The First Anglo-Burmese War lasted from 1823 to 1826. In the United Kingdom it is called the First Burmese War whereas Burmese custom names both belligerents. It was the first of the three wars fought between Burma and the British Empire during the 19^th century which resulted in the gradual extinction of Burmese sovereignty and independence. 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Chronology

Due to the difficult terrain, particularly during the rainy season in the summer, campaigning was largely confined to the first and last few months of the year. Monsoon in the Vindhya mountain range, central India A monsoon is a storm whose direction depends on the specific season. ...

Causes

During the end of the 18^th century and beginning of the 19^th, the Burmese had engaged in an expansionist policy against its neighbours that finally set it in contact with the colonial British Empire. They apparently were not aware of the tactics, discipline and resources of the Europeans, and thus were not cautious about entering a war. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Expansionism is the doctrine of expanding the territorial base (or economic influence) of a country, usually by means of military aggression. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...

The Kingdom of Burma had invaded and conquered the kingdom of Arakan in 1784 which brought the borders of Burma right up to the edge of British India. The Burmese destruction of Arakan and its policy of demanding slave labour from Arakan for projects inside Burma led both to rebellion and large communities of exiles and refugees forming on the other side of the Indian border. In 1798 for example, local leader Nga Than Dè and 10,000 Arakanese abandoned their homes as a group and fled to India out of desperation. Because of the refugees who were considered Burmese property and rebels on the other side of the border, the Burmese kingdom began to launch raids into Indian territory over the border. Rakhine State (formerly Arakan) is a state of Myanmar. ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... British India (otherwise known as The British Raj) was a historical period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India). ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Starting in 1817, the Burmese invaded Assam in Northeastern India. By 1822, the Burmese army was effectively in control of Assam and the same problems of refugees and rebels operating in the border areas as had occurred with Arakan were now repeated in Assam. 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Burmese invasion of Assam denotes the period between 1817 and 1826 when Assam was under the control of the Burmese rulers. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

In 1819, the Burmese launched a campaign of devastation into Manipur on the pretext of its ruler not attending the coronation of King Bagyidaw (1819-1837). The country was plundered extensively and its people were carried off as slave labour into Burma. The attack on Manipur evolved into an attack and plunder of the neighbouring state of Cachar whose ruler fled to British territory asking for help. Other frontier states were threatened by the Burmese in 1823. 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... In the military sciences, a military campaign encompass related military operations, usually conducted by a defense or fighting force, directed at gaining a particular desired state of affairs, usually within geographical and temporal limitations. ... Manipur (Hindi: मणिपुर) is a state in northeastern India making its capital in the city of Imphal. ... The coronation of Empress Farah, of Iran in 1967. ... King Bagyidaw (died October 1846) was king of the Konbaung Dynasty from 1819 to 1837. ... 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Cachar is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

The British had for the previous thirty years attempted to negotiate some form of peace or stability on their eastern frontier with Burma. The Governor General of India, Sir John Shore, had sent Captain Michael Symes on an embassy to Amarapura in 1795 ^[1] during the reign of King Bodawpaya (1781-1819), a son of Alaungpaya (1752-1760) who founded the Konbaung dynasty and established the Third Burmese Empire. . The British were anxious to deny the French the use of Burmese harbours and concerned about French influence at the Court of Ava as the kingdom was still known to them.^[2] Symes's mission was fully equipped to gain as much knowledge as possible of the country for future British plans whereas previous envoys were concerned principally with trade concessions. Anglo-French rivalry had already played a role during Alaungpaya's endeavours of unifying the kingdom.^[2] Amarapura (City of Immortality) is a city in the Mandalay division of Myanmar, situated 11 km to the south of Mandalay. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Bodawpaya (literally Royal Grandfather, 11 March 1745 - 5 June 1819) was the sixth king of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (1782-1819). ... 1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Alaungpaya 1711-15 May 1760 was a Burmese king who established the Konbaung Dynasty (Heavens platform) in the early 18th century. ... 1752 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Konbaung Dynasty (Burmese: ; 1752-1885, sometimes called the Alaungpaya Dynasty) was the last in the history of the Burmese monarchy. ... Innwa (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; formerly Ava) is a city in the Mandalay Division of Myanmar, situated just to the south of Amarapura on the Ayeyarwady River. ...

