NationMaster - Encyclopedia: French Huguenot

Calvinism

John Calvin
Background Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Calvinism is a system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin, his interpretation of Scripture, and perspective on Christian life and... From [1], in the public domain This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 â€“ May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ... Christianity is the current Good Article Collaboration of the week! Please help to improve this article to the highest of standards. ... For the first Archbishop of Canterbury, see Saint Augustine of Canterbury. ... The Protestant Reformation, also referred to as the Protestant Revolution or Protestant Revolt, was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ...
Distinctives Calvin's Institutes Five Solas Five Points (TULIP) Regulative principle Confessions of faith Institutes of the Christian Religion is John Calvins seminal work on Protestant theology. ... The Five Solas are five Latin phrases (or slogans) that emerged during the Protestant Reformation and summarize the Reformers basic beliefs and emphasis in contradistinction to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day. ... Calvinist theology is often identified in the popular mind as the so-called five points of Calvinism (remembered in the English-speaking world with the mnemonic TULIP), which are a summation of the judgments (or canons) rendered by the Synod of Dordt and which were published in the Quinquarticular Controversy... The regulative principle of worship is a Christian theological doctrine teaching that the public worship of God should include those and only those elements that are instituted, commanded, or appointed by command or example in the Bible; that God institutes in Scripture everything he requires for worship in the Church... The Reformed churches express their consensus of faith in various creeds. ...
Influences Theodore Beza Synod of Dort Puritan theology Jonathan Edwards Princeton theologians Karl Barth To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... xxx cciiiox The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618/19, by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy in the Dutch churches initiated by the rise of Arminianism. ... The Puritans were members of a group of radical Protestants which developed in England after the Reformation. ... Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 â€” March 22, 1758) was a colonial American Congregational preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. ... The Princeton theology is a tradition of conservative, Christian, Reformed and Presbyterian theology at Princeton Seminary, in Princeton, New Jersey. ... Karl Barth (May 10, 1886â€“December 10, 1968) (pronounced Bart) was an influential Swiss Reformed Christian theologian. ...
Churches Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine, which first arose especially in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli, but soon afterward appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. ... Presbyterianism is a form of Protestant Christianity, primarily in the Reformed branch of Western Christendom, as well as a particular form of church government. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practising congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... The name Reformed Baptist does not refer to a distinct Christian denomination, but instead is a description of the churchs theological leaning. ...
Peoples Afrikaner Calvinists Huguenots Pilgrims Puritans Afrikaner Calvinism is a unique cultural development that combined the Calvinist religion with the political aspirations of the white Afrikaans speaking people of South Africa. ... Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers is the name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony. ... This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject. ... This box: view • talk • edit

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name of Huguenots came to apply to members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, or historically as the French Calvinists. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Reformed Church of France (French: , Ã‰RF) is the Reformed, originally Calvinist, church of France. ... Calvinism is a system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin, his interpretation of Scripture, and perspective on Christian life and...

Early history and beliefs

Huguenot predecessors included the pro-reform and Gallican Roman Catholics, like Jacques Lefevre. Later, Huguenots followed the Lutheran movement, and finally, Calvinism. Gallicanism is the belief that popular civil authorityâ€”often represented by the monarchs authority or the States authorityâ€”over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the Roman Popes. ... Jacques Lefevre dEtaples (c. ... Lutheranism is a movement within Christianity that began with the theological insights of Martin Luther in the 16th century> Luthers writings launched the Protestant Reformation of the Western church. ... Calvinism is a system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin, his interpretation of Scripture, and perspective on Christian life and...

They shared John Calvin's fierce reformation beliefs which decried the priesthood, sacramental theology, and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. They believed in salvation as an act of God as much as in creation as an act of God, and thus that only God's predestined mercy toward the elect made them fit for salvation. John Calvin (July 10, 1509 â€“ May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... A priesthood is a body of priests, shamans, or oracles who are thought to have special religious authority or function. ... Sacraments in the Roman Catholic Church or preferably, the Catholic Church are efficacious signs, perceptible to the senses, of grace. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see Terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus, with its traditions first established by the Twelve Apostles and maintained through... Predestination is a religious idea, under which the relationship between the beginning of things and the destiny of things is discussed. ...

Some see this dual emphasis on creation and on salvation, and God's sovereignty over both, as a cornerstone principle for Huguenot developments in architecture and textiles and other merchandise.

