipalities (kunta in Finnish, kommun in Swedish) represent the local level of administration in Finland and act as the fundamental administrative units of the country. ... South Tyrol (German and Ladin: SÃ¼dtirol, Italian: Alto Adige; official in German: Autonome Provinz Bozen - SÃ¼dtirol, official in Italian: Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano - Alto Adige, official in Ladin: Provinzia AutonÃ²ma de Balsan - SÃ¼dtirol) is an autonomous province of Italy that belongs to the region of Trentino...

Romance languages

Romance languages are spoken more or less in south-western Europe, as well as Romania and Moldova which are situated in Eastern Europe. This area consists of: Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Romania, Moldova, French-speaking Belgium (Wallonia, Brussels), Romandy, French-speaking Switzerland, Romansh-speaking Switzerland, and Italian-speaking Switzerland. All Romance languages are derived from the Roman language, Latin. Latin Europe Blue: Countries where a Romance language is the national language Green: Countries where a Romance language is an official language Latin Europe (Italian/Portuguese/Spanish: Europa latina; Romanian: Europa latinÄƒ; French: Europe latine) is composed of those nations and areas in Europe that speak a Romance language and... The Romance languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... Wallonia (French: Wallonie, German: Wallonien, Walloon: Walonreye, Dutch: WalloniÃ«) or the Walloon Region (French: RÃ©gion Wallonne, Dutch: Waals Gewest) is the predominantly French-speaking region that constitutes one of the three federal regions of Belgium, with its capital at Namur. ... Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Brussels City Hall Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: BrÃ¼ssel) is the capital of Belgium, the... Map of the languages of Switzerland; Romandy is shown in purple. ... Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is any of the various Rhaetian languages spoken in Switzerland. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language. ...

Slavic languages

Slavic languages are spoken in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. This area consists of: Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine. Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language Slavic Europe is a region of Europe where Slavic languages are spoken. ... Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... Motto: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Anthem: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Capital Skopje Largest city Skopje Official language(s) Macedonian, Albanian1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Branko Crvenkovski - Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Independence From Yugoslavia - Declared September 8, 1991 Area - Total 25,333 kmÂ² (148th) 9,779 sq mi - Water (%) 1. ... Motto: None Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Official language(s) Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic - President Filip VujanoviÄ‡ - Prime Minister Milo ÄukanoviÄ‡ Independence From Serbia and Montenegro - Declared June 3, 2006 - Recognised June 8, 2006 Area - Total 14,026 kmÂ² (159th) 5,414... Motto: none Anthem: BoÅ¾e Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878 - Serbia and Montenegro union...

Cyrillic Alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet is named after St Cyril, a missionary from Byzantium. It was invented in the First Bulgarian Empire sometime during the 10th century AD, possibly by St Kliment of Ohrid, to write the Old Church Slavonic language. The Cyrillic alphabet achieved its current form in 1708 during the reign of Peter the Great. Four letters were eliminated from the alphabet in a 1917/18 reform. The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several Slavic languages; (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 AD in the lands near the Danube delta and disintegrated in 1018 AD by annexion to the Byzantine Empire. ...

The Cyrillic alphabet has been adapted to write over 50 different languages, mainly in Russia, Central Asia and part of Eastern Europe. In many cases additional letters are used, some of which are adaptations of standard Cyrillic letters, while others are taken from the Greek or Latin alphabets.

Uralic languages

The Uralic Languages are divided into three main groups of which the Finno-Permic languages are spoken in Finland, Estonia and European Russia while the Ugric languages are spoken in Hungary, parts of Romania and Siberian Russia. These two main branches form the group of the Finno-Ugric languages. Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages Yukaghir Samoyedic Ugric Finnic The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ... The Finno-Permic languages are a large branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ... Ugric languages or Ugrian languages are generally held to be a branch of Finno-Ugric languages. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ...

Altaic languages

Turkic Languages are spoken in Turkey, Azerbaijan, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (recognised only by Turkey), parts of Bulgaria, parts of Greece, parts of Romania, parts of the Republic of Macedonia, parts of Moldova, parts of Russia, parts of Ukraine and parts of the Caucasus. The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ... Anthem: Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ±1 (Turkish: Independence March) Capital LefkoÅŸa (Nicosia) Official language(s) Turkish Government Representative democratic republic - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence2 From the Republic of Cyprus - Declared 15 November 1983 Area - Total 3,355 kmÂ² - Water (%) 2. ... Motto: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Anthem: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Capital Skopje Largest city Skopje Official language(s) Macedonian, Albanian1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Branko Crvenkovski - Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Independence From Yugoslavia - Declared September 8, 1991 Area - Total 25,333 kmÂ² (148th) 9,779 sq mi - Water (%) 1. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ...

Baltic languages

Baltic languages are spoken in Lithuania and Latvia. (Estonia's national language is part of the Finno-Ugric family even though it is a Baltic state geographically.) The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... Baltic states and the Baltic Sea The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a term which refers to three countries in Northern Europe: Estonia Latvia Lithuania Prior to World War II, Finland was sometimes considered a fourth Baltic state. ...