It is important to note that the Burmese in these wars were advancing into smaller states not ruled by the British or the subject of expansionary goals by the British before the war began, and the British were not so much preoccupied by the refugee problem initially than by the threat posed by the French until further incidents forced their hand.^[2]

Autumn 1823 - Spring 1824

On September 23, 1823, an armed party of Burmese attacked the British on Shapura (Shinmabyu kyun in Burmese), an island close to the Chittagong side, killing and wounding six of the guards. Two Burmese armies, one from Manipur and another from Assam, also entered Cachar, which was now under British protection, in January 1824. Cachar was the repeated target of threats and intimidation from the Burmese. Its particular value was that it controlled key territory that could be used to launch an invasion of Bengal. War with Burma was formally declared on March 5, 1824. On May 17, 1824, a Burmese force invaded Chittagong and drove a mixed sepoy and police detachment from its position at Ramu, but did not follow up its success. September 23 is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years). ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Chittagong (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম, Chôţţogram) is the major seaport and second largest city of Bangladesh. ... Manipur (Hindi: मणिपुर) is a state in northeastern India making its capital in the city of Imphal. ... January is the first month of the year and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Bengal, known as Bôngo (Bengali: বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bôngodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in the Bengali language, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ... March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (65th in leap years). ... May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (138th in leap years). ... A sepoy (from Persian سپاهی Sepâhi meaning soldier) was a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, usually of the United Kingdom. ...

The British rulers in India, however, had resolved to carry the war into the enemy's country; an army, under Commodore Charles Grant and Major-General Sir Archibald Campbell, entered the Rangoon River, and anchored off the town of Rangoon on May 10, 1824. After initial resistance Rangoon was surrendered, and the troops were landed. The place was entirely deserted by its inhabitants, the provisions were carried off to the defensive positions built by the Burmese army beyond the city or destroyed. On May 28, Campbell ordered an attack on some of the nearest posts, which were all eventually taken by superior fire-power. On June 10, another attack was made on the elaborate stockades at the village of Kemmendine. Some of these were battered by artillery from the war vessels in the river, and the shot and shells eventually led to a Burmese retreat. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For other people with the same name see Archibald Campbell Argyll. ... The Yangon River (also known as Rangoon River or Hlaing River) is an estuary that runs from Yangon to the Andaman Sea. ... Yangon (Burmese: , population 4,082,000 (2005 census), formerly Rangoon, and still known by that name in many circles, see below under History), is the largest city of Myanmar (formerly Burma) and its former capital. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (131st in leap years). ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... Artillery with Gabion fortification Cannons on display at Fort Point Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 – 1851) A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. ...

It soon became apparent that the expedition had been undertaken with very imperfect knowledge of the country, and without adequate provision. Denial operations, which were part of the defensive system of the Burmese, were carried out with unrelenting rigour, and the invaders were soon reduced to great difficulties. The health of the men declined, and their ranks were fearfully thinned. The King of Ava sent large reinforcements to his army at the front; and early in June an attack was commenced on the British line, but proved unsuccessful. On June 8, the British launched a new offensive. The Burmese were driven back; and their strongly built forts, battered by artillery, were gradually abandoned. Innwa (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; formerly Ava) is a city in the Mandalay Division of Myanmar, situated just to the south of Amarapura on the Ayeyarwady River. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ...

Autumn 1824 – Spring 1825

With the exception of an attack by the Prince of Tharrawaddy in the end of August, the enemy allowed the British to remain unmolested during the months of July and August. This interval was employed by Campbell in subduing the Burmese provinces of Tavoy and Mergui, and the whole coast of Tenasserim. This was an important conquest, as the country was salubrious and afforded convalescent stations to the sick, who were now so numerous in the British army that there were scarcely 3,000 soldiers fit for duty. An expedition was about this time sent against the old Portuguese fort and factory of Syriam, at the mouth of the Pegu River, which was taken; and in October the province of Martaban was reduced under the authority of the British. Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Maha Tissada Gandha Bell donated by Tharrawaddy Min can be seen hung in a pavilion on the northeast terrace of the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon. ... Dawei (formerly known as Tavoy), southeastern Myanmar, capital of Tanintharyi Division, is a port at the head of the Dawei River estuary, 30 m. ... Mergui or Myeik is a city in Taninthayi Division in Myanmar (Burma), located in the extreme south of the country on a peninsula in the Andaman Sea. ... Tanintharyi, better known by the old name Tenasserim, is a division of Myanmar, covering the long narrow southern part of the country on the Kra Isthmus. ... Thanlyin, formerly Syriam, is a city in Yangon Division in Myanmar (Burma). ... Categories: Stub ... Martaban is a small town in the Thaton district of Lower Myanmar. ...