Criticisms of Roman Catholic Church

Above all, Huguenots became known for their fiery criticisms of worship as performed in the Roman Catholic Church, in particular the focus on ritual and what seemed an obsession with death and the dead. They believed the ritual, images, saints, pilgrimages, prayers, and hierarchy of the Catholic Church did not help anyone toward redemption. They saw Christian faith as something to be expressed in a strict and godly life, in obedience to Biblical laws, out of gratitude for God's mercy. A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ... In traditional Christian iconography, Saints are usually depicted as having halos. ... Pilgrim at Mecca In religion and spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or search of great moral significance. ... Mary Magdalene in prayer. ... For the various types of hierarchy, see hierarchy (disambiguation) A hierarchy (in Greek: , it is derived from -hieros, sacred, and -arkho, rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things or people, where each element of the system (except for the top element) is subordinate to a single other element. ... Redemption is also a collectible card game. ...

Like other Protestants of the time, they felt that the Roman church needed radical cleansing of its impurities, and that the Pope represented a worldly kingdom, which sat in mocking tyranny over the things of God, and was ultimately doomed. Rhetoric like this became more fierce as events unfolded, and stirred up the hostility of the Catholic establishment. The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ...

Violently opposed to the Catholic Church, the Huguenots attacked images, monasticism, and church buildings. Most of the cities in which the Huguenots gained a hold saw iconoclast attacks, in which altars and images in churches, and sometimes the buildings themselves were torn down. Bourges, Montauban and Orleans suffered particularly. Monasticism (from Greek: monachos â€” a solitary person) is the religious practice of renouncing all worldly pursuits in order to fully devote ones life to spiritual work. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Bourges is a town and commune in central France. ... Montauban (Montalban in Occitan) is a town and commune of southwestern France, préfecture (capital) of the Tarn-et-Garonne département, 31 miles north of Toulouse. ... This article is about Orléans, France; for other meanings see Orleans (disambiguation). ...

Reform and growth

Huguenots faced periodic persecution from the outset of the Reformation; but Francis I (reigned 1515–1547) initially protected them from Parlementary measures designed for their extermination. The Affair of the Placards of 1534 changed the king's posture toward the Huguenots: he stepped away from restraining persecution of the movement. Francis I (FranÃ§ois Ier in French) (September 12, 1494 â€“ March 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (le PÃ¨re et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... Parlements (pronounced in French) in ancien régime France — contrary to what their name would suggest to the modern reader — were not democratic or political institutions, but law courts . ... The Affair of the Placards was an incident involving anti-Catholic posters which appeared in public places in Paris, France during the night of October 18, 1534. ...

Huguenot numbers grew rapidly between 1555 and 1562, chiefly amongst the nobles and city-dwellers. During this time, their opponents first dubbed the Protestants Huguenots; but they called themselves reformés, or "Reformed." They organized their first national synod in 1558, in Paris. Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ... Events Earliest English slave-trading expedition under John Hawkins. ...

By 1562, they had a total membership estimated at least a million, especially numerous in the southern and central parts of the country. The Huguenots in France likely peaked in number at approximately two million, compared to approximately sixteen million Catholics during the same period.

Wars of religion

In reaction to the growing Huguenot influence, and the aforementioned instances of Protestant zeal, Catholic violence against them grew, at the same time that concessions and edicts of toleration became more liberal.

In 1561, the Edict of Orléans, for example, declared an end to the persecution; and the Edict of Saint-Germain recognized them for the first time (January 17, 1562); but these measures disguised the growing strain of relations between Protestant and Catholic. // Events The Edict of Orleans suspends the persecution of the Huguenots. ... The Edict of Saint-Germain was an Edict of Toleration promulgated in 16th century France. ... January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Earliest English slave-trading expedition under John Hawkins. ...

Civil wars

Tensions led to eight civil wars, interrupted by periods of relative calm, between 1562 and 1598. With each break in peace, the Huguenots' trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe, and Protestant demands became more grand, until a lasting cessation of open hostility finally occurred in 1598. List of civil wars List of divided nations List of fictional wars (including fictional civil wars) Wars of national liberation The Logic of Violence in Civil War What makes a civil war? The Wars of the Roses Information about the English civil war fought between 1455 and 1487. ...

The wars gradually took on a dynastic character, developing into an extended feud between the Houses of Bourbon and Guise, both of which — in addition to holding rival religious views — staked a claim to the French throne. The crown, occupied by the House of Valois, generally supported the Catholic side, but on occasion switched over to the Protestant cause when politically expedient. This article or section should include material from France: Wars of Religion - Bourbon Dynasty The House of Bourbon dates from at least the beginning of the 13th century, when the estate of Bourbon was ruled by a Lord, vassal of France. ... The House of Guise was a French ducal family, primarily responsible for the French Wars of Religion. ... The Valois Dynasty succeeded the Capetian Dynasty as rulers of France from 1328- 1589. ...

