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Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive. The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another, including through the use of objects obtained through forgery. Copies, studio replicas, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful mis-attributions. Image File history File links Scale_of_justice. ...
Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of statutory and common law that deals with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses. ...
This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ...
Actus reus is the action (or inaction, in the case of criminal negligence and similar crimes which are sometimes called acts of omission) which, in combination with the mens rea (guilty mind), produces criminal liability in common law based criminal law jurisdictions such as the United States, United Kingdom. ...
In law, causation is the name given to the process of testing whether defendants should be fixed with liability for the outcome to their acts and omissions that injure or cause loss to others. ...
For other uses, see concurrency. ...
The mens rea is the Latin term for guilty mind used in the criminal law. ...
In the criminal law, intention is one of the three general classes of mens rea necessary to constitute a conventional as opposed to strict liability crime. ...
In English criminal law, intention is one of the types of mens rea (Latin for guilty mind) that, when accompanied by an actus reus (Latin for guilty act) constitutes a crime. ...
In the criminal law, recklessness (sometimes also termed willful blindness which may have a different meaning in the United States) is one of the three possible classes of mental state constituting mens rea (the Latin for guilty mind). To commit an offence of ordinary as opposed to strict liability, the...
Willful blindess is a term used in law to describe a situation in which an individual seeks to avoid civil or criminal liability for a wrongful act by intentionally putting himself in a position where he will be unaware of facts which would render him liable. ...
Criminal negligence, in the realm of criminal common law, is a legal term of art for a state of mind which is careless, inattentive, neglectful, willfully blind, or reckless; it is the mens rea part of a crime which, if occurring simultaneously with the actus reus, gives rise to criminal...
It has been suggested that presumed knowledge of the law be merged into this article or section. ...
The legal principle of vicarious liability applies to hold one person liable for the actions of another when engaged in some form of joint or collective activity. ...
In the criminal law, corporate liability determines the extent to which a corporation as a fictitious person can be liable for the acts and omissions of the natural persons it employs. ...
In criminal law, strict liability is liability where mens rea (Latin for guilty mind) does not have to be proved in relation to one or more elements comprising the actus reus (Latin for guilty act) although intention, recklessness or knowledge may be required in relation to other elements of the...
The term felony is used for very serious crimes, whereas misdemeanors are considered to be less serious offenses. ...
In many common law jurisdictions (e. ...
A hybrid offence or dual offence are the special offences in Canadian criminal law where the prosecution may choose whether to proceed with a summary offence or an indictment. ...
A misdemeanors (or misdemeanour), in many common law legal systems, is a lesser criminal act. ...
Infraction as a general term means a violation of a rule or local ordinance or regulation, promise or obligation. ...
A lesser included offense, in criminal law, is a crime for which all of the elements necessary to impose liability are also elements found in a more serious crime. ...
In many common law jurisdictions, the crime of battery involves an injury or other contact upon the person of another in a manner likely to cause bodily harm. ...
Mayhem, under the common law of crimes, consisted of the intentional and wanton removal of a body part that would handicap a persons ability to defend themselves in combat. ...
In the United States, larceny is a common law crime involving stealing. ...
The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ...
False pretenses is a common law crime. ...
Extortion is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person obtains money, behaviour, or other goods and/or services from another by wrongfully threatening or inflicting harm to this person, reputation, or property. ...
Computer Crime, Cybercrime, E-Crime, Hi-Tech Crime or Electronic Crime generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the tool, target, or place of a crime. ...
Modern Obstruction of Justice, in a common law state, refers to the crime of offering interference of any sort to the work of police, investigators, regulatory agencies, prosecutors, or other (usually government) officials. ...
Bribery is a crime implying a sum or gift given alters the behaviour of the person in ways not consistent with the duties of that person. ...
Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing. ...
Misprision of felony, under the common law of England, was the crime of failing to report knowledge of a felony to the appropriate authorities. ...
