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Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and a two time Nobel laureate in chemistry. He is the fourth person in the world to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (973x1200, 127 KB) Frederick Sanger, source: http://www. ...
is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
Gloucestershire (pronounced ; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a county in South West England. ...
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Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. ...
College name The College of Saint John the Evangelist of the University of Cambridge Motto Souvent me Souvient (Latin: I often remember) Named after The Hospital of Saint John the Evangelist Established 1511 Location St. ...
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This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ...
Image File history File links Nobel_prize_medal. ...
This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ...
The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ...
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The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority, these are Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross (GBE) Knight Commander...
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is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. ...
The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ...
For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ...
The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: ), as designated in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, are awarded for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. ...
[edit] Biography Sanger was born in Gloucestershire, England, and educated at Bryanston School and then did his Bachelor of Arts in Natural Sciences at St John's College, Cambridge. He originally intended to study medicine, but became interested in biochemistry as some of the leading biochemists in the world were at Cambridge at the time. He obtained his PhD in 1943. He discovered the structure of proteins, most famously that of insulin. He also contributed to the determination of base sequences in DNA. Gloucestershire (pronounced ; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a county in South West England. ...
For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...
Bryanston School is an independent public school in Blandford, north Dorset, near the village of Bryanston. ...
For other degrees, see Academic degree. ...
College name The College of Saint John the Evangelist of the University of Cambridge Motto Souvent me Souvient (Latin: I often remember) Named after The Hospital of Saint John the Evangelist Established 1511 Location St. ...
For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ...
PhD usually refers to the academic title Doctor of Philosophy PhD can also refer to the manga Phantasy Degree This is a disambiguation page â a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...
Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is an anabolic polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ...
The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ...
[edit] Career Sanger determined the complete amino acid sequence of insulin in 1955. In doing so, he proved that proteins have definite structures. He began by degrading insulin into short fragments by mixing the trypsin enzyme (that hydrolyses the peptide/amide bonds between amino acids that make up the primary structure of proteins) with an insulin solution. He then undertook a form of chromatography on the mixture by applying a small sample of the mixture to one end of a sheet of filter paper. He passed a solvent through the filter paper in one direction, and passed an electric current through the paper in the opposite direction. Depending on their solubility and charge, the different fragments of insulin moved to different positions on the paper, creating a distinct pattern. Sanger called these patterns “fingerprints”. Like human fingerprints, these patterns were characteristic for each protein, and reproducible. He reassembled the short fragments into longer sequences to deduce the complete structure of insulin. Sanger concluded that the protein insulin had a precise amino acid sequence. It was this achievement that earned him his first Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1958. Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ...
Peptide sequence or amino acid sequence is the order in which amino acid residues, connected by peptide bonds, lie in the chain. ...
Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is an anabolic polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ...
A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
Trypsin (EC 3. ...
Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ...
For the Second Person album, see Chromatography (album). ...
For other uses, see Solvent (disambiguation). ...
Electric current is the flow (movement) of electric charge. ...
Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ...
Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ...
A macro shot of a palm and the base of several fingers; as seen here, debris can gather between the ridges. ...
Peptide sequence or amino acid sequence is the order in which amino acid residues, connected by peptide bonds, lie in the chain. ...
This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ...
In 1975, he developed the chain termination method of DNA sequencing, also known as the Dideoxy termination method or the Sanger method.[1] Two years later he used his technique to successfully sequence the genome of the Phage Φ-X174; the first fully sequenced DNA-based genome. He did this entirely by hand. This has been of key importance in such projects as the Human Genome Project and earned him his second Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, together with Walter Gilbert. The only other laureates to have done so were Marie Curie, Linus Pauling and John Bardeen. He is only person to receive both prizes in chemistry. In 1979, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Walter Gilbert co-winner of 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The chain termination or Sanger or dideoxy method is a process used to sequence (read the bases of) DNA. It is named after Frederick Sanger who developed the process in 1975. ...
The chain termination or Sanger or dideoxy method is a process used to sequence (read the bases of) DNA. It is named after Frederick Sanger who developed the process in 1975. ...
The Phi-X174 phage was the first organism to have its genome sequenced. ...
The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a project undertaken with a goal to understand the genetic make-up of the human species by determining the DNA sequence of the human genome and the genome of a few model organisms. ...
This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ...
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist,and molecular biology pioneer. ...
This article is about the chemist and physicist. ...
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 â August 19, 1994) was an American quantum chemist and biochemist. ...
John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 â January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. ...
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for Biology or Biochemistry is an annual prize awarded by Columbia University to a researcher or group of researchers that have made an outstanding contribution in basic research in the fields of biology or biochemistry. ...
Alma Mater Columbia University in the City of New York is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ...
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist,and molecular biology pioneer. ...