The French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion began with a massacre at Wassy on March 1, 1562, in which at least 30 (some sympathetic sources say 1000 or more) Huguenots were killed, and about 200 were wounded. The French Wars of Religion were a series of conflicts fought between Catholics and Huguenots (Protestants) from the middle of the sixteenth century to the Edict of Nantes in 1598, including civil infighting as well as military operations. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... Events Earliest English slave-trading expedition under John Hawkins. ...

The Huguenots transformed themselves into a definitive political movement thereafter. Protestant preachers rallied a considerable army and a formidable cavalry, which came under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. Henry of Navarre and the House of Bourbon allied themselves to the Huguenots, adding wealth and holdings to the Protestant strength, which at its height grew to sixty fortified cities, and posed a serious threat to the Catholic crown and Paris over the next three decades. Gaspard de Coligny (February 16, 1519 â€“ August 24, 1572), Seigneur (Lord) de ChÃ¢tillon, Admiral of France and Protestant leader, came of a noble family of Burgundy. ... By Frans Pourbus the younger. ...

St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

In what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August – 17 September 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris. Similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following, with an estimated total death toll of 110,000. An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators. 19th century painting by FranÃ§ois Dubois The St. ... August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... Events January 16 - Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. ...

Edict of Nantes

The fifth holy war against the Huguenots began on February 23, 1574. The conflict continued periodically until 1598, when Henry of Navarre, having converted to Catholicism and become King of France as Henry IV, issued the Edict of Nantes. The Edict granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in the Catholic-controlled regions. Holy war may refer to: Religious war, a war fought for reasons of religion. ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events April 14 - Battle of Mookerheyde. ... Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I. April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ... Henry IV (French: Henri IV; December 13, 1553 â€“ May 14, 1610), was the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in France. ... The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant French Calvinists (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. ...

With the proclamation of the Edict of Nantes, and the subsequent protection of Huguenot rights, pressures to leave France abated, as did further attempts at colonization. However, under King Louis XIV (reigned 1643–1715), chief minister Cardinal Mazarin (who held real power during the king's minority up to his death in 1661) resumed persecution of the Protestants using soldiers to inflict dragonnades that made life so intolerable that many fled. Louis XIV (Louis-DieudonnÃ©) (September 5, 1638 â€“ September 1, 1715) ruled as King of France and of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death just prior to his seventy-seventh birthday. ... Jules Mazarin, French diplomat and statesman, by Pierre-Louis Bouchart. ... Events January 6 - The fifth monarchy men unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London. ... A policy, commonly called in French dragonnades, was instituted by Louis XIV in order to intimidate Huguenot families to reconvert to Roman Catholicism. ...

Edict of Fontainebleau

The king revoked the "irrevocable" Edict of Nantes in 1685 and declared Protestantism illegal with the Edict of Fontainebleau. After this, huge numbers of Huguenots (with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 500,000) fled to surrounding Protestant countries: England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark and Prussia — whose Calvinist Great Elector Frederick William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country. The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant French Calvinists (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. ... Events February 6 - James Stuart, Duke of York becomes King James II of England and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland. ... The Edict of Fontainebleau (October 1685) was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg. ...

Huguenot exodus from France

Early emigration

The first Huguenots to leave France seeking freedom from prosecution had done so years earlier under the leadership of Jean Ribault in 1562. The group ended up establishing the small colony of Fort Caroline in 1564, on the banks of the St. Johns River, in what is today Jacksonville, Florida. Jean Ribault (1520 - October 12, 1565) was a French naval officer, navigator, and a colonizer of what would become the southeastern United States. ... Events Earliest English slave-trading expedition under John Hawkins. ... Fort Caroline was the first permanent French colony in North America, located in present-day Jacksonville, Florida. ... Events March 27 â€” Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death June 22 â€” Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World September 10 â€” The Battle of Kawanakajima Ottoman Turks invade Malta Modern pencil becomes common in England Conquistadors crossed the Pacific Spanish founded a colony... St. ... Motto: Where Florida Begins Location in the state of Florida Coordinates: Country United States State Florida County Duval Mayor John Peyton (R) Area - City 2,264. ...