Celtic languages

Celtic Languages were originally used only to describe the Gaelic language in Ireland, however the term now extends to the other Gaelic and Brythonic languages. Celtic Europe are those countries and regions where Celtic languages are spoken. The Celtic nations are: Ireland, Scotland (UK), Wales(UK), Cornwall (UK), the Isle of Man (a British Crown dependency) and Brittany (within France). These are all nations where a Celtic language is spoken and share in Celtic organisations (see Pan Celticism). Celtic Europe is a region of Europe where Celtic languages are spoken or where Celtic culture predominates. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike. ... Irish (), a Goidelic language spoken in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Australia, Canada, and the United States, is constitutionally recognised as the first official language of Ireland. ... The Goidelic languages (also sometimes called the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) are one of two major divisions of modern-day Insular Celtic languages (the other being the Brythonic languages). ... The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family. ... Celtic Europe is a region of Europe where Celtic languages are spoken or where Celtic culture predominates. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike. ... The Six Nations considered the heartland of the modern Celts Celtic Nations refers to areas of Europe that have been inhabited by members of Celtic cultures, specifically speakers of Celtic languages. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification - by Kenneth I 843 Area - Total 78... Motto: (Welsh for Wales for ever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff Official language(s) English, Welsh Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056 Area - Total 20,779 kmÂ² (3rd... Cornish Flag Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow) is a county in South West England on the peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar. ... Crown dependencies are possessions of the British Crown, as opposed to overseas territories or colonies of the United Kingdom. ... Traditional coat of arms Modern flag (Gwenn-ha-du) Historical province of Brittany rÃ©gion of Bretagne, see Bretagne. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike. ... Pan-Celticism is the name given to a variety of movements that espouse greater contact between the various Celtic countries. ...

Sometimes considered Celtic nations are Galicia whose Celtic language is thriving and has joint official status in the region, and Asturias, whose native language is still spoken by some (both autonomous communities of Spain), and England (in addition to Cornwall) where Celtic influence remains in some regional dialects (see Cumbric), although England's Celtic languages died out as recently as the 18th century in Devon. Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Capital Oviedo Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th 10 604 kmÂ² 2,1% Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 13th 1 076 635 2,4% 101,53/kmÂ² Demonym â€“ English â€“ Asturian â€“ Spanish asturian asturianu asturiano Statute of Autonomy January 11, 1982 Parliamentary representation â€“ Congress seats â€“ Senate seats 8 2... Evolution and Extinction Cumbric was the Brythonic Celtic language spoken in much of Cumbria, Northern Northumbria, and parts of lowland Scotland until about the 11th century. ... Southwestern Brythonic is one of two dialects into which the Brythonic language split following the Battle of Deorham in A.D. 577, the other being Western Brythonic, which later evolved into Welsh and Cumbric. ...

Other languages

Greek (, IPA - Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest in the Indo-European family if the Anatolian languages are excluded. ... Greek Diaspora is the term that refers to the Greek communities that have formed outside the traditional homelands of the Greek people. ... Albanian (gjuha shqipe IPA ) is a language spoken by over 6 million people, primarily in Albania, Kosovo, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Republic of Macedonia but also in other parts of the Balkans, along the eastern coast of Italy and in Sicily, as well as by emigrant groups in Scandinavia... The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in pre-Roman times. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... The term Ibero-Caucasian (or Iberian-Caucasian) was proposed by Georgian linguist Arnold Chikobava for the union of the four language families that are specific to the Caucasus area, namely South Caucasian, also called Georgian or Kartvelian; Northwest Caucasian, also called Abkhaz/Adygh or Circassian; North-central Caucasian or Vaynakh. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. ... The Abkhaz or Abkhazians are a caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, and distinct from Georgians. ... This article covers the Chechen people as an ethnic group, not Chechen meaning citizens of Chechnya. ... The Ingush are a people of the northern Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. ... The Bats people are a Caucasian people. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... Maltese is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: â€Ž translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: â€Ž translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Hebrew (×¢Ö´×‘Ö°×¨Ö´×™×ª or ×¢×‘×¨×™×ª, â€˜Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. ... Armenian is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people in the Armenian Republic and also used by the Armenian Diaspora. ... Armenian diaspora map. ... Basque (in Basque: Euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... Location of Historical Territory of the Basque Country The IkurriÃ±a, Basque Country flag The Lauburu, Basque Country symbol This article is about the traditional overall Basque domain. ...

Religions

The most popular religions of Europe are the following: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1475x1200, 648 KB) English Description: religions in Europe, map en Source: own map, based on the Generic Mapping Tools and ETOPO2 Author: San Jose, 26 March 2006 Other versions: map in German, map in French, map without text Deutsch Beschreibung: Religionen... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1475x1200, 648 KB) English Description: religions in Europe, map en Source: own map, based on the Generic Mapping Tools and ETOPO2 Author: San Jose, 26 March 2006 Other versions: map in German, map in French, map without text Deutsch Beschreibung: Religionen... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions (which descend through, or alongside of, the Roman Catholic Church) or the Eastern Rite Catholic churches. ... Protestantism is one of three primary branches of Christianity. ... Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Religion in Europe spans the approximately 50,000 years of human settlement in the continent of Europe, from the earliest prehistoric spirituality to later pagan religions, such as the Ancient Greek, Roman and Nordic faiths, to the spread of the Abrahamic religions. ...

