Finnish War
Part of Russo–Swedish Wars
Scene from the Finnish War, by Helene Schjerfbeck
Date February 1808 – September 1809 Location Finland Result Russian victory, the separation of Finland from Sweden
Combatants
Russia	Sweden
Commanders
Fyodor Buxhoeveden Boris Knorring Barclay de Tolly	Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor Carl Johan Adlercreutz Georg Carl von Döbeln

The Finnish War was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. As a result of the war, the eastern third of Sweden was established as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland within Imperial Russia. Another notable effect was the Swedish parliament's adoption of a new constitution and a new royal house, that of Bernadotte. The term Russo-Swedish War can apply to any of the wars fought between Sweden and Russia: Swedish-Novgorodian Wars Russo-Swedish War (1496–1499) Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) Livonian War (1558–1583) Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) Ingrian War (1610–1617) Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) Great Northern... Image File history File links Schjerfbeck_war. ... Helene Schjerfbeck (10 July 1862 - 28 January 1946) was a famous Finnish painter. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... Friedrich Wilhelm Count von Buxhoevden, (Russian: , Fyodor Fyodorovich Booksgevden; other spellings: Feodor Buxhoeveden, Buxhœwden) (September 14, 1750 - August 23, 1811) was a Russian Infantry General and government official who commanded the Russian armies during the Finnish War. ... Knyaz de Tolly Knyaz Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, called by the Russians as Mikhail Bogdanovich Barklay de Tolly (Михаи́л Богда́нович Баркла́й-де-То́лли) (born December 21, 1761 in Riga, [then] Imperial Russia; died May 26, 1818 in Insterburg, [then] Prussia), was a Russian field marshal and Minister of War. ... Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor, (1744 in Fluxerum - May 1814 in Stockholm) was a Swedish noble military officer, probably best known from his time as field marshal during the Finnish War and for participating in the coup that dethroned Gustav IV of Sweden. ... Carl Johan Adlercreutz (1759-1815) was a Swedish general and the chief promoter of the revolution of 1808. ... Döbeln at Jutas by Albert Edelfelt Georg Carl von Döbeln (April 29, 1758-16 February 1820) was a Swedish friherre, Lieutenant General and war hero. ... The Battle of Siikajoki was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on April 18, 1808 at Siikajoki, near Oulu, Finland. ... Combatants Sweden Russia Commanders Supreme commander Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor and Colonel Johan Adam Cronstedt Major General Michail Leontjevich Bulatov Strength 2,250 1,800 Casualties 94 200, 400 prisoners The Battle of Revolax (in Finnish: Revolahden taistelu) took place on April 27, 1808, when the Swedish supreme commander Wilhelm Mauritz... The siege of sveaborg was a short siege between Russia and Sweden. ... The engagement of Pulkkila was fought between Swedish and Russian forces near the place of Pulkkila on May 2, 1808 during the Finnish War. ... The Battle of Lapua was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on July 14, 1808 at Lapua, Finland. ... The Battle of Kauhajoki was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on August 10, 1808. ... Combatants Sweden Russia Commanders Carl Johan Adlercreutz colonel Erikson Strength 3. ... The Battle of Jutas was fought on September 13, 1808 between Swedish and Russian troops south of Nykarleby in Ostrobothnia, Finland. ... The Battle of Oravais is sometimes regarded as the turning point of the Finnish War: the last chance for Sweden to turn the war to her advantage. ... Battle of Virta bro (Finnish Koljonvirran taistelu) was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on October 27, 1808. ... The Battle of Sävar and Ratan is actually two separate battles fought with only a day apart. ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... The House of Bernadotte, the current Royal House of the Kingdom of Sweden, has reigned since 1818. ...

Background

After the Russian Emperor Alexander I concluded the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon, he suggested that the Swedish King Gustav IV Adolf should join the Continental System. The king, who viewed Napoleon as the Antichrist, Britain as his traditional ally and was apprehensive of the system's ruinous consequences for Sweden's maritime commerce, instead entered into negotiations with Britain in order to prepare a joint attack against Denmark, whose possessions in Norway he coveted. Aleksandr I Pavlovich (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825?), was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801-1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815–1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July, 1807. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Gustav IV Adolf (1778-1837), king of Sweden, of the house Holstein-Gottorp, was the son of Gustav III of Sweden and Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, and born at Stockholm on November 1, 1778. ... The Continental System was a foreign-policy cornerstone of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... In Christian eschatology the Antichrist or Anti-christ (literally: anti, opposite, for, or as; christ, messiah) has come to mean a person, image of a person, or other entity that is the embodiment of evil. ...