The colony was the first attempt at any permanent European settlement in the present-day United States, but the group survived only a short time. In September 1565, an attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine backfired, and the Spanish wiped out the Fort Caroline garrison. (See Fort Caroline for more details.) // Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ... Five flags have flown over the city since 1565. ... Fort Caroline was the first permanent French colony in North America, located in present-day Jacksonville, Florida. ... Fort Caroline was the first permanent French colony in North America, located in present-day Jacksonville, Florida. ...

Settlement in South Africa

On December 31, 1687 a band of Huguenots set sail from France to the colony at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 and an organized, large scale emigration of Huguenots to the Cape of Good Hope took place during 1688 and 1689. December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ...

Many of these settlers chose as their home an area called Franschhoek, Dutch for French Corner, in the present day Western Cape provice of South Africa. A large monument to commemorate the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa was inaugurated on 7 April 1948 at Franschhoek. Capital Cape Town Largest city Cape Town Premier Ebrahim Rasool Area - Total Ranked 4th 129,370 kmÂ² Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 5th 4,524,335 35/kmÂ² Elevation Highest point: Seweweekspoort Peak at 2325 meters (7628 feet) Lowest point: sea level Languages Afrikaans (55. ... Franschhoek Valley Franschhoek (Dutch (spelling before 1947): French corner) is a small town in the Western Cape Province and one of the oldest towns of the Republic of South Africa. ...

Many of the farms in the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names and there are many families, today mostly Afrikaans speaking, whose surnames bear witness to their French Huguenot ancestry. Examples of these are: Blignaut, Hugo , Joubert, du Toit, de Villiers, Viljoen, Theron, du Plessis, Malan, le Roux and Labuschagne amongst others, which are all common surnames in present day South Africa.^[1] Look up Wiktionary:Swadesh lists for Afrikaans and Dutch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... BarthÃ©lemy Catherine Joubert (14 April 1769 - 15 August 1799), French general, the son of an advocate, was born at Pont de Vaux (Ain). ... Philippe de Villiers Philippe de Villiers (born March 25, 1949 as Viscount Philippe le Jolis de Villiers de Saintignon) is a French conservative politician. ... Theron can mean:- Charlize Theron is a South African actress. ... Malan can mean: Malan (Xinjiang) Adolph Malan, famed World War II RAF fighter pilot who led No. ...

Settlement in North America

Barred from settling in New France, many Huguenots moved instead to the Dutch colony New Netherland later incorporated into New York and New Jersey and the 13 colonies of Great Britain in North America, the first in 1624. New France (French: la Nouvelle-France) describes the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763. ... Map based on Adriaen Blocks 1614 expedition to New Netherland, featuring the first use of the name. ... Betsy Ross purportedly sewed the first American flag with 13 stars and 13 stripes representing each of the 13 colonies. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ...

Huguenot immigrants founded New Paltz, New York, where is now located the oldest street in America with the original stone houses, New Rochelle, New York (named after La Rochelle in France). Chretien DuBois was one of the original Huguenot settlers in this area. New Paltz is both a village and town in the U.S. state of New York. ... New Rochelle City Hall New Roc City New Rochelle is a city in Westchester County in the U.S. state of New York, 16 miles (26 km) from Grand Central Terminal in New York City and 2 miles north of the border with The Bronx. ... La Rochelle is a city and commune of western France, and a seaport on the Atlantic Ocean (population 76,584 in 1999). ... He was a prosperous middle class linen merchant and devout protestant from the village of Wicres, outside of Lille. ...

Some of the settlers chose the Virginia Colony, and formed communities in present-day Chesterfield County and Powhatan County just west of Richmond, Virginia, where their descendants continue to reside. The Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River was named in their honor, as were many local features including several schools. The 1609 charter for the Virginia colony from sea to sea The Virginia Colony refers to the English colony in North America that existed during the 17th and 18th centuries before the American Revolution. ... Chesterfield County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. ... Powhatan County is a county located in the U.S. state â€” officially, Commonwealth â€” of Virginia. ... Nickname: River City, Cap City, R-V-A Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra (Thus do we reach the stars) Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (D) Area - City 62. ... Huguenot Memorial Bridge is located in Henrico County and the independent city of Richmond, Virginia. ... The James River at Cartersville The James River in the U.S. state of Virginia is 547. ...

Many Huguenots also settled in the area around the current site of Charleston, South Carolina. In 1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France settled in what was then called Charlestown. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. The French Protestant (Huguenot) Church of Charleston, which remains independent, is the oldest continuously active Huguenot congregation in the United States today. Nickname: The Holy City, The Palmetto City, Chucktown, Port City, Charlie O C-Port City Motto: Aedes Mores Juraque Curat (She cares for her temples, customs, and rights) Location of Charleston in South Carolina. ...

