The language strife was one of the major conflicts of Finland's national history and domestic politics. (The others revolve around the relations to Tsarist Russia, to Socialism, and to the Finnic peoples under Russian jurisdiction.) The land area that now makes up Finland was settled immediately after the Ice Age, beginning from around 8500 BC. Finland was part of Kingdom of Sweden from the 13th century to 1809, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire becoming the autonomous Grand Chuchy of Finland. ... Росси́йская Импе́рия, (also Imperial Russia) covers the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great into the Russian Empire stretching from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subjfuck grapesect to control by the community[1] for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... Finnic peoples (Fennic, sometimes Baltic-Finnic) refers to a group of related ethnic groups and nations speaking Finnic languages (also known as Balto-Finnic languages). ...

The 19th century resurgence of Finnish nationalism

In the centuries following the present-day Finland's gradual incorporation into the Swedish Realm from the 13th century onwards, Swedish gradually became dominant over Latin and Finnish as the most-used language of administration and education among the Finns. The Realm of Sweden or Svenska väldet is a term that historically was used to comprise all the territories under the control of the Swedish monarchs. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

Besides having to acquire the right language skills for good education and work opportunities, many Finns found it useful, and even fashionable, to acquire a foreign—or foreign sounding—name for themselves. From early on, the Latin sounding versions/translations became popular: Alopaeus, Chydenius, Hackzelius, Cadolin, etc. (even Sibelius, much later). Later on, also Swedish names gained popularity.

However, Finnish eventually recovered its predominance after the 19th-century resurgence of Fennomanic Finnish nationalism, also working to assure Imperial Russia of the loyalty of the then-Russian autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. The Fennomans were the most important political movement in the 19th century Grand Duchy of Finland. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ...

The publication in 1835 of the Finnish national epic The Kalevala first stirred the nationalism that later led to Finland's independence from Russia. | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A national epic is an epic poem or similar work which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular nation; not necessarily a nation-state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with aspirations to independence or autonomy. ... The Kalevala is an epic poem which the Finn Elias Lönnrot compiled from Finnish and Karelian folklore in the 19th century. ... The Finnish declaration of independence was adopted by the Parliament of Finland on December 6, 1917. ...

The Finnish national awakening in the mid-19th century was the result of members of the Finland-Swedish upper classes deliberately choosing to promote Finnish culture and language. They fennicized their family names, learned the language, and made a point of using it both in the society and at home, giving their children what they themselves had missed: the Finnish mother tongue. However, another faction of the Swedish-speaking elite did not wish to abandon Swedish, as they felt it was a guarantee that Finland would remain within the cultural sphere of Western Europe. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... Fennicization is the changing of ones personal names from other languages (usually Swedish) into Finnish. ... For other uses, see Elite (disambiguation). ... For alternative meanings for The West in the United States, see the U.S. West and American West. ...

Beginning in 1892 Finnish gained an official language status comparable to that of Swedish, and within a generation Finnish clearly dominated in government and society in Finland. Inevitably, this situation made for conflict between the supporters of the two languages. In the beginning, the conflict only involved the upper social strata, but the population at large was drawn into it after universal suffrage was implemented in 1906. 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... An official language is a language that is given a unique legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

The last surge of Fennicization frenzy came in the 1920s. After Finland's independence in 1917, relations with Sweden unexpectedly became strained in connection with the Finnish Civil War and the Åland crisis, which further aggravated the language dispute, sharpening it to become a prominent feature of domestic politics during the 1920s and 1930s. This time, the Fennicization of surnames was chiefly a middle-class phenomenon. The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Combatants Whites: White Guards, German Empire, Swedish volunteers Reds: Red Guards, Russian SFSR Commanders C.G.E. Mannerheim Ali Aaltonen, Eero Haapalainen, Eino Rahja, Kullervo Manner Strength 80,000–90,000 Finns, 550 Swedish volunteers, 13,000 Germans[1] 80,000–90,000 Finns, 4,000–10,000 Russians[1... The Ã…land crisis was one of the first issues the new League of Nations had to arbitrate. ... The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ...

In the newly independent Finnish constitution of 1919, the minority language, Swedish, was given far-reaching privileges. The language strife thereafter centered on these privileges and on the role of Swedish in universities, particularly regarding the number of professors lecturing and examining in Swedish. Then, at the resettlement of over 420,000 Karelians after the Winter War against the Soviet Union (1939-1940), the Swedish-speaking minority feared that new Finnish-speaking settlers would change the linguistic balance of their neighborhoods. These issues were ultimately settled by the Fennoman Prime Minister and later President of Finland Juho Kusti Paasikivi, in a way that was too generous to attract criticism from Finland-Swedes. The Constitution of Finland defines the government and its shape, the relationship between the different topmost branches of the commonwealth and the rights of the individual. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Map showing the parts Karelia is traditionally divided into. ... Combatants Finland Soviet Union Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 250,000 men 30 tanks 130 aircraft[1][2] 1,000,000 men 6,541 tanks [3] 3,800 aircraft[4][5] Casualties 26,662 dead 39,886 wounded 1,000 captured[6] 126,875... The Prime Minister (Finnish Pääministeri, Swedish: Statsminister) is the Head of Government in Finland. ... The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. ... Juho Kusti Paasikivi (November 27, 1870 – December 14, 1956) was President of Finland from 1946 to 1956. ...

External links

• Paper about Finnish studies abroad before the foundantion of the Åbo University in 1640PDF - linked 10 February 2006

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See also

• Language policy
• Language revival