In the meantime, the Royal Navy attacked Copenhagen and the Anglo-Russian War was declared. Referencing the treaties of 1780 and 1800, the emperor demanded Gustav Adolf to close the Baltic Sea to all foreign warships. Although he reiterated his demand on November 16, 1807, it took two months before the king responded that it was impossible to honour the previous arrangements as long as the French were in control of the major Baltic ports. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore the Senior Service). ... For other uses, see Copenhagen (disambiguation). ... The Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812) was a war between the United Kingdom and Russia which took place in 1807-1812, during the Napoleonic Wars. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... Year 1807 (MDCCCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Although most Swedish officers were sceptical about their chances in fighting the larger and more experienced Russian army, Gustav Adolf had an unrealistic view of Sweden's ability to defend itself against Russia. In Saint Petersburg, his stubbornness was viewed as a convenient pretext to occupy Finland, thus pushing the Russo-Swedish frontier considerably to the west from the Russian capital and safeguarding it in case of any future hostilities between the two powers. Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and...

February – May 1808

On February 21, 1808 24,000 Russian troops under Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden crossed the border and captured Hämeenlinna. The king was quite unprepared for the attack, especially as war was not declared until April. About 21,000 Swedish troops were stationed in various fortresses of Finland, while the rest of his army was unable to leave southern Sweden for fear of Danish attack. The term Russo-Swedish War can apply to any of the wars fought between Sweden and Russia: Swedish-Novgorodian Wars Russo-Swedish War (1496–1499) Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) Livonian War (1558–1583) Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) Ingrian War (1610–1617) Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) Great Northern... The Republic of Novgorod and medieval Sweden waged a number of wars for control of the Gulf of Finland, an area vital for the lucrative Hanseatic trade. ... The Russo-Swedish War of 1495–1497 was a result of an alliance between Ivan III of Russia and Hans of Denmark, who was waging war against the Sture family of Sweden in the hope of regaining the Swedish throne. ... The Russo-Swedish War of 1554–1557, considered a prelude to the Livonian War of 1558–1583, arose out of border skirmishes. ... The Reformation reached Livonia in the 1520s. ... The Russo-Swedish War of 1590–1595 was instigated by Boris Godunov in the hope of recovering territory along the Gulf of Finland lost to Sweden during the previous Livonian War. ... The Ingrian War, which lasted from 1610 to 1617, was initiated by Sweden against Russia in a final attempt to put a Swedish count on the Russian throne, but ended with a large Swedish territorial gain in the Treaty of Stolbovo See also The De la Gardie Campaign Dymitriads Mikhail... The Russo-Swedish War of 1656–1658 was fought by Russia and Sweden against the background of the simultaneous Northern Wars and the War for Ukraine. ... Combatants Sweden Ottoman Empire (1710–1714) Ukrainian Cossacks Russia Denmark-Norway Poland-Lithuania Saxony later also Prussia, Hanover Commanders Charles XII of Sweden Ahmed III Ivan Mazepa Peter the Great Augustus II the Strong Frederick IV of Denmark Strength 77,000 in the beginning of the war. ... The Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743, known as the Hats Russian War in Sweden and the Lesser Wrath (Finnish: Pikkuviha, Swedish: Lilla ofreden) in Finland, was instigated by the Hats, a Swedish political party which aspired to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War, and... The Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90, known as Gustav IIIs Russian War in Sweden and as Catherine IIs Swedish War in Russia, was fought between Sweden and Russia from June 1788 to August 1790. ... February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1808 (MDCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Friedrich Wilhelm Count von Buxhoevden, (Russian: , Fyodor Fyodorovich Booksgevden; other spellings: Feodor Buxhoeveden, BuxhÅ“wden) (September 14, 1750 - August 23, 1811) was a Russian Infantry General and government official who commanded the Russian armies during the Finnish War. ... View of Lake Vanajavesi, next to Hämeenlinna. ...