Most of the Huguenot congregations in North America merged or affiliated with other Protestant denominations, such the Presbyterian Church (USA), United Church of Christ, Reformed Churches, and the Reformed Baptists. Emblem of the PC(USA) The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) or PC(USA) is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination in the United States. ... The United Church of Christ (UCC) is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination principally in the United States, generally considered within the Reformed tradition, and formed in 1957 by the merger of two denominations, the Evangelical and Reformed Church and the Congregational Christian Churches. ... The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ... The name Reformed Baptist does not refer to a distinct Christian denomination, but instead is a description of the churchs theological leaning. ...

See: The Huguenot Society of America.

The Huguenot Society of America was an hereditary patriotic society, organized in New York City on April 12, 1883, and incorporated on June 12, 1885. ...

Asylum in Britain

An estimated 50,000 Huguenots fled to Britain. A leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London, André Lortie (or Andrew Lortie), became known for articulating Huguenot criticism of the Holy See and transubstantiation. Andrew Lortie aka André Lortie was a leading Huguenot Protestant theologian, author and emigre leader, born in France and resident of London at his death, heading the French church there. ... Andrew Lortie aka André Lortie was a leading Huguenot Protestant theologian, author and emigre leader, born in France and resident of London at his death, heading the French church there. ... Transubstantiation (from Latin transsubstantiatio) is the change of the substance of bread and wine into that of the body and blood of Christ, the change that according to the belief of the Roman Catholic Church occurs in the Eucharist. ...

Of these refugees, upon landing on the Kent coast, many gravitated towards Canterbury, then the county's hub, where many Huguenot families were granted asylum. Edward VI granted them the whole of the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral for worship. This privilege later shrank to the former chantry chapel of the Black Prince, where there is still a Huguenot chapel. Access can now be gained to this chapel by those whose names are derived from any of the French names featured on a poster on the chapel's outer door, and it is also open to the general public on the annual cathedral open-evening in October. Other evidence of the Huguenots in Canterbury includes 'the Weavers', a half-timbered house deriving its name from their chief occupation,[1], and they also settled elsewhere in Kent, particularly Tenterden. Edward VI (12 October 1537 â€“ 6 July 1553) became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547, at just nine years of age. ... Canterbury Cathedral from the southwest. ... Chantry is a term for the English establishment of a shrine or chapel on private land where monks or priests would say (or chant) prayers on a fixed schedule, usually for someone who had died. ... Effigy on the Black Princes tomb in Canterbury Cathedral Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (June 15, 1330 â€“ June 8, 1376), popularly known as the Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault, and father to King Richard II of... Location within the British Isles Tenterden is a small town in the Ashford District of Kent, England. ...

Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch, London in large numbers. They established a major weaving industry in and around Spitalfields (see Petticoat Lane and the Tenterground), and in Wandsworth. The Old Truman Brewery, then known as the Black Eagle Brewery, appeared in 1724. The fleeing of Huguenot refugees from Tours, France had virtually wiped out the great silk mills they had built. Shoreditch Town Hall Shoreditch is a place in the London Borough of Hackney. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. ... Christ Church, Spitalfields Spitalfields, an area in Tower Hamlets, east London near to Liverpool Street station and Brick Lane which gets its name from a contraction of hospital fields, as there used to be a major hospital in the area. ... Petticoat Lane Market is a fashion and clothing market located on Wentworth Street and Middlesex Street in East London, just to the south of Old Spitalfields market, and near to the Brick Lane and Columbia Road Sunday markets. ... A tenterground or tenter ground was an area used for drying newly manufactured cloth after fulling. ... Wandsworth is a largely middleclass town by the River Thames in south-west London. ... The Brewery showing the large chimney and the clock house The Old Truman Brewery is a former brewery building complex in Brick Lane in the Spitalfields area, on the east side of the City of London. ... Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. ... Tours is a city in France, the prÃ©fecture (capital city) of the Indre-et-Loire dÃ©partement, on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between OrlÃ©ans and the Atlantic coast. ... Silk weaver Silk is a natural protein fibre that can be woven into textiles. ...

Many Huguenots settled in Ireland during the Plantations of Ireland. Some of them fought against the troops of Louis XIV in the Williamite war in Ireland, for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles. Some of them took their skills to Ulster and assisted in the founding of the Irish linen industry. Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland involved the seizure of land owned by the native Irish and granting of it to colonists (planters) from Britain. ... Louis XIV (Louis-DieudonnÃ©) (September 5, 1638 â€“ September 1, 1715) ruled as King of France and of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death just prior to his seventy-seventh birthday. ... For the context of this war see Jacobitism and Glorious Revolution. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 kmÂ² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: CÃºige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... Linum usitatissimum L. - Flax Torn linen cloth, recovered from the Dead Sea Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax plant. ...