Other minor religions exist in Europe, some brought by migrants, including: Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification - by Kenneth I 843 Area - Total 78... Motto: (French for God and my right)2 Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (De facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official language(s) English (De facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3 Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Office suspended... Latgale or Latgalia (Polish: Åatgalia; German: Lettgallen) is one of the four cultural regions of Latvia recognised in the Constitution of the Latvian Republic. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi - Water (%) Population... Motto: (Welsh for Wales for ever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff Official language(s) English, Welsh Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056 Area - Total 20,779 kmÂ² (3rd... Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions (which descend through, or alongside of, the Roman Catholic Church) or the Eastern Rite Catholic churches. ... Map showing the parts Karelia is traditionally divided into. ... Motto: None Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Official language(s) Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic - President Filip VujanoviÄ‡ - Prime Minister Milo ÄukanoviÄ‡ Independence From Serbia and Montenegro - Declared June 3, 2006 - Recognised June 8, 2006 Area - Total 14,026 kmÂ² (159th) 5,414... Motto: none Anthem: BoÅ¾e Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878 - Serbia and Montenegro union... Protestantism is one of three primary branches of Christianity. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... Motto: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Anthem: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Capital Skopje Largest city Skopje Official language(s) Macedonian, Albanian1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Branko Crvenkovski - Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Independence From Yugoslavia - Declared September 8, 1991 Area - Total 25,333 kmÂ² (148th) 9,779 sq mi - Water (%) 1. ... Motto: none Anthem: BoÅ¾e Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878 - Serbia and Montenegro union... Kosovo (Albanian: KosovÃ«/Kosova, Serbian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾ Ð¸ ÐœÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ñ…Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°/Kosovo i Metohija) is one of two autonomous provinces in Serbia (the other being Vojvodina, in northern Serbia). ... Motto: None Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Official language(s) Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic - President Filip VujanoviÄ‡ - Prime Minister Milo ÄukanoviÄ‡ Independence From Serbia and Montenegro - Declared June 3, 2006 - Recognised June 8, 2006 Area - Total 14,026 kmÂ² (159th) 5,414... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ†Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð² ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ðµ - Prosperity in unity Anthem: ÐÐ¸Ð²Ñ‹ Ð¸ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ Ñ‚Ð²Ð¾Ð¸ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑˆÐµÐ±Ð½Ñ‹, Ð Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð° - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Capital Simferopol Largest cities Simferopol, Eupatoria, Kerch, Theodosia, Yalta Official language Ukrainian. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Satellite image of the Benelux countries Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Benelux Benelux (or BÃ©nÃ©lux) is an economic union in Western Europe comprising three neighbouring monarchies, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. ...

Millions of Europeans profess no religion or are atheist or agnostic. The largest non-confessional populations (as a percentage) are found in the Netherlands, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Belgium and France, although most former communist countries have significant non-confessional populations. Attendance at church is a minority activity in most Western European countries - as an example, the Church of England attracts around 1 million worshippers on a Sunday [1], which corresponds to about 2% of the population of England. Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... Hinduism (Sanskrit: , IAST: ), also known as , (IAST: ) and , (IAST: ) is a set of religious traditions that originated mainly in the Indian subcontinent. ... Buddhism (also known as Buddha Dharma, the teachings of the awakened one) is a religion, a practical philosophy, and arguably a psychology, focusing on the teachings of Gautama Buddha (Pali: Gotama Buddha), who lived on the Indian subcontinent in or around the fifth century BCE (review article). ... The Republic of Kalmykia (Kalmyk: Ð¥Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ¼Ð³ Ð¢Ð°Ò£Ò»Ñ‡; Russian: ) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Polytheistic Reconstructionism, often simply called Reconstructionism, is the practice of re-establishing and practicing ancient religions in the modern world. ... New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ... The pentagram within a circle is a symbol of faith used by many Wiccans. ... Forms of Satanism LaVeyan Satanism | Luciferianism | Religious Satanism | Sat/Tan Satanism | Setianism Associated Organizations First Satanic Church | Misanthropic Luciferian Order | Church of Satan | First Church of Satan | Order of Mars | Order of Nine Angles | Order of the Left Hand Path | Temple of Set Symbols and Figures Baphomet | Anton LaVey | Karla... Haile Selassie Ras Tafari was the title used by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia during his time as tenure Regent and Crown Prince (1916-1928). ... The Harimandir Sahib, known popularly as the Golden Temple, is a sacred shrine for Sikhs. ... Jainism (pronounced in English as //), traditionally known as Jain Dharma (à¤œà¥ˆà¤¨ à¤§à¤°à¥à¤®), is a religion and philosophy originating in ancient India. ... DEFINITION OF VODOUN Ewe Vudusi, Togo West Africa The Vodoun (Vudu Voodoo Vodou Vodun Vaudou Vaudaux) religion at its cosmological, theological, ritual and philosophical core, is an African ancestral religion, practiced today largely in West Africa, Haiti and througout the Diaspora. ... The term Blacks is often used in the West to denote race for persons whose progenitors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean (Spanish: Caribe; French: CaraÃ¯be; Dutch: CaraÃ¯ben; Portuguese: Caribe or CaraÃbas) is a region of the Americas consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. ... West African refers to: West Africa An airline: West African Airlines [1] This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... It has been suggested that African Traditional Religion be merged into this article or section. ... Muti is a generic term for medicine in Southern Africa. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan AD927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi - Water (%) Population...

Official religions

A number of countries in Europe have official religions, including Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Vatican City (Catholic), Greece (Eastern Orthodox); Denmark, Iceland, and Norway (Lutheran). In Switzerland, some cantons are officially Catholic, others Reformed Protestant. Some Swiss villages even have their religion as well as the village name written on the signs at their entrances. A state religion (also called an established church or state church) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state. ... The twenty-six cantons of Switzerland are the states of the federal state of Switzerland. ...

Georgia has no established church, but the Georgian Orthodox Church enjoys "de facto" privileged status. In Finland, both Finnish Orthodox Church and Lutheran church are official. England, a part of the UK, has Anglicanism as its official religion. Scotland, another part of the UK, has Presbyterianism as the 'National' church, but is no longer "official", and in Sweden, the 'National' church is Lutheran, but no longer "official". Portugal, France, Romania, Turkey and Azerbaijan are officially "secular". The Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church is one of the worlds most ancient Christian Churches, founded in the 1st century by the Apostle Andrew. ... The Finnish Orthodox Church is the second official national church of Finland, beside the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. ... The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is the Lutheran national church of Finland (The Finnish Orthodox Church is also recognized as a state church). ... The term Anglican (from medieval Latin ecclesia Anglicana meaning the English church) is used to describe the people, institutions, and churches that adhere to the religious traditions developed by the established Church of England, the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican Churches, a loosely affiliated group of independent churches which... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ...