An inchoate offense is a crime. ...
Solicitation is a crime; it is an inchoate offense that consists of a person inciting, counseling, advising, urging, or commanding another to commit a crime with the specific intent that the person solicited commit the crime. ...
The crime of attempt occurs when a person does an act amounting to more than mere preparation for a criminal offense, with specific intent to commit a crime, if that act tends but fails to effect the commission of the offense intended. ...
In the criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between two or more natural persons to break the law at some time in the future, and, in some cases, with at least one overt act in furtherance of that agreement. ...
An accessory is a person who assists in or conceals a crime, but does not actually participate in the commission of the crime. ...
Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated the criminal law. ...
A contract is any promise or set of promises made by one party to another for the breach of which the law provides a remedy. ...
In the common law, a tort is a civil wrong for which the law provides a remedy. ...
Property law is the area of law that governs the various forms of ownership in real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property, within the common law legal system. ...
In the common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the testator) regulates the rights of others over his property or family after death. ...
The law of trusts and estates is generally considered the body of law which governs the management of personal affairs and the disposition of property of an individual in anticipation and the event of such persons incapacity or death, also known as the law of successions in civil law. ...
The law of evidence governs the use of testimony (e. ...
A false document is a form of verisimilitude that attempts to create in the reader (viewer, audience, etc. ...
This article or section includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
In the 16th century imitators of Albrecht Dürer's style of printmaking improved the market for their own prints by signing them "AD", making them forgeries. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...
Self-Portrait (1500) by Albrecht Dürer, oil on canvas, Alte Pinakothek, Munich Albrecht Dürer (älbrekht dürur) (May 21, 1471 – April 6, 1528) [1] was a German painter, printmaker, mathematician, and, with Rembrandt and Goya, the greatest creator of old master prints. ...
In the 20th century the art market made forgeries highly profitable. There are widespread forgeries of especially valued artists, such as drawings meant to be by Picasso, Klee, and Matisse. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...
A young Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso, formally Pablo Ruiz Picasso, (October 25, 1881 - April 8, 1973) was one of the recognized masters of 20th century art. ...
Paul Klee (IPA: ) (December 18, 1879 to June 29, 1940) was a Swiss painter of German nationality. ...
Self-Portrait in a Striped T-shirt (1906). ...
This usage of 'forgery' does not derive from metalwork done at a 'forge', but it has a parallel history. A sense of "to counterfeit" is already in the Anglo-French verb forger "falsify."
Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft. Forgery is one of the threats that have to be addressed by security engineering. Identity theft is defined as the stealing of a persons financial information, esp. ...
Security engineering is the field of engineering dealing with the security and integrity of real-world systems. ...
A forgery is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object. Where the prime concern of a forgery is less focused on the object itself— what it is worth or what it "proves"— than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by the reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a hoax. In a hoax, a rumor or a genuine object "planted" in a concocted situation, may substitute for a forged physical object. A hoax is an attempt to trick an audience into believing that something false is real. ...
A rumor (U.S.) or rumour (Commonwealth countries, please see American and British English spelling differences) is a piece of purportedly true information that circulates without substantiating evidence. ...
Forgery as a subject in film
The Orson Welles documentary F for Fake concerns both art and literary forgery. For the movie Welles intercut footage of Elmyr de Hory, an art forger, and Clifford Irving, who wrote an "authorized" autobiography of Howard Hughes that had been revealed to be a hoax. While forgery is the ostensible subject of the film, it also concerns art, film making, storytelling and the creative process. George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American theater and film director, and theater, radio and film actor. ...
F for Fake (1974) (original French title, Vérités et Mensonges) is the last major film completed by Orson Welles. ...
Elmyr De Hory (1906-1976) was a famous Hungarian-born painter and art forger. ...
Clifford Irving (born November 5, 1930) is a US writer famous for his authorized autobiography of Howard Hughes. ...
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. ...