The plan of the Swedish commander Johan Adam Cronstedt was to retreat into Ostrobothnia leaving only the isolated fortresses of Svartholm and Sveaborg behind. In March, the Russians with only modest troops overran basically without resistance Kuopio, Tampere, Jakobstad, Svartholm surrendered after a short siege, Helsinki, Hanko and landed in Gotland and Åland Islands. Buxhoevden laid siege to Sveaborg, which surrendered on May 3 with 6,000 soldiers, 100 vessels, and more than 700 cannons, as the commanding officer Carl Olof Cronstedt and his council thought that resistance was futile. Ostrobothnia, Österbotten (literally East (of) Bottom / the Gulf of Bothnia) or Pohjanmaa (literally Bottom land / soil / ground), is a historical province to the north in Finland. ... Founded 1745 Province Southern Finland Region Eastern Uusimaa Sub-region Loviisa Area - Of which land - Rank 44. ... Utsikt över Sveaborg (View over Sveaborg), painting by Augustin Ehrensvärd Suomenlinna (Finnish), or Sveaborg (Swedish), is an inhabited sea fortress built on six islands, today within Helsinki, the capital of Finland. ... Kuopio is a Finnish city located in the province of Eastern Finland and the region of Northern Savonia. ... Tampere ( , Tammerfors in Swedish) is a city in southern Finland located between two lakes, Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi. ... Jakobstad, or Pietarsaari, is a town and municipality in Finland. ... Nickname: Location of Helsinki in Northern Europe Coordinates: Country Finland Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Charter 1550 Capital city 1812 Government  - Lord Mayor Jussi Pajunen  - Mayor Pekka Korpinen  - Mayor Ilkka-Christian Björklund  - Mayor Pekka Sauri  - Mayor Paula Kokkonen Area  - City 187. ... The word Hanko may refer to Hanko, Finland, town and municipality Hanko Peninsula Hanko, a Japanese signature stamp Hanko is sometimes a misspelling of Hankou (汉口), China This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...   is a county and province of Sweden and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. ... National motto: ? Official language Swedish Capital Mariehamn Governor Peter Lindbäck Premier Roger Nordlund Total Area  - Land  - Water 6,784 km² 1,527 km² 5,258 km² Population  - Total (2002)  - Density 26,257 17. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Carl-Olof Cronstedt senior (3 october 1756 – 7 april 1820) Carl-Olof Constedt senior was commander at the fortress of Sveaborg during the Finnish war 1808, wich was fought between Sweden and Russia. ...

Under a new commander, Carl Johan Adlercreutz, the Swedish army counter-attacked and the Russian offensive was halted. Nikolay Tuchkov, a Russian general who was dispatched to the north of Finland, left garrisons in every fort on his way, thus reducing his unit to 4,000 troops, which proved insufficient to pacify the hostile country. The Finns rose up in guerrilla fighting as far as Hamina (in Russian "Old Finland"), where the unit of Colonel Sandels was active. Kulnev's detachment was defeated at Siikajoki (April 18) as was Bulatov's contingent at Revolax (April 27). Carl Johan Adlercreutz (1759-1815) was a Swedish general and the chief promoter of the revolution of 1808. ... Hamina, or Fredrikshamn in Swedish, is one of Finlands most important harbors. ... Old Finland (Vanha Suomi in Finnish) is a name used for the areas that Sweden lost to Russia in the Great Northern War and in the Hats Russian War. ... Count Johan August Sandels (1764-1831) was a Swedish soldier and politician, being appointed Viceroy of Norway (Riksståthållare in Swedish, Rigsstatholder in Norwegian (Danish)) 1818 and Field Marshal in 1824. ... Portrait from the Military Gallery of Winter Palace. ... The Battle of Siikajoki was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on April 18, 1808 at Siikajoki, near Oulu, Finland. ... Combatants Sweden Russia Commanders Supreme commander Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor and Colonel Johan Adam Cronstedt Major General Michail Leontjevich Bulatov Strength 2,250 1,800 Casualties 94 200, 400 prisoners The Battle of Revolax (in Finnish: Revolahden taistelu) took place on April 27, 1808, when the Swedish supreme commander Wilhelm Mauritz...