See also

Download high resolution version (759x1024, 124 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (759x1024, 124 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Deutsche Bank AG NYSE: DB (German for German Bank) is a multinational bank operating worldwide and employing almost 64,000 people (Dec. ... For other uses, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ... â†’ The European Culture might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures of Europe. ... The economy of Europe is comprised of more than 665 million people in 48 different states. ... Eurolinguistics is a comparatively young branch of linguistics which deals with questions on the languages of Europe. ... The list of extinct animals in Europe features the animals that have become extinct in the European Union (EU) and the rest of the European continent. ... Geographically Europe is a part of the larger landmass known as Eurasia. ... // Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic: Europe was populated by species of Homo since c. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The term European miracle was coined by Eric Jones to describe his position that Europe was more advanced and progressive than all other civilizations prior to the year 1492, allowing it to develop capitalism, reach the New World first, and dominate world trade and politics. ... The politics of Europe deals with the continually evolving politics within the continent. ... This page links to several topics related to transport in Europe. ... The Eurozone (also called Euro Area, Eurosystem or Euroland) is the subset of European Union member states which have adopted the euro, creating a currency union. ... Political map in 2004 The Visegrád group (also called the Visegrád 4 or V4) is an alliance of four Central European states: Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Historically, the Visegrád group originated in 1335, when the Czech, the Polish and the Hungarian king held a meeting in... An American B-2 bomber in flight. ... In European politics, a Euroregion is a form of transfrontier co-operation structure between two (or more) European countries. ... European American is a term for an American of European descent, who are usually referred as White or Caucasian. ...

Lists and tables

This is a list of international and national flags used in Europe. ... World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth; the term continent here referring to a cultural and political distinction, rather than a physiographic one, thus leading to various perspectives about Europes precise borders. ... // List of countries/dependencies by population density in inhabitants/kmÂ². The whole of Russia and Turkey are referred to in the table, although they are only partly in Europe. ... Statistics in the European Union are collected by Eurostat. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This is a list of all the urban areas of the European Union which have more than 750,000 inhabitants in 2005. ... This list includes the most up-to-date official census figures or census estimates with regards to the population of the largest cities in the European Union. ... The European Union has a large economy, probably slightly larger than that of the United States of America with a 2005 GDP of 12,865,602 million vs. ... The aim of this page is to act as a comparison between European countries in many different aspects, such as population, GDP, life expectancy, etc. ... This is a list of European economies sorted by their gross domestic product at market or government official exchange rates (nominal GDP). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This is a list of all present countries of Europe, sorted by their date of independence or creation. ... The following table lists the independent European states, and their memberships in selected organizations and treaties, and their use of the euro (€). 1 The United Nations is a world-wide organization with members from all continents, not only from Europe. ... Shortcut: Europe topics This is a list of topics related to Europe. ...