Asylum in Germany and Scandinavia

Huguenots refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed countries in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 44,000 Huguenots established in Germany. Several congregations were founded, such as the Fredericia (Danmark), Stokholm, Frankfurk, Emden, Middleburg.

Effects

The exodus of Huguenots from France created a kind of brain drain from which the kingdom would not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow Protestants to settle in New France was a factor behind that colony's slow population growth, which ultimately led to its conquest by the British. By the time of the French and Indian War, there may have been more people of French ancestry living in Britain's American colonies than there were in New France. A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals (human capital) to other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflicts, lack of opportunity, or health hazards where they are living. ... Oooo BURN! ... Betsy Ross purportedly sewed the first American flag with 13 stars and 13 stripes representing each of the 13 colonies. ...

Frederick the Great of Prussia, a strong believer in religious tolerance, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia. The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizière, was a scion of a Huguenot family. Frederick the Great Frederick II of Prussia (Friedrich der Große, Frederick the Great, January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia 1740–86. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Anthem: Auferstanden aus Ruinen Capital East Berlin, in spite of status as part of an occupied city Government Socialist state - Last Head of State Sabine Bergmann-Pohl - Last Head of Government Lothar de MaiziÃ¨re History - Established October 7, 1949 - Final Settlement September 25, 1990 - Disestablished October 3, 1990 Area... Lothar de MaiziÃ¨re [] (born 2 March 1940) is a German conservative politician who served as the last and only democratically elected Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1990. ...

The persecution and flight of the Huguenots greatly damaged the reputation of Louis XIV abroad, particularly in England; the two kingdoms, which had enjoyed peaceful relations prior to 1685, became bitter enemies and fought against each other in a series of wars from 1689 onward. Events February 6 - James Stuart, Duke of York becomes King James II of England and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ...

End of persecution

Persecution of Protestants ended in 1764, and the French Revolution of 1789 finally made them full-fledged citizens. The French Revolution (1789â€“1799) was a pivotal period in the history of French, European and Western civilization. ...

Protestants in France today number about 1 million, or about 2% of the population [2] [3]. They are most concentrated in the Cévennes region in the south. The CÃ©vennes are a range of mountains in south-central France, covering parts of the dÃ©partements of Gard, LozÃ¨re, ArdÃ¨che, and Haute-Loire. ...

Legacy

A third of American Presidents have some proven Huguenot ancestry, as do Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and other leading statesmen, and (according to an oft-repeated belief) one quarter or more of all Englishmen.
Huguenot refugees in Prussia are thought to have contributed significantly to the development of the textile industry in that state.
In 1924 a commemorative half dollar, known as the Huguenot-Walloon Half Dollar, was coined in the United States to celebrate the 300th anniversary of their initial settlement in what is now the United States. One Huguenot colonist was a silversmith named Apollos Rivoire, who would later anglicize his name to Paul Revere. He would, still later, give his name and his profession to his son, Paul Revere, the famous United States revolutionary.
A neighborhood in New York City's borough of Staten Island is named Huguenot, and the nearby town of New Rochelle is named after La Rochelle, a former Huguenot stronghold in France.

For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... Kinship and descent is one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology. ... Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757 â€” July 12, 1804) was an American politician, leading statesman, financier, intellectual, military officer, and founder of the Federalist party. ... John Jay (December 12, 1745 â€“ May 17, 1829) was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, writer, and a jurist. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Portrait of Paul Revere by John Singleton Copley, c. ... Portrait of Paul Revere by John Singleton Copley, c. ... Nickname: Big Apple, City that never Sleeps Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area - City 1,214. ... Staten Island, in yellow, lies to the southwest of the rest of New York City. ... Huguenot is the name of a neighborhood located on the South Shore of Staten Island, New York, USA. Originally named Bloomingview, its present name is derived from the French Huguenots, many of whom came to Staten Island in the 18th Century to escape religious persecution. ... New Rochelle City Hall New Roc City New Rochelle is a city in Westchester County in the U.S. state of New York, 16 miles (26 km) from Grand Central Terminal in New York City and 2 miles north of the border with The Bronx. ... La Rochelle is a city and commune of western France, and a seaport on the Atlantic Ocean (population 76,584 in 1999). ...