The rainy season terminated about the end of October; and the Court of Ava, alarmed by the discomfiture of its armies, recalled the veteran legions which were employed in Arakan, under their renowned leader Maha Bandula. Bandula hastened by forced marches to the defence of his country; and by the end of November an army of 60,000 men had surrounded the British position at Rangoon and Kemmendine, for the defence of which Campbell had only 5,000 efficient troops. The enemy in great force made repeated attacks on Kemmendine without success, and on December 7, 1824 Bandula was defeated in a counter-attack made by Campbell. The fugitives retired to a strong position on the river, which they again entrenched; and here they were attacked by the British on the 15^th, and driven in complete confusion from the field. Innwa (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; formerly Ava) is a city in the Mandalay Division of Myanmar, situated just to the south of Amarapura on the Ayeyarwady River. ... Arakan is a state in the North Western part of Myanmar, formerly Burma. ... General Mahabandoola (c. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Campbell now resolved to advance on Prome; about 100 metres higher up the Irrawaddy River. He moved with his force on February 13, 1825 in two divisions, one proceeding by land, and the other, under General Willoughby Cotton, destined for the reduction of Danubyu, being embarked on the flotilla. Taking command of the land force, he continued his advance till March 11, when intelligence reached him of the failure of the attack upon Danubyu. He instantly commenced a retrograde march; on March 27 he effected a junction with Cotton's force, and on April 2 entered the entrenchments at Danubyu without resistance, Bandula having been killed by a bomb. The English general entered Prome on April 25, and remained there during the rainy season. PROME, a district in the Pegu division of Lower Burma, with an area of 2QIc sq. ... The Ayeyarwady River or Irrawaddy River (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ) is a river that flows through Burma (Myanmar). ... February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in leap years). ... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (87th in leap years). ... April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ...

Autumn 1825 – Spring 1826

On September 17, an armistice was concluded for one month. In the course of the summer General Joseph Wanton Morrison had conquered the province of Arakan; in the north the Burmese were expelled from Assam; and the British had made some progress in Cachar, though their advance was finally impeded by the thick forests and jungle. The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... A white flag is traditionally used to represent a truce. ... Joseph Wanton Morrison (4 May 1783 – 15 February 1826) was a British soldier, best known for commanding the British troops at the Battle of Cryslers Farm during the War of 1812. ...

The armistice having expired on November 3, 1825 the army of Ava, amounting to 60,000 men, advanced in three divisions against the British position at Prome, which was defended by 3,000 Europeans and 2,000 native troops. But the British still triumphed, and after several actions, in which the Burmese were the assailants and were partially successful, Campbell, on December 1, attacked the different divisions of their army, and successively drove them from all their positions, and dispersed them in every direction. The Burmese retired on Malun, along the course of the Irrawaddy, where they occupied, with 10,000 or 12,000 men, a series of strongly fortified heights and a formidable stockade. On December 26, they sent a flag of truce to the British camp; and negotiations having commenced, peace was proposed to them on the following conditions: November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 58 days remaining. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ayeyarwady River or Irrawaddy River (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ) is a river that flows through Burma (Myanmar). ... December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, 361st in leap years. ...

1. The cession of Arakan, together with the provinces of Mergui, Tavoy and Ye. And the temporary occupation of large parts of southern Burma until the financial indemnity for the war was paid by the Burmese.
2. The renunciation by the Burmese sovereign of all claims upon Assam, Manipur and the contiguous smaller states.
3. The British East India Company to be paid a crore of rupees as an indemnity for the expenses of the war.
4. Residents from each court of the Company to be allowed, with an escort of fifty men into the Burmese capital.
5. British ships would no longer be obliged to unship their rudders and land their guns as formerly in the Burmese ports.