In May, the Russians suffered further setbacks when they were driven from Gotland and Åland, where a Swedish flotilla, supported by the local population, compelled Colonel Vuich and his garrison to surrender. On May 26, a British fleet manned by 14,000 troops entered the port of Gothenburg but, due to various disagreements with the king, never landed and proceeded to fight the French in Spain after leaving 16 battleships and 20 other ships at Sweden's disposal.   is a county and province of Sweden and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. ... A flotilla (from Spanish, meaning a flota of small ships, and this from French flotte), or naval flotilla, is a formation of small warships that may be part of a larger fleet. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Location of Gothenburg in northern Europe Coordinates: Country Sweden County Västra Götaland County Province Västergötland Charter 1621 Government  - Mayor Göran Johansson Area  - City 450 km²  (174 sq mi)  - Water 14. ...

August – September 1808

After the Russians were driven from Central Finland, their forces stretched along the line of Pori — Tampere — Mikkeli. Having received considerable reinforcements, their numbers increased to 55,000, as opposed to the 36,000 their opponents had. On August 14, Count Nikolay Kamensky decided to use this numerical superiority to launch a new offensive. Court House of Pori The Juselius Mausoleum, designed by Josef Stenbäck For other uses, see Pori (disambiguation). ... Tampere ( , Tammerfors in Swedish) is a city in southern Finland located between two lakes, Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi. ... Mikkeli (or St. ... August 14 is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Count Nicholas Kamensky Count Nikolay Mikhailovich Kamensky (27 December 1776 — 4 May 1811) was a Russian general who outlived his father, Field Marshal Mikhail Kamensky, by two years. ...

Although Georg Carl von Döbeln won the Battle of Jutas for Sweden on September 13, Kamensky's 11,000-strong corps achieved more important victories at Kuortane on September 1, at Salmi on September 2, and at Oravais on September 14. Swedish attempts to land troops near Turku were stalled by Bagration's prompt actions. In Eastern Finland, the guerrilla movement was gradually extinguished. As a consequence, Russia's situation in Southern Finland improved significantly. Döbeln at Jutas by Albert Edelfelt Georg Carl von Döbeln (April 29, 1758-16 February 1820) was a Swedish friherre, Lieutenant General and war hero. ... The Battle of Jutas was fought on September 13, 1808 between Swedish and Russian troops south of Nykarleby in Ostrobothnia, Finland. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... Salmi is an former Soviet Air Force air base in Russia located 50 km northwest of Ilinskiy. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Oravais is sometimes regarded as the turning point of the Finnish War: the last chance for Sweden to turn the war to her advantage. ... September 14 is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Turku (IPA:  , Swedish:  ), founded in the 13th century, is the oldest and fifth largest city in Finland, with a population of 174,868 (as of 2005). ... Prince Pyotr Bagration (Пётр Иванович Багратион) (1765 - September 12, 1812), a descendant of the Georgian Royal family of the Bagrations, served as a Russian general. ...

In the north, the situation was more complicated. Tuchkov's battered unit strained to hold its own against Sandels, while the progress of a relief force under General Alekseyev was contained by guerrilla fighters. It was not until September 26 that Prince Dolgorukov (Alekseyev's replacement) managed to join his forces with Tuchkov, inducing Sandels to retreat. Three days later, Buxhoevden — pressed by the early onset of winter weather — signed an armistice, much to the dismay of Napoleon. The emperor refused to ratify the truce and replaced Buxhoevden with a new commander-in-chief, Boris Knorring in December of the same year. is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Dolgoroukov (Долгоруков) is the name of a princely Russian family of Rurikid stock. ...

The Swedish situation was further weakened by being at war with France and Denmark, both of whom threatened Sweden's possessions with a joint invasion of 45,000 troops in Denmark (under French general Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte) and a further 36,000 in Norway. This forced the Swedes to allocate their main forces to southern Sweden and against the Norwegian border (23,000 troops). Denmark had declared war on Sweden on March 14 but no serious hostilities occurred except for a series of inconclusive minor skirmishes along the Norwegian border as the Spanish situation in April started to increasingly require the attention of Napoleon and as the British navy remained a continuous threat for troop movements between Denmark and Sweden. King Charles XIV of Sweden, Charles III of Norway, or domestically Karl XIV Johan and Carl III Johan respectively, Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (January 26, 1763 – March 8, 1844) was born at Pau, France, the son of Henri Bernadotte (1711–1780), procurator at Pau, and Jeanne St. ... March 14 is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Winter 1809

Arrest of Gustav IV.