Political vocabulary

French Protestants consider themselves to practice a "reformed" religion (religion réformée) — which implies that the Catholic religion was in need of reforms. In opposition, French Catholics, when talking in polite terms, traditionally referred to Protestantism as the "allegedly reformed religion" (religion prétendue réformée, or RPR) — with an obvious pejorative undertone of "pretense".

Other

The word refugee came into use in English to describe the early French Protestants seeking refuge. The word comes from the French réfugié, from past participle of réfugier, to take refuge. Look up refuge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Symbol

The Croix Huguenot

The sign of the Huguenot is the croix huguenote. It is now an official symbol of the Eglise des protestants reformé (French Protestant church) and Huguenot descendents are proud to display this piece of jewellery as a sign of reconnaissance (recognition) between them. Image File history File links Croix_huguenote. ... Image File history File links Croix_huguenote. ...

Famous people with Huguenot ancestry

John André, British Officer and spy
Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy, artist and sculptor
Florence Bascom, American geologist
Henry Bidleman Bascom, U.S. Congressional Chaplain, Methodist Bishop
James A. Bayard (elder), Congressman
Bryant Brooks, Governor of Wyoming
Francis Beaufort, Hydrographer of the British Admiralty
William Byrd I, Virginia settler
Sarel Cilliers, Boer Voortrekker
Tony Cottee, West Ham United and England footballer
Joan Crawford, American actress
Davy Crockett, American folk hero
Hansie Cronje South African cricketer
Piet Cronje leader of the Transvaal Republic's military forces during the Anglo-Boer Wars
Frederik Willem de Klerk President of the Republic of South Africa serving from September 1989 to May 1994
James DeLancey, Governor of New York
Abraham De Peyster, Mayor of New York
Abraham De Peyster, Loyalist
Arent Schuyler De Peyster, Loyalist
Johannes De Peyster, Mayor of Albany
G.E.M de Ste. Croix, writer & historian
Julia Dale, Hugus
Daphne du Maurier, English writer
Gerald du Maurier, English actor
Éleuthère Irénée du Pont. founder of the duPont Company
Alexander Du Toit South African geologist
Daniel du Toit South African astronomer.
Christiaan du Toit South African military commander
DF du Toit Co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners
SG du Toit Co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners
Rev S.J. du Toit Co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners
Peter Carl Fabergé, Russian jeweller
Gustav Fabergé, Russian jeweller
Theodor Fontane, German novelist and poet
Peter Force, American politician and archivist
Philip Freneau, American Poet
Adolf Galland, Luftwaffe General and WW2 fighter ace
Albert Gore Jr., Vice-President of the United States
Nicolaus Harnoncourt, Austrian conductor
Alexander Hamilton, American Secretary of the Treasury
[4]Peter Horry , S.C. Revolutionary War General {Reference only}
Benjamin Huger, American General {Confederate}
Daniel E. Huger, American politician
John Jay, American diplomat
Gideon Joubert, Afrikaans science non-fiction author
Petrus Jacobus Joubert Boer commandant-general of the South African Republic from 1880 to 1900
William Larminie, Irish poet
Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer and inventor
Henry Laurens, American politician
John Laurens, American War hero
Simon Le Bon, English musician
Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish writer
Daniel Myron LeFever, American gunmaker
Thomas LeFroy, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and inspiration for Jane Austen's Mr Darcy in Pride and Prejudice
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American poet
A. G. "Sailor" Malan, World War Two fighter pilot ace
D. F. Malan, South African Prime Minister elected on Apartheid platform
Lothar de Maizière, German politician
Thomas de Maizière, German politician
Gideon Malherbe Co-founder of an Afrikaans language movement named the Society of Real Afrikaners
Seigried Marseille, Luftwaffe General
Hans-Joachim Marseille, Luftwaffe ace
Arthur Middleton Manigault, American General {Confederate}
Francis Marion, American War Hero
Jan Masaryk, Czechoslovakian diplomat and politician
Charles Maturin, Irish gothic writer
Charles Manigault Morris, American Navy officer{Confederate}
Gouverneur Morris, American Diplomat
Laurence Olivier, English actor
Beyers Naudé Afrikaner anti Apartheid cleric.
Jozua François Naudé acting State President of South Africa from 1967 to 1968
Lothar von Arnauld de la Periere Highest scoring Uboat commander of World War I
Francois Pienaar Captain of the Springboks from 26 June 1993 until 10 August 1996
Charles Portal British Chief of the Air Staff 1940-1945 Combined Chiefs of Staff 1942-1945
Frederic Remington, American artist and sculptor
Piet Retief, Boer Voortrekkers
Paul Revere, American Silversmith, famous for "Paul Revere's Ride" at the outbreak of the American War of Independence.
John Richbourg, American radio announcer
John D. Rockefeller, American capitalist
Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States
Sara Roosevelt, mother of FDR
Friedrich Karl von Savigny, German jurist
Julia Sawalha, British actress of Huguenot and Jordanian ancestry
John Sevier, Governor of Tennessee
Jedediah Smith, American explorer
Eugène Terre'Blanche South African political activist
Jacques Terreblanche Popular Idol finalist
Charlize Theron, South African actress
Anton Friedrich Justus Thibaut, German jurist
Henry David Thoreau. American writer
Constand Viljoen Former leader of the Freedom Front (1994 - 2001) and SADF general
Sir Peter de la Billière. British Military Commander
J. Johnston Pettigrew , a Confederate general in the American Civil War
Peter Griffin , fictitious "self proclaimed Huguenot"
Robert Champion de Crespigny, Australian businessman