This treaty was nominally agreed to and signed by officials the British located. But the ratification of the King could not be obtained; and it was suspected that the Burmese had no intention to sign it, but were preparing to continue the war. Accordingly, Campbell attacked the Burmese military positions at Malun on January 19, 1826. Another offer of peace was here made by some Burmese, but it was considered to be insincere; and the remainder of the Burmese army made at the ancient city of Pagan a final stand in defence of the capital. They were attacked and overthrown on February 9. As the invading force was now within four days' march of Ava, the Burmese King made the difficult decision to accept the treaty. The two letter acronym YE can refer to: Young Entrepreneur, an entrepreneur who generally started young Yemen, the Republic of Yemen This page expands and disambiguates a two-letter combination which might be an abbreviation, an English word, a word in another language, any or all of these. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was one of the first joint-stock companies. ... A crore is a unit in the Indian numbering system, still widely used in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. ... It has been suggested that History of the rupee be merged into this article or section. ... Residency is a stage of postgraduate medical training in North America which leads to eligibility for board certification in a primary care or referral specialty. ... Stern-mounted steering oar of an Egyptian riverboat depicted in the Tomb of Menna (c. ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Bagan (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ), formerly Pagan, formally titled Arimaddanapura (the City of the Enemy Crusher) and also known as Tambadipa (the Land of Copper) or Tassadessa (the Parched Land), was the ancient capital of several ancient kingdoms in Myanmar. ... February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Dr. Price, an American missionary, who had been thrown into prison with other Europeans when the war commenced, was sent to the British camp with the treaty (known as the Treaty of Yandabo, signed on February 24, 1826) ratified, the prisoners of war released, and an installment of 25 lakhs of rupees. The war was thus brought to an end, and the British army moved south. The British army remained in the territories surrendered to it under the treaty and in the territories such as the Rangoon area which were occupied for several years in guarantee of the financial terms of the treaty. A missionary is traditionally defined as a propagator of religion who works to convert those outside that community; someone who proselytizes. ... The Treaty of Yandaboo between the British East India Company and the Burmese King of Ava, signed on February 24, 1826 marked the end of the First Burmese War. ... February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... A lakh (Hindi: लाख, Urdu: Ù„Ú©Ú¾, Bengali: , Tamil : இலட்சம்) is a unit in the Indian numbering system, widely used both in official and other contexts in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. ...

The territories of Ye and Tavoy had been taken by the British as a bargaining chip for use either in future negotiations with Burma or Siam. They were unprofitably administered by the East India Company after the war. Serious consideration was given to abandoning the territories in the 1830s. Anthem: Phleng Chat Royal anthem: Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami Capital Bangkok (Krung Thep) Largest city Bangkok Official languages Thai Government Military junta under Constitutional Monarchy  -  King HM The King Bhumibol Adulyadej  -  Prime Minister General Surayud Chulanont  -  President of the Council of National Security General Sonthi Boonyaratglin Formation  -  Sukhothai kingdom 1238... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was one of the first joint-stock companies. ... Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria...

Overall, even though the war was won by the British, it is generally viewed as a British military disaster due to poor planning on the part of the military forces in India. They had mistakenly expected the Mon of the Delta to support them with transport and food. The cost of the war both in money, time and lives was generally seen as unacceptable. The British deployed a total force of 40,000 and lost no fewer than 15,000 although only 4 per cent of this was killed in action.^[2] The Mon (Burmese: ) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. ...

In fiction

The first few chapters of the novel The Sabre's Edge by Allan Mallinson are set during the First Burmese War. Brigadier Allan Mallinson is an English author and serving cavalry officer the British Army. ...

See also

• History of Myanmar
• Konbaung dynasty
• Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)
• Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885-1886)

On the Irrawaddy River by G.A. Henty is a fictional account of the First Burmese War. The History of Burma (Myanmar) is long and complex. ... The Konbaung Dynasty (Burmese: ; 1752-1885, sometimes called the Alaungpaya Dynasty) was the last in the history of the Burmese monarchy. ... The Second Anglo-Burmese War took place in 1852. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Third Anglo-Burmese War or The Third Burmese war lasted from 1885 to 1887. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... The Irrawaddy (newer spelling Ayeyarwaddy) is a river that flows through the centre of Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is Myanmars most important commercial waterway. ... George Alfred Henty (December 8, 1832 - November 16, 1902), commonly referred to as G. A. Henty, was a prolific British novelist, war correspondent, and Imperialist born in Trumpington, England. ...

External links

Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about:

Burmese Wars

• Text of the Treaty of Yandabo
• Colour plates by Lt. Joseph Moore and (Capt. Frederick Marryat)
• The Somerset Light Infantry in the First Burmese War
• First Anglo-Burmese War British regiments
• Rikard,J.(12 December 2001)First Anglo Burmese War,1823-1826

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ...

References

1. ^ Michael Symes (1795). An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} D.G.E.Hall (1960). Burma. Hutchinson University Library, 96-97,78-85,104. 

Europe and Burma, D.G.E. Hall, Oxford University Press 1945

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...