By that time, Russian forces had overrun all of Finland. On November 19, the Convention of Olkijoki was signed and the Swedish army was forced to leave the country. The emperor was, however, now eager to bring hostilities to the territory of Sweden proper, which was certain to bring the war to a victorious end. Image File history File links Gustavarrest. ... Image File history File links Gustavarrest. ... Gustav IV Adolf (November 1, 1778 – February 7, 1837), was King of Sweden from 1792 until his abdication in 1809. ... November 19 is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

With these reasons in mind, Kamensky suggested a daring plan, whereby the Russian army was to cross the frozen Gulf of Bothnia in two directions: one unit was to march from Vaasa towards Umeå and another from Turku to the Åland Islands and thence towards the vicinity of Stockholm. A third unit was to advance on Tornio and arrive in Sweden by land. The Baltic Sea The Gulf of Bothnia (Fin. ... Founded 1606 Province Western Finland Region Ostrobothnia Sub-region Vaasa Area - Of which land - Rank 397 km² 183 km² ranked 345th Population - Density - Rank 57,266 (2005) 311. ... UmeÃ¥ (IPA:  ) is a city and municipality in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden. ... National motto: ? Official language Swedish Capital Mariehamn Governor Peter Lindbäck Premier Roger Nordlund Total Area  - Land  - Water 6,784 km² 1,527 km² 5,258 km² Population  - Total (2002)  - Density 26,257 17. ... Nickname: Location of Stockholm in northern Europe Coordinates: Country Sweden Municipality Stockholm Municipality County Stockholm Province Södermanland and Uppland Charter 13th Century Population (April 2007)  - City 782,885  - Density 4,160/km² (10,774. ... Location on Finnish map Tornio (Swedish: TorneÃ¥) is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. ...

Although Knorring was urged to execute the plan as quickly as possible, he regarded the idea as unrealistic and procrastinated until March, when the emperor dispatched the War Minister Arakcheyev to Finland in order to pressure Knorring into action before arriving at the army himself. Dawes portrait of Arkacheev from the Military Gallery of the Winter Palace. ...

Spring 1809

As Russian forces embarked upon their unprecedented march across the frozen Baltic on March 13, King Gustav IV — accused of fatal mistakes leading to the loss of Finland — was dethroned in Stockholm and his uncle was proclaimed Charles XIII of Sweden. Four days later, Bagration's corps of 17,000 men occupied the strategic Åland Islands, while Kulnev led the vanguard further across the frozen sea and on March 19 reached the Swedish shore within 70 km from Stockholm. is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Charles XIII (Swe: Karl XIII) (October 7, 1748 - February 5, 1818), was King of Sweden from 1809 and King of Norway (where he was known as Carl II) from 1814 until his death. ... National motto: ? Official language Swedish Capital Mariehamn Governor Peter Lindbäck Premier Roger Nordlund Total Area  - Land  - Water 6,784 km² 1,527 km² 5,258 km² Population  - Total (2002)  - Density 26,257 17. ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ...

When news of Kulnev's incursion spread to the Swedish capital, the new king sent an embassy to Knorring, proposing a truce. The Russian commander agreed and speedily recalled Kulnev back to Åland. In the meantime, another Russian contingent — 5,000 men under Barclay de Tolly — endured great hardships in crossing the frozen gulf further north: they entered Umeå on March 24. Knyaz Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, called by the Russians as Mikhail Bogdanovich Barklay de Tolly (Михаи́л Богда́нович Баркла́й-де-То́лли) (1761 - 1818), Russian field marshal, was born in Livonia, a descendant of a Scottish family which had settled in Russia in the 17th century. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

A third force, commanded by Count Shuvalov, struck against Tornio and, braving fierce frost, encircled a Swedish army, which capitulated on March 25. Six days later, the czar arrived in Turku and, on learning about the truce, not only revoked Knorring's signature but named Barclay de Tolly new Commander-in-Chief. Hostilities thus continued until May, when Shuvalov finally reached Umeå, where he was succeeded by Kamensky. Pyotr Shuvalov Count Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov (граф Пётр Андреевич Шувалов) (1827 - 1889), was a Russian statesman and a counselor to Tsar Alexander II. Referring to his reactionary policies, his more liberal opponents sometimes called him Arakcheev II. Biography Pyotr Shuvalov came from a Russian family which rose to distinction in the person Peter Ivanovich... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Summer 1809