Notes

2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 62 KB) Summary Created by User:Ben Arnold from Image:BlankMap-World. ... A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... Oceania is a geographical, often geopolitical, region consisting of numerous landsâ€”mostly islands but sometimes including Australiaâ€”in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity. ... Motto: For the right to live on this land Anthem: Anthem of Transnistria Capital Tiraspol Largest city Tiraspol Official languages Moldovan, Russian and Ukrainian Government President Parliamentary Republic Igor Smirnov Recognition Independence Recognition From Moldova none September 2, 1990 none Area â€¢ Water (%) 4,163 kmÂ² 1,607 sq mi 2. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Several geo-political entities in the world have no general international recognition, but they are de facto sovereign states. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ... A state is a set of institutions that possess the authority to make the rules that govern a society, having internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory. ... The Ural River (Russian: Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð», UrÃ¡l [formerly: Ð¯Ð¸Ðº, Yaik River], Kazakh: Ð–Ð°Ð¹Ñ‹Ò›, Zhayyq) flows through Russia and Kazakhstan. ... EMBA stands for the Executive Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree. ... Crown dependencies are possessions of the British Crown, as opposed to overseas territories or colonies of the United Kingdom. ... Crown dependencies are possessions of the British Crown, as opposed to overseas territories or colonies of the United Kingdom. ... Crown dependencies are possessions of the British Crown, as opposed to overseas territories or colonies of the United Kingdom. ... Motto: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Anthem: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Capital Skopje Largest city Skopje Official language(s) Macedonian, Albanian1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Branko Crvenkovski - Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Independence From Yugoslavia - Declared September 8, 1991 Area - Total 25,333 kmÂ² (148th) 9,779 sq mi - Water (%) 1. ... June 3 is the 154th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (155th in leap years), with 211 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location Motto of the autonomous region: Antes morrer livres que em paz sujeitos (Portuguese: To die free rather than to be subjugated in peace) Official language Portuguese Capitals Ponta Delgada (Presidency of the autonomous government), Angra do HeroÃsmo (Supreme Court), Horta (Legislative Assembly) Other towns Praia da VitÃ³ria... Location Motto of the autonomous region: Das ilhas, as mais belas e livres (Portuguese: Of the islands, the most beautiful and free) Official language Portuguese Capital Funchal Other towns Porto Santo, Machico, Santa Cruz, CÃ¢mara de Lobos, Santana, Ribeira Brava, CaniÃ§o Area 797 kmÂ² Population - Total (1991) - Density... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... Motto: none Anthem: BoÅ¾e Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878 - Serbia and Montenegro union... Kosovo (Albanian: KosovÃ«/Kosova, Serbian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾ Ð¸ ÐœÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ñ…Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°/Kosovo i Metohija) is one of two autonomous provinces in Serbia (the other being Vojvodina, in northern Serbia). ... The United Nations Mission in Kosovo or UNMIK is an interim civilian administration of the Serbian province (as part of Serbia and Montenegro) called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), under the authority of the United Nations. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wikisource. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... D is Bs exclave, but is not an enclave. ... Area â€“ Total 28 kmÂ² Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ Density 75,276 2688. ... Area â€“ Total 20 kmÂ² (8 miÂ²) Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ Density 65,488 3274. ... Metropolitan France (French: France mÃ©tropolitaine, or just la MÃ©tropole) is the part of France in Europe, including Corsica, as opposed to the overseas departments and overseas territories, which, while integral parts of the French Republic, are regarded as Overseas France (la France doutre-mer, or more colloquially... Metropolitan (i. ... Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean (Spanish: Caribe; French: CaraÃ¯be; Dutch: CaraÃ¯ben; Portuguese: Caribe or CaraÃbas) is a region of the Americas consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Demonym Amsterdammer Coordinates Website www. ... Arms of The Hague Flag of The city of The Hague. ... The Ural River (Russian: Ð£Ñ€Ð°Ð», UrÃ¡l [formerly: Ð¯Ð¸Ðº, Yaik River], Kazakh: Ð–Ð°Ð¹Ñ‹Ò›, Zhayyq) flows through Russia and Kazakhstan. ... EMBA stands for the Executive Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree. ... A map showing Southwest Asia - The term Middle East is more often used to refer to both Southwest Asia and some North African countries Southwest Asia, or West Asia, is the southwestern part of Asia. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... Mtkvari (Kura) River near Old Town, Tbilisi Kura (Georgian áƒ›áƒ¢áƒ™áƒ•áƒáƒ áƒ˜ - Mtkvari, Azerbaijani KÃ¼r) is a river in the Caucasus Mountains. ... D is Bs exclave, but is not an enclave. ... Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhichevan. ... Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ or Yuxarı Qarabağ, literally mountainous black garden or upper black garden; Russian: Нагорный Карабах, translit. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Several geo-political entities in the world have no general international recognition, but they are de facto sovereign states. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ... A state is a set of institutions that possess the authority to make the rules that govern a society, having internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... Mtkvari (Kura) River near Old Town, Tbilisi Kura (Georgian áƒ›áƒ¢áƒ™áƒ•áƒáƒ áƒ˜ - Mtkvari, Azerbaijani KÃ¼r) is a river in the Caucasus Mountains. ... Official languages AbkhazÂ¹ Â², RussianÂ¹ GeorgianÂ² Â¹ Used by the de-facto separatist government Â² According to the Constitution of Georgia Political status De Facto: Independent De Jure (internationally recognized): Autonomous Republic within Georgia Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates PresidentÂ¹ Sergei Bagapsh Prime MinisterÂ¹ Alexander Ankvab Â¹ De-facto separatist government Chairman of the... Official language Ossetian Capital Tskhinvali President Eduard Djabeevich Kokoity Prime Minister Igor Viktorovich Sanakoyev Area â€“ Total â€“ % water 3,900 kmÂ² n/a Population â€“ Total â€“ Density (2004) 70,000 (approx) 18/kmÂ² Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia â€“ November 28, 1991 â€“ none Currency Russian... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Several geo-political entities in the world have no general international recognition, but they are de facto sovereign states. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ... A state is a set of institutions that possess the authority to make the rules that govern a society, having internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory. ... Map of Rumelia as of 1801 Rumelia (turkish: Rum: Roman El: Land Rumeli: Lands of Rome), the area that was the East Roman or Byzantine Empire, a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... Location of Edirne Province Edirne is the westernmost province of Turkey, located in European Turkey (known in antiquity as Thrace) along the Greek border. ... shows the Location of the Province Kirklareli KÄ±rklareli is a province of Turkey. ... Tekirdag province of in northwest Turkey includes the city of TekirdaÄŸ and its surrounding area. ... shows the Location of the Province Canakkale Ã‡anakkale is a province of Turkey, located in the northwestern part of the country. ... Shows the Location of the Province İstanbul Istanbul Province is a province located in north-west Turkey. ...

External links

Cold War

Main events (1945–1961)

Main events (1962–1991)