A hoax is an attempt to trick an audience into believing that something false is real. ...
In the Steven Spielberg 2002 motion picture Catch Me If You Can which is based of the real story of Frank Abagnale, a con man who stole over $2.5 million through forgery, imposture and other frauds is dramatized. His career in crime lasted six years from 1963 to 1969. Steven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946) is a three-time Academy Award-winning American film director and producer. ...
This is a list of film-related events in 2002. ...
Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. ...
Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 motion picture set in the 1960s. ...
Frank Abagnale Frank William Abagnale, Jr. ...
A confidence trick, confidence game, or con for short, (also known as a scam) is an attempt to intentionally mislead a person or persons (known as the mark) usually with the goal of financial or other gain. ...
1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ...
1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...
Topics in forgery - Archaeological forgery
- Art forgery
- Literary forgery - these literary forgeries all had some effect on the course of cultural history. Other literary forgeries, such as the Hitler diaries, briefly achieve wide notoriety, without affecting subsequent history; they are brought together as literary hoaxes.
- Musical Forgery (Music composed by alleged persons but actually composed by someone else)
- W. A. Mozart, "Adelaide" concerto for violin (by Marius Casadesus)
- G. F. Handel, Viola Concerto (by Casadesus)
- J. C. Bach, Cello Concerto (by Casadesus)
- Valentin Strobel, Concerto (by Fetis)
- Works for lute by Sautscheck (by Roman Turovsky-Savchuk)
- Works for lute by Ioannes Leopolita (by Roman Turovsky-Savchuk)
- Works for baroque guitar by Antonio da Costa (by Paulo Galvao)
- "Kanzona" for lute by Francesco Da Milano (by Vladimir Vavilov)
- A.Sychra, Elegy for guitar (by Vladimir Vavilov)
- Fritz Kreisler's works for violin attributed to other composers
- Relic forgery - It is not the efficacy of a relic that is in question, but only its provenance.
- Biblical Archaeology - Ancient artifacts
- Political forgery - false documents used for purposes of black propaganda.
Archaeological forgery is a manufacture of supposedly ancient items that are sold to the antiquities market and may even end up in the collections of museums. ...
Fujimura Shinichi (b. ...
The James Ossuary is a sepulchral urn for containing bones, which was found in Israel in 2002 and was claimed to have been the ossuary of James, the brother of Jesus. ...
The portrait painted by John Cooke in 1915. ...
Moses Shapira (1830-1884) was a Jerusalem antiquities dealer and purveyor of fake biblical artifacts. ...
Shepton Mallet is a small rural town in Somerset, England, situated five miles to the east of Wells and just south of the Mendip hills. ...
An image of the labarum, with the letters Alpha and Omega inscribed. ...
An amulet from the Black Pullet grimoire An amulet (from Latin amuletum, meaning A means of protection) or a talisman (from Arabic tilasm, ultimately from Greek telesma or from the Greek word talein wich means to initiate into the mysteries. ...
La Dama dElx The famous but controversial Lady of Elx (Dama dElx in Catalan, Dama de Elche in Spanish) (the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid calls her enigmática), is a polychrome stone bust that was revealed as found by chance in 1897 at LAlcúdia, an...
The Kensington runestone is a roughly rectangular slab of greywacke covered in runes on its face and side. ...
The so-called Drakes Plate of Brass. ...
A joke is a short story or series of words spoken or communicated, ideally with the intent of being laughed at or found humorous by the listener or reader. ...
A hoax is an attempt to trick an audience into believing that something false is real. ...
The Sinaia lead plates are a set of lead plates written in an unknown language and are alleged to be a chronicle of the Dacians, but they are widely considered by historians and linguists to be a 19th century fake. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Tom Keating (1918 - February 12, 1984) was an art restorer and famous art forger who claimed to have forged over 2,000 paintings by over 100 different artists. ...
Eric Hebborn (1934-1996) was a British painter and art forger. ...