Last battle of the war at Ratan near Umeå in Swedish Västerbotten

In August, Charles XIII, anxious to reach a better peace settlement, ordered Sandels to land in the north of Sweden and to attack Kamensky's rear. The last engagements of the war, at Savar and Ratan, proved inconclusive and Kamensky succeeded in neutralizing this belated counter-offensive. Image File history File links Ratan. ... Image File history File links Ratan. ... The Battle of Sävar and Ratan is actually two separate battles fought with only a day apart. ... UmeÃ¥ (IPA:  ) is a city and municipality in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden. ... Västerbotten is the name of a geographical region in Sweden and Finland which can refer to: Westrobothnia, or Västerbotten - a historical Province of the Swedish Realm Laponia, or Lappland - a historical Province of the Swedish Realm Part of Västerbotten County, or Västerbottens län - a current... Combatants Sweden Russia Commanders Gustaf Wachtmeister, Johan Puke Nikolay Mikhailovich Kamensky Strength 6,800 troops 5,000 troops Casualties Total: 1 000. ... The Battle of Sävar and Ratan is actually two separate battles fought with only a day apart. ...

Sandels's action was only a prelude to the peace negotiations that opened in August and resulted in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn (September 17), in which Sweden ceded the whole of Finland and part of Lapland east of the Torne River (part of Norrlands län) to Russia. Sweden closed its harbours to British ships and joined the Continental System, leading to the formal declaration of war on Great Britain. A few months later, on January 6, 1810, the Russian government mediated the Treaty of Paris between Sweden and France. The Treaty of Fredrikshamn (Freden i Fredrikshamn in Swedish and Haminan rauha in Finnish ) was a peace treaty concluded between Sweden and Russia on September 17, 1809. ... The Torne River (Finnish: Tornionjoki, Swedish: Torne älv, Torneälven, Northern Sami: Duortneseatnu, Meankieli: Tornionväyla), is a river on the border between Sweden and Finland. ... Norrland is a name for the northernmost part of Sweden, historically one of the four lands of Sweden. ... The Continental System was a foreign-policy cornerstone of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. ... During the Napoleonic wars Sweden was allied with the United Kingdom, the only exception being the period 1810-1812. ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 359 days (360 in leap years) remaining. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of Paris of 1810, signed on January 6, 1810, ended the War between France and Sweden. ...

Russia would attach areas ceded earlier during the 18th century by Sweden to the newly formed Grand Duchy of Finland including so-called Old Finland. The Grand Duchy of Finland was to retain the Gustavian constitution of 1772 with only slight modifications until 1919. Almost all Finnish soldiers in Sweden (most of them in the Umeå area) were repatriated after the war. The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ... Old Finland (Vanha Suomi in Finnish) is a name used for the areas that Sweden lost to Russia in the Great Northern War and in the Hats Russian War. ... Gustav III (13 January (O.S.) or (24 January (N.S.) 1746 – March 29, 1792) was King of Sweden from 1771 until his death. ...

References

• Ордин К., Покорение Финляндии, ч. 1, СПБ, 1889.
• Михайловский-Данилевский А. И., Описание финляндской войны в 1808-1809. СПБ, 1849.
• Ниве П. А., Русско-шведская война 1808-1809, СПБ, 1910.
• Захаров Г., Русско-шведская война 1808-1809, М., 1940.
• Фомин А.А., Швеция в системе европейской политики накануне и в период русско-шведской войны 1808–1809 гг., М., 2003.

See also

• Diet of Porvoo
• The Tales of Ensign Stål

The Diet of Finland, Suomen valtiopäivät or Finlands Lantdag, was the legislative assembly, and successor to the Riksdag of the Estates, of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906. ... The Tales of Ensign StÃ¥l (Swedish: Fänrik StÃ¥ls sägner, Finnish: Vänrikki Stoolin tarinat) is an epic poem that describes the tragical defence war (1808-1809) when Sweden left Finland alone against a superior enemy (Finnish War). ...

External links

• "The Final War" - The Swedish-Russian War of 1808-09