Specific articles

Primary participants

General timeline: Image File history File links Portal. ... Image File history File links Wikinews-logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Wikitravel is a project to create an open content, complete, up-to-date, and reliable world-wide travel guide. ... NASA Earth Observatory is an online publication of NASA where the public can access satellite imagery and scientific information about our planet for free. ... â†’ The European Culture might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures of Europe. ... The population growth/decline of European countries The Demographics of Europe refers to the changing number and make-up of the population of Europe. ... The economy of Europe is comprised of more than 665 million people in 48 different states. ... Geographically Europe is a part of the larger landmass known as Eurasia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The politics of Europe deals with the continually evolving politics within the continent. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Earth (often referred to as the Earth, or the earth), is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth largest. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 54 KB) World map: Africa-Eurasia (location) File links The following pages link to this file: Australia Africa Africa-Eurasia Europe North America Template:Continent ... Africa-Eurasia The supercontinent of Africa-Eurasia, or Afro-Eurasia, is the worlds largest land mass and contains around 85% of the human population. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 54 KB) Extracted from CIA World Factbook PDF world map, then rasterized and colored. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Eurasia Categories: GFDL images ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 38 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 38 KB) This country locator map was created by Vardion and is released into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 55 KB) link title dkrjfjjfffffffffffffffffffffffffvnguigtailewGFGSgfgfFdsguuggsgsugusGUISHGUIYFGHFDGHEAHRUGIDAFGOFDSOGYFOHGUOFDYHOIYFDSYOGIDHB JKZVXCNBJKGDUGKDFH87IHZDJKLGXHGKVCZHBUIJZUIVBHUIVCYUBHFDZKHUIVCVCYUBYVCUIBXChkGHIDAHAYFDUGFGFDZOIGFDZHLGFDZHJLGFDSZhKLZFDHFXGJFSJGFXJXZJXGFGJXJJJJJJFGFFDFHFDZFHHDHFHDZHFDZHDZHFDHFDDHHHFDFDHZFHGFJZHJAYATHZDGXVJGJTDYHDGHBNDZHFXHZGFDHDZHZDZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG World map depicting Europe; map adapted from PDF world map at CIA World Fact Book File links The following pages link to this file: Australia Africa Asia Antarctica Africa-Eurasia Continent Europe Elias Canetti... Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 73 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... File links The following pages link to this file: South America User talk:Morwen Category:Continent locator maps Categories: Continent locator maps | GFDL images ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Blue Marble: The famous photo of the Earth taken en route to the Moon by Apollo 17s Harrison Schmitt on December 7, 1972. ... In geology, a supercontinent is a land mass comprising more than one continental core, or craton. ... Pangaea was formed by the merging of two continents, Laurasia and Gondwana East African and Kuungan Orogens 550 Ma reconstruction showing final stages of assembly The southern supercontinent Gondwana (originally Gondwanaland) included most of the landmasses which make up todays continents of the southern hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America... Laurasia was a supercontinent that most recently existed as a part of the split of the Pangaean supercontinent in the late Mesozoic era. ... Map of Pangaea Pangaea separation animation Pangaea or Pangea (derived from Î Î±Î³Î³Î±Î¯Î±, Greek for all earth) is the name given to the supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, before the process of plate tectonics separated each of the component continents into their current configuration. ... Pannotia is the name given to a hypothetical supercontinent that existed from about 600 to about 540 mya. ... Depiction of Rodinia at time of initial breakup. ... Kenorland was one of the earliest supercontinents found on Earth. ... Ur is the name of the first known continent that probably formed 3 billion years ago in the early Archean Eon. ... The Earths first supercontinent thought to have existed is Vaalbara. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... Earth (often referred to as the Earth, or the earth), is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth largest. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ... Central Africa is a region of Africa often considered to include: Burundi Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Rwanda Central Africa, or Middle Africa (as by the United Nations when categorising geographic regions), is a term used to also describe the region of Africa south of the... Eastern Africa (UN subregion) East African Community Central African Federation (defunct) geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | Southern Africa ... Western Africa (UN subregion) Maghreb West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... The Great Lakes and the East African coastline as seen from space. ... Nations of the Horn of Africa. ... The Algerian bay (view from the west). ... Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The location of Sahel in Africa The Sahel (from Arabic Ø³Ø§ØÙ„, sahil, shore, border or coast of the Sahara desert) is the boundary zone in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the more fertile region to the south, known as the Sudan (not to be confused with the country... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 54 KB) Extracted from CIA World Factbook PDF world map, then rasterized and colored. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Central America and the Caribbean (detailed pdf map) The Caribbean (Spanish: Caribe; French: CaraÃ¯be; Dutch: CaraÃ¯ben; Portuguese: Caribe or CaraÃbas) is a region of the Americas consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. ... Map of Central America Central America is a central region of the Americas. ... Northern America is a name for the parts of North America besides Mexico when Mexico is considered as Latin America. ... The term Anglo-America is used to describe those parts of North America in which English is the main language. ... Drainage map showing the Great Basin in orange Various Definitions of the Great Basin (NPS) The Great Basin is a large, arid region of the western United States. ... The Great Lakes from space The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... The Great Plains is the broad expanse of prairie which lies east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Darker red states are always considered part of the Pacific Northwest. ... Map of the Pacific Rim and List of the Pacific Rim Nations The USS Abraham Lincoln Battle Group along with ships from Australia, Chile, Japan, Canada, and Korea speed towards Honolulu in RIMPAC 2000. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Andean States are nations in South America that contain portions ofâ€”or borderâ€”the Andes mountain range. ... Guiana (also known as the Guiana highlands or the Guiana shield) forms a portion of the northern coast of South America. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... In orange the area most commonly defined as Patagonia. ... Map of the Pacific Rim and List of the Pacific Rim Nations The USS Abraham Lincoln Battle Group along with ships from Australia, Chile, Japan, Canada, and Korea speed towards Honolulu in RIMPAC 2000. ... Map that frames the area named Southern Cone The term Southern Cone (Spanish: Cono Sur, Portuguese: Cone Sul) refers to a geographic region composed of the southernmost areas of South America. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Eurasia Categories: GFDL images ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia (Russian: Ð¡Ñ€ÐµÐ´Ð½ÑÑ ÐÐ·Ð¸Ñ/Srednyaya Azia for Middle Asia or Ð¦ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÐ·Ð¸Ñ/Tsentralnaya Azia for Central Asia; in Turkic languages Orta Asya; in Persian Ø¢Ø³ÙŠØ§Ù‰ Ù…Ø±Ú©Ø²ÛŒ; (Urdu: ÙˆØ³Ø·Ù‰ Ø§ÙŠØ´ÙŠØ§)Wasti Asia; Standard Mandarin Chinese... East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. ... North Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... South Asia is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The definition of cultural-geographical regions in use by the United Nations. ... Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: Ø´Ø¨Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ©, or Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... The Ethnolinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map This article concerns the geographic region. ... Far East is an inexact term often used for East Asia and Southeast Asia combined, sometimes including also the easternmost territories of Russia, i. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and Southeast Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives... The Levant Levant is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The Near East is a term commonly used by archaeologists, geographers and historians, less commonly by journalists and commentators, to refer to the region encompassing the Levant (modern Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon), Turkey, Mesopotamia (Iraq and eastern Syria). ... Map of the Pacific Rim and List of the Pacific Rim Nations The USS Abraham Lincoln Battle Group along with ships from Australia, Chile, Japan, Canada, and Korea speed towards Honolulu in RIMPAC 2000. ... Siberian Federal District (dark red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) Siberia (Russian: , Sibirâ€™; Tatar: Seber) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of Northern Asia. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Baltic Sea The Baltic region (sometimes briefly The Baltics) is an ambiguous term used to denominate an arbitrary region connected to the Baltic Sea (also called The Baltics). ... Satellite image of the Benelux countries Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Benelux Benelux (or BÃ©nÃ©lux) is an economic union in Western Europe comprising three neighbouring monarchies, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into British and Irish Isles. ... The Ethnolinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map This article concerns the geographic region. ... Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... The Nordic region. ... Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe named after the Scandinavian Peninsula. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 54 KB)Oceanias place in the world. ... Oceania is a geographical, often geopolitical, region consisting of numerous landsâ€”mostly islands but sometimes including Australiaâ€”in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Oceania. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Carving from the ridgepole of a MÄori house, ca 1840 Look up Polynesia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Map of the Pacific Rim and List of the Pacific Rim Nations The USS Abraham Lincoln Battle Group along with ships from Australia, Chile, Japan, Canada, and Korea speed towards Honolulu in RIMPAC 2000. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 55 KB) Summary The large plain-grey Image:LocationWorld. ... Ocean (Okeanos, a Greek god of sea and water; Greek ωκεανός) covers almost three quarters (71%) of the surface of the Earth. ... The Arctic Ocean is used by both marine mammals and nuclear submarines. ... The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of the earths surface. ... View of the Pacific Ocean from Oregon. ... The Southern Ocean is the body of water encircling the continent of Antarctica according to some geographic and most hydrographic sources. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2759x1404, 50 KB) Summary Map indicating the worlds polar regions (i. ... Location of the polar regions Earths polar regions are the areas of the globe surrounding the poles, north of the Arctic circle, or south of the Antarctic Circle. ... The red line indicates the 10Â°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border The Arctic is the area around the Earths North Pole. ... The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their military alliance partners. ...