Elmyr De Hory (1906-1976) was a famous Hungarian-born painter and art forger. ...
Self-Portrait (1500) by Albrecht Dürer, oil on canvas, Alte Pinakothek, Munich Albrecht Dürer (älbrekht dürur) (May 21, 1471 – April 6, 1528) [1] was a German painter, printmaker, mathematician, and, with Rembrandt and Goya, the greatest creator of old master prints. ...
Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (portrait by Nadar) Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (July 26, 1796 – February 22, French landscape painter. ...
Han van Meegeren (10 October 1889 in Deventer in the Netherlands province of Overijssel – 30 December 1947 in Amsterdam), born Henricus Antonius van Meegeren, was a Dutch painter, art-restorer, and art forger. ...
Milkmaid (1658-1660) Johannes Vermeer or Jan Vermeer (baptized October 31, 1632, died December 15, 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of ordinary bourgeois life. ...
Michelangelos Cupid was a famous forgery by Michelangelo, that, unfortunately, has been lost. ...
Three Etruscan terracotta warriors are art forgeries, statues made to resemble work of ancient Etruscans. ...
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, often referred to simply as The Met, is one of the worlds largest and most important art museums. ...
The Rospigliosi Cup (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City), sometimes referred to as the Cellini Cup, is a decorative ornament, in gold and enamel, previously attributed to Benvenuto Cellini (1500-1571) now known to be a forgery of nineteenth-century manufacture. ...
Edmé Samson (b Paris, 1810; d Paris, 1891), founder of the ceramics firm Samson, Edmé et Cie (commonly known as Samson Ceramics), was a famous copyist (and perhaps forger) of porcelain and pottery. ...
The Black Admiral. The pale spots are areas where solvents were applied. ...
In April 1983, the German news magazine Stern published extracts from what purported to be the diaries of Adolf Hitler, known as the Hitler Diaries, which were subsequently exposed as forgeries. ...
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Epistle to the Laodiceans An Epistle to the Laodiceans, consisting of 20 short lines, is found in some editions of the Vulgate, known only in Latin, purporting to be the epistle of Paul to the Laodiceans mentioned in the Epistle to the...
Adémar de Chabannes (989 - 1034) was an 11th-century monk, a historian, who wrote the first annals that had been compiled in Aquitaine since late antiquity, as well as a musical composer and a successful literary forger. ...
Thomas Chatterton Thomas Chatterton (November 20, 1752 – August 24, 1770) was an English poet and forger of pseudo-medieval poetry. ...
Medieval poetry was often preserved by mere happenstance. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with OisÃn. ...
The Salamander Letter was one of hundreds of documents concerning the history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church; see also Mormon) that surfaced in the early 1980s. ...
Joseph Smith, Jr. ...
The Book of Mormon (originally, The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi) is one of the sacred texts of the Latter Day Saint movement, named after the prophet/historian Mormon, who according to the text compiled most...
Mark Hofmann (born December 7, 1954), a disaffected member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was a prolific counterfeiter who murdered two people in Salt Lake City, Utah. ...
Clifford Irving (born November 5, 1930) is a US writer famous for his authorized autobiography of Howard Hughes. ...
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. ...
Clifford Irving (born November 5, 1930) is a US writer famous for his authorized autobiography of Howard Hughes. ...
The lute is a plucked string instrument with a fretted neck and a deep round back. ...
Sautscheck The surname Sautscheck with various first names (such as Joachim Peter, Johann Joachim, Konradin Aemilius, et al. ...
Roman Turovsky-Savchuk Roman Turovsky-Savchuk is a painter and lutenist-composer. ...
The lute is a plucked string instrument with a fretted neck and a deep round back. ...
Roman Turovsky-Savchuk Roman Turovsky-Savchuk is a painter and lutenist-composer. ...
Roman Turovsky-Savchuk Roman Turovsky-Savchuk is a painter and lutenist-composer. ...
The guitar player (c. ...
The lute is a plucked string instrument with a fretted neck and a deep round back. ...
Vladimir Vavilov (5 May 1925 – 3 November 1973) was a Russian guitarist, lutenist and composer. ...
Vladimir Vavilov (5 May 1925 – 3 November 1973) was a Russian guitarist, lutenist and composer. ...
Provenance is the origin or source from which anything comes. ...
According to Christian tradition, the True Cross is the cross upon which Jesus was crucified. ...
The first photo of the Shroud of Turin, taken in 1898, had the surprising feature that the image on the negative was clearer than the positive image. ...
Biblical archaeology involves the recovery and scientific investigation of the material remains of past cultures that can illuminate the periods and descriptions in the Bible. ...
Moses Shapira (1830-1884) was a Jerusalem antiquities dealer and purveyor of fake biblical artifacts. ...
A false document is a form of verisimilitude that attempts to create in the reader (viewer, audience, etc. ...
Black propaganda is propaganda that purports to be from a source on one side of a conflict, but is actually from the opposing side. ...
1992 Russian language imprint, adapting Eliphas Levis portrayal of Baphomet image The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Russian: ) is a fraudulent text published in the Russian Empire in the early 20th century that purports to describe a plan to achieve world domination by Jews. ...
This circular supposedly by the Brahmin Samaj (i. ...
The Zinoviev Letter is thought to have been instrumental in the Conservative Partys victory in the United Kingdom general election, 1924, which ended the countrys first Labour government. ...
The Tanaka Memorial is allegedly a Japanese war planning document from 1927, in which Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi supposedly laid out for the Emperor of Japan Hirohito the strategy to take over the world. ...
The Ems Dispatch (sometimes called the Ems Telegram) is the document that instigated the Franco-Prussian War. ...
Bismarck redirects here. ...
References - Robert Cohon, Discovery & Deceit: archaeology & the forger's craft Kansas: Nelson-Atkins Museum, 1996
- Oscar Muscarella, The Lie Became Great: the forgery of Ancient Near Eastern cultures, 2000
See also A counterfeit is an imitation that is made with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. ...
This page is about timekeeping devices. ...
Close examination of the Penny Red, left, reveals a 148 in the margin, indicating that it was printed with plate #148. ...
Identity document forgery is the process by which identity documents issued by governing bodies are copied and/or modified by persons not authorized to create such documents or engage in such modifications, for the purpose of deceiving those who would view the documents about the identity or status of the...
A false document is a form of verisimilitude that attempts to create in the reader (viewer, audience, etc. ...
The term Yellowcake Forgery refers to falsified classified documents initially uncovered by Italian intelligence which possibly depicted an attempt by Iraqs Saddam Hussein regime to purchase yellowcake uranium from the country of Niger, in defiance of United Nations sanctions. ...
James Maybrick, (October 24, 1838–May 11, 1889) was a Liverpool cotton merchant. ...
The Donation of Constantine (Latin, Constitutum Donatio Constantini or Constitutum domini Constantini imperatoris) is a forged Roman imperial edict devised probably between 750 and 850. ...
The Vinland map. ...
Look up authenticity, authentic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Falsification may mean: The act of disproving a proposition, hypothesis, or theory. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Epigraphy (Greek, επιγÏαφή - written upon) is the study of inscriptions engraved into stone or other permanent materials, or cast in metal, the science of classifying them as to cultural context and date, elucidating them and assessing what conclusions can be deduced from them. ...
This phishing attempt, disguised as an official email from a (fictional) bank, attempts to trick the banks members into giving away their account information by confirming it at the phishers linked website. ...
A superdollar is an almost perfect counterfeit of a United States banknote produced in North Korea. ...
Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 motion picture set in the 1960s. ...
External links - Wide-ranging bibliographies of archaeological forgeries, art forgeries etc.
- Museum security Network: sources of information on art forgery; with encyclopedic links.
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