Major John AndrÃ© John AndrÃ© (May 2, 1750 - October 2, 1780) was a British officer hanged as a spy during the American Revolutionary War for an incident in which he assisted Benedict Arnolds attempted surrender of the fort at West Point, New York to the British. ... Earl W. Bascom (June 19, 1906 - August 28, 1995) was an American painter and sculptor, raised in Canada, who portrayed his own experiences cowboying and rodeoing across the American and Canadian West. ... Steer roping Fiesta de los Vaqueros, Tucson, AZ. Rodeo is a traditional North American sport with influences from the history of Mexican vaqueros (cowboys) and American cowboys. ... Florence Bascom(1862 in Williamstown, Massachusetts; died 1945) was the first woman hired by the United States Geological Survey. ... A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system (see planetary geology). ... Henry Bidleman Bascom (1796â€”1850) was a Bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, United States. ... A chaplain is typically a member of the clergy serving a group of people who are not organized as a mission or church; lay chaplains are also found in some settings such as universities. ... A mitre is used as a symbol of the bishops ministry. ... James Asheton Bayard (July 28, 1767 â€“ August 6, 1815) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Sir Francis Beaufort (May 7, 1774 - December 17, 1857) was a British naval officer and hydrographer and was born in Ireland. ... Hydrography is the measurement of physical characteristics of waters and marginal land. ... For the international law of the sea, see Admiralty law. ... William Byrd I (1652-1704), was the father of William Byrd II. William Byrd I (1652-1704), came from England in the late 1660s, and became a well-connected fur trader in the Richmond, Virginia area. ... Sarel Cilliers was a Voortrekker leader and a preacher. ... Boer is the Afrikaans (and Dutch) word for farmer which came to denote the descendants of the Afrikaans-speaking migrating farmers of the expanding eastern Cape frontier. ... The Voortrekker Monument built in 1949. ... Anthony Richard Cottee, (born July 11, 1965), is an English former football player. ... The West Ham United Crest West Ham United F.C are a professional English football club based in East London. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Joan Crawford (March 23, 1904 â€“ May 10, 1977) was an acclaimed Academy Award winning American actress. ... Davy Crockett David Crockett (August 17, 1786 â€“ March 6, 1836) 19th-century American folk hero usually referred to as Davy Crockett and by the popular title King of the Wild Frontier. He represented Tennessee in the U.S. Congress, served in the Texas revolution, and died at the age of... Wessel Johannes Hansie Cronje (September 25, 1969 - June 1, 2002) was a South African cricketer (all-rounder) and captain of the South African national cricket team in the 1990s. ... For the insect, see Cricket (insect). ... General Piet Arnoldus Cronje (1840?-4 February 1911) was a leader of the Zuid Afrika Republics military forces during the Anglo-Boer wars. ... The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek), often informally known as the Transvaal Republic, not to be confused with the Republic of South Africa, occupied the area later known as the province of Transvaal, first from 1857 to 1877, and again, after a successful Afrikaner rebellion against British rule... There were two Boer Wars: the First Boer War (1880â€“1881) the Second Boer War (1899â€“1902). ... F.W. de Klerk State President of South Africa 1989â€“1994 Deputy President of South Africa 1994â€“1996 Frederik Willem de Klerk (born March 18, 1936) was the last State President of Apartheid South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994. ... James DeLancey (1703 â€“ 1760) was acting colonial governor of New York from 1753 to 1755. ... For a list of the Dutch Director-Generals who governed New Amsterdam (as New