Timeline of events

1940s: 1940-1946 January 7: Republic of Austria is reconsTITuted, with its 1937 borders, but divided into four zones of control: American, British, French, and Soviet. ...

1950s: The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. ... Clement Atlee, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945 The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... Gouzenko wearing his white hood for anonymity Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko (January 13, 1919, Rogachev, Soviet Union â€“ June 1982, Mississauga) was a cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. ... The Iran crisis an international crisis concerning Iran in 1946. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 circa June 1948 2,800,000 circa June 1948 The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: åœ‹å…±å†…æˆ°; Simplified Chinese: å›½å…±å†…æˆ˜; Pinyin: guÃ³gÃ²ng neÃ¬zhÃ n; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in... The Truman Doctrine was a United States foreign policy announced by President Harry S. Truman on the 12 March 1947 that the U.S. government would support Greece and Turkey with military and economic aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet orbit. ... Combatants Hellenic Army, Royalist forces, Republicans, British troops Communist guerillas (ELAS, DSE) Commanders Alexander Papagos Markos Vafiadis Strength 100,000 men 20,000 men and women Casualties 12,777 killed 37,732 wounded 4,527 missing 38,000 killed 40,000 captured or surrendered An ELAS soldier The Greek Civil... Map of Cold-War era Europe showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... occupation zone after 1945 The Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) became one of the first major crises of the new Cold War, when the Soviet Union blocked railroad and street access to West Berlin. ...

1960s: Combatants Western Allied/UN combatants: Republic of Korea United States United Kingdom Communist combatants: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Douglas MacArthur Mark W. Clark Matthew Ridgway Jeong Il-Gwon Syngman Rhee Kim Il-sung, Peng Dehuai Strength Note: All figures may... Combatants French Colonialists Viá»‡t Minh Strength 500,000 ? Casualties 94,581 dead 78,127 wounded 40,000 captured 300,000+ dead 500,000+ wounded 100,000 captured The First Indochina War (also called the French Indochina War, the French War or the Franco-Vietnamese War) was fought in Indochina... Protesters marching through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and July 1953. ... Taiwan Strait The First Taiwan Strait Crisis (also called the 1954-1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis or the 1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis) was a short armed conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments. ... Combatants Soviet Union AVH Hungarian government, various nationalist militias Commanders Yuri Andropov PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter, BÃ©la KirÃ¡ly, Gergely PongrÃ¡tz, JÃ³zsef DudÃ¡s Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 720 Killed according to official... Combatants United Kingdom, Israel, France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan (CoS of the IDF) General Sir Charles Keightley (C-in-C), Vice-Admiral Pierre Barjot (Deputy) Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 45,000 British, 34,000 French, 175,000 Israeli 300,000 Egyptians Casualties 177 Israelis KIA, unknown number WIA, 16 British... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik crisis was a turn point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. ... Taiwan Strait The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, also called the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis, was a conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments in which the PRC was accused by Taiwan of shelling the islands of Matsu and... The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to Congress on January 5, 1957 stated the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

1960s (continued): Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Commanders William Westmoreland Ho Chi Minh Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~520,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead... Combatants Congo UN troops Katanga Belgium Mercenaries The Congo Crisis (1960-1965) was a period of turmoil in the First Republic of the Congo that began with national independence from Belgium and ended with the seizing of power by Joseph Mobutu. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The U-2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. ... The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. ... Combatants Cuban militia Cuban exiles trained by the US Commanders Fidel Castro, Arnaldo Ochoa Sanchez Grayston Lynch Pepe San Roman Erneido Oliva Strength 51,000 1,500 Casualties 2,200; estimated 115 dead 1,189 captured Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed with an RPD machine gun. ... Drink a niggas bucket of cum. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ...