[edit] Later in life Frederick Sanger retired in 1982. In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Sanger Institute, located near Cambridge, England, is one of the world's most important centers for genome research and played a prominent role in sequencing the human genome. The Wellcome Trusts Gibbs Building on Euston Road The Wellcome Trust is a United Kingdom-based charity established in 1936 to administer the fortune of the American-born pharmaceutical magnate Sir Henry Wellcome. ...
Current MRC logo The Medical Research Council (MRC) is a UK organisation dedicated to promot[ing] the balanced development of medical and related biological research in the UK. // The MRC is one of seven Research Councils and is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Office of Science and Innovation...
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (formally the Sanger Centre) is a genome research centre in Cambridgeshire, England. ...
This article is about Cambridge, England; see also other places called Cambridge. ...
In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ...
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (or primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer. ...
A graphical representation of the normal human karyotype. ...
In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalog and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1981. In reporting this matter, Science magazine noted that Sanger, "the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet," now was spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.[2] A science magazine is a periodical publication with news, opinions and reports about science for a non-expert audience. ...
Cambridgeshire (abbreviated Cambs) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. ...
[edit] Awards and honours - Frederick Sanger, Esq. (13 August 1918-1943)
- Dr Frederick Sanger (1943-18 March 1954)
- Dr Frederick Sanger, FRS (18 March 1954-1963)
- Dr Frederick Sanger, CBE, FRS (1963-1981)
- Dr Frederick Sanger, CH, CBE, FRS (1981-11 February 1986)
- Dr Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (11 February 1986-present)
- 1958 Nobel Prize for "work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
- 1980 Nobel Prize for "contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
Dr Fredrick Sanger won Bronze in the 1984 Olympics Games for Javelin. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
This article is about the title. ...
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ...
The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ...
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority, these are Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross (GBE) Knight Commander...
The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. ...
The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ...
[edit] References - ^ Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR., DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7
- ^ "A Life in Science" from the "Newsmakers" page edited by Yudhijit Bhattachjee, Science 317: 879, 2007
[edit] External links | Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates | Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin / Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Jaroslav Heyrovský (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz / John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert S. Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen / Norrish / George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton / Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein (1972) • E.O.Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog (1975) The Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities (ABRF) is dedicated to advancing core and research biotechnology laboratories through research, communication, and education. ...
This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ...
Winners of the Nobel Prize are scientists, writers and peacemakers who have been awarded in their field of endeavour, and who are known collectively as either Nobel laureates or Nobel Prize winners. ...
Edwin Mattison McMillan (September 18, 1907-September 7, 1991) was the first scientist to produce a transuranium element. ...
Glenn T. Seaborg Glenn Theodore Seaborg (April 19, 1912 â February 25, 1999) was an American chemist prominent in the discovery and isolation of ten transuranic elements including plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and seaborgium, which was named in his honor. ...
Archer John Porter Martin was a British chemist and Nobel Prize winner. ...
Richard Laurence Millington Synge (born Liverpool, October 28, 1914, died Norwich, August 18, 1994) was a British biochemist, and winner of the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention of partition chromatography. ...
Hermann Staudinger (March 23, 1881 in Worms- Sept. ...
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 â August 19, 1994) was an American quantum chemist and biochemist. ...
Vincent du Vigneaud (May 18, 1901 - December 11, 1978) was a U.S. biochemist. ...
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood was an English physical chemist. ...
Semyonov (right) and Kapitsa, portrait by Boris Kustodiev, 1921. ...
Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd, PC , OM , FRS (2 October 1907 â 10 January 1997) was a Scottish biochemist whose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the 1957 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. ...
Jaroslav Heyrovský listen â¶(?) (December 20, 1890 â March 27, 1967) was a Czech chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1959. ...
Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 â September 8, 1980) was an American chemist, famous for his role in the development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology. ...
Melvin Calvin he had fun in bed Melvin Calvin (April 8, 1911 â January 8, 1997) was a chemist most famed for discovering the Calvin cycle (along with Andrew Benson), for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ...
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Karl Waldemar Ziegler (November 26, 1898 â August 12, 1973) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963, with Giulio Natta, for work on high polymers. ...
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Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, OM , FRS (12 May 1910 â 29 July 1994) was a British founder of protein crystallography. ...
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Christian Boehmer Anfinsen, Jr. ...
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Sir John Warcup Kappa Cornforth FRS (born 7 September 1917), is a scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. ...
Vladimir Prelog (July 23, 1906 â January 7, 1998) was a renowned Bosnian - Croatian chemist who worked in Prague, Zagreb and Zurich and who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1975. ...
| | | | Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates | William Lipscomb (1976) • Ilya Prigogine (1977) • Peter D. Mitchell (1978) • Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig (1979) • Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger (1980) • Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann (1981) • Aaron Klug (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Robert Merrifield (1984) • Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle (1985) • Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi (1986) • Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen (1987) • Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel (1988) • Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech (1989) • Elias Corey (1990) • Richard R. Ernst (1991) • Rudolph A. Marcus (1992) • Kary Mullis / Michael Smith (1993) • George Olah (1994) • Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / Frank Rowland (1995) • Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley (1996) • Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou (1997) • Walter Kohn / John Pople (1998) • Ahmed Zewail (1999) • Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa (2000) This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ...
Winners of the Nobel Prize are scientists, writers and peacemakers who have been awarded in their field of endeavour, and who are known collectively as either Nobel laureates or Nobel Prize winners. ...
William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. ...
Ilya Prigogine (January 25, 1917 â May 28, 2003) was a Belgian physicist and chemist noted for his work on dissipative structures, complex systems, and irreversibility. ...
Peter D. Mitchell (September 29, 1920- April 10, 1992) was a British biochemist who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for formulation of the chemiosmotic theory of mitochondrial function. ...
Herbert Charles Brown (May 22, 1912 â December 19, 2004) was a chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1979 (along with Georg Wittig) for his work with organoboranes. ...
Georg Wittig (June 16, 1897 in Berlin (Germany) - August 26, 1987) was a german chemist who reported a method for synthesis of alkenes from aldehydes and ketones using compounds called phosphonium ylides. ...
Paul Berg, born June 30, 1926 in Brooklyn, New York, USA, is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. ...
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist,and molecular biology pioneer. ...
Kenichi Fukui (ç¦äºè¬ä¸ Fukui Kenichi, October 4, 1918 â January 9, 1998) was a Japanese chemist. ...
Roald Hoffmann (born July 18, 1937 as Roald Safran --- Hoffmann is the surname of his stepfather) is an American theoretical chemist of Polish-Jewish origin. ...
Sir Aaron Klug, OM, FRS (born 11 August 1926 in Zelvas, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist, and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes. ...
Professor Henry Taube, Ph. ...
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Jerome Karle is an American physical chemist. ...
Dudley Robert Herschbach (born June 18, 1932), a chemist and Frank B. Baird Jr. ...
Yuan Tseh Lee (Chinese: æé å² Pinyin: LÇ YuÇnzhé, Wade-Giles: Li³ Yüan³-che²) (born November 19, 1936) is a famous chemist. ...
John Charles Polanyi (born January 23, 1929) is a Canadian chemist. ...
Donald James Cram (April 22, 1919 â June 17, 2001) was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for âsynthesizing three-dimensional molecules that could mimic the functioning of natural molecules. ...
Jean-Marie Lehn (born September 30, 1939) is a French chemist. ...
Charles J. Pedersen (October 3, 1904âOctober 26, 1989) was an American organic chemist best known for describing methods of synthesizing crown ethers. ...
Johann Deisenhofer (born September 30, 1943) is a German biochemist who, along with Hartmut Michel and Robert Huber, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1988 for their determination of the structure of a membrane-bound complex of proteins and co-factors that is essential to photosynthesis. ...
Robert Huber is a German biochemist and Nobel laureate. ...
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Sidney Altman Sidney Altman (born May 7, 1939) is a Canadian-born molecular biologist, who is currently the Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University. ...
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Rudolph A. Marcus in 2005 Rudolph Rudy Arthur Marcus (born July 21, 1923) received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his theory of electron transfer. ...
Kary Banks Mullis, Ph. ...
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George Andrew Olah (born May 22, 1927, Budapest, Hungary, as Oláh György) is a Hungarian-born American chemist. ...
Paul J. Crutzen (December 3rd, 1933 - ) is a Dutch nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist. ...
Mario Molina (left) with Luis E. Miramontes Mario José Molina HenrÃquez (born March 19, 1943) was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in elucidating the threat to the Earths ozone layer of chlorofluorocarbon gases (or CFCs). ...
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Robert Floyd Curl, Jr. ...
Harold Kroto Sir Harold Walter Kroto, FRS (born 7 October 1939) is an English chemist and one of the winners of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ...
Richard Errett Smalley Richard Errett Smalley (June 6, 1943 â October 28, 2005) was the Gene and Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry and a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Rice University, in Houston, Texas. ...
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Sir John Anthony Pople, FRS, (October 31, 1925 â March 15, 2004) was a theoretical chemist. ...
Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: Ø£ØÙ
د ØØ³Ù زÙÙÙ) (born February 26, 1946 in Damanhur, Egypt) is an Egyptian American scientist, and the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. ...
Alan Jay Heeger (born 22 January 1936 in Sioux City, Iowa) is a United States chemistry and physics academic and Nobel Prize winner. ...
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Professor Hideki Shirakawa ç½å· è±æ¨¹ Shirakawa Hideki, born in Tokyo on August 20, 1936) is a Japanese chemist and winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of conductive polymers together with Alan J. Heeger and Alan G MacDiarmid. ...
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