1970s: The Johnson Doctrine, enunciated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. ... The Indonesian Civil War was a conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1966 between forces loyal to then-President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and forces loyal to a right-wing military faction led by to General Abdul Haris Nasution and Maj. ... The Secret War (1962-1975) was the Laos front of the Second Indochina War. ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander DubÄek came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. ... DÃ©tente is a French term meaning relaxation, which has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... The Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969 was a series of armed clashes between the Soviet Union and Peoples Republic of China, occurring at the height of the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s. ...

1980s: // Insurrection and War, 1967-75 By the mid-1960s, Norodom Sihanouks delicate balancing act was beginning to go awry. ... Three-Time World Mens Singles Champion Zhuang Zedong (left) and U.S. team member Glenn Cowan (right) on the Chinese team bus in Nagoya, Japan, 1971. ... Richard Nixon met with Mao Zedong in 1972. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... pwtha This iconic image shows South Vietnamese civilians scrambling to board a United States military helicopter during the U.S. evacuation of Saigon. ... Map of Angola Following the end of Portuguese colonial rule in April 1974, newly-independent Angola descended into a devasting civil war which became Africas longest running conflict. ... The Mozambican Civil War started in Mozambique during the 1970s following independence in 1975. ... The Sino-Vietnamese War was a war fought in 1979 between the neighboring countries of the Peoples Republic of China and Vietnam. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ...

1990s: Combatants Soviet Union Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mujahideen Rebels supported by nations such as: United States, Iran, Pakistan, China Saudi Arabia Commanders Boris Gromov Pavel Grachev Valentin Varennikov Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Sibghatullah Mojadeddi Ahmed Shah Massoud Abdul Ali Mazari Osama bin Laden Indirect roles Ronald Reagan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Rahimuddin... The Carter Doctrine was proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January 1980. ... Solidarity (Polish: SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the GdaÅ„sk Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... The Reagan Doctrine was an important Cold War strategy by the United States to oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika ( , Russian: ) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... The Revolutions of 1989, sometimes called the Autumn of Nations, were the series of events in Central and Eastern Europe in the autumn of 1989, when various Soviet-style Communist governments were overthrown in the space of a few months[1]. The name of this event refers to the Revolutions... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... Non-violent protesters are fighting with flowers against armored policemen The Velvet Revolution (Czech: sametovÃ¡ revoluce, Slovak: neÅ¾nÃ¡ revolÃºcia) (November 16 â€“ December 29, 1989) refers to a bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Dissolution of the USSR

Contemporaneous conflicts: // The rise of Gorbachev Although reform in the Soviet Union stalled between 1969 and 1982, a generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Countries behind the Iron Curtain are shaded red. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005) The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM, is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. ... Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it attempted to stop what it called the Domino Effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based Communism, rather than European-American-based Capitalism. ... Rollback was a term used by American foreign policy thinkers during the Cold War. ... An Arms Race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. ... US and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2005. ... For other uses, see Space Race (disambiguation). ... Political cartoon of the era depicting an anarchist attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty. ... Senator Joseph McCarthy McCarthyism is the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the mid to late 1950s. ... Senator John W. Bricker, the sponsor of the proposed constitutional amendment. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // Browder, Golos and Peters By the mid to late 1920s, there were three elements of Soviet power operating in the United States, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the Comintern, military intelligence or GRU, and the forerunner of the KGB, the GPU. The Comintern was the dominant arm, though... Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the Change through Rapprochement principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany. ... CIA redirects here. ... This article is becoming very long. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of ÐšÐ“Ð‘) is the Russian-language abbreviation for Commitee for State Security, (Russian: ; Komitet Gosudarstvennoj Bezopasnosti). ... Logo of East Germanys Ministerium fÃ¼r Staatssicherheit (MfS or Stasi) / Ministry for State Security This article is about Stasi, the secret police of East Germany. ...

Political leaders: Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Israel-Lebanon conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel and the United... Image File history File links Flag_of_NATO.svg The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ...

Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... FDR redirects here. ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 â€“ December 26, 1972) was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945â€“1953); as Vice-President, he succeeded to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969) was an American soldier and politician. ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 â€“ November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 â€“ January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963â€“1969). ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 â€“ June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States of America (1989â€“1993). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Stalin redirects here. ... Georgy (Georgii) Maximilianovich Malenkov (Russian: , his first name then surname pronounced GHYOR-ghee mah-leen-KOF; January 8 [O.S. December 26, 1901] 1902 â€“ January 14, 1988) was a Soviet politician, Communist Party leader and close collaborator of Joseph Stalin. ... (Russian: , Nikita SergeeviÄ HruÅ¡ÄÃ«v; surname commonly romanized as Khrushchev, IPA: ; April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev Russian: ; December 19 [O.S. January 1 1907] 1906 â€“ November 10, 1982) was the effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, though at first in partnership with others. ... Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Russian: Ð®ÌÑ€Ð¸Ð¹ Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ¿Ð¾Ð²; 15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1914 â€“ February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just sixteen months later. ... Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (Russian: ; September 24, 1911 â€“ March 10, 1985) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU who led the Soviet Union from February 13, 1984 until his death just thirteen months later. ... (Russian: , Mihail SergeeviÄ GorbaÄÃ«v, IPA: , commonly anglicized as Gorbachev; born March 2, 1931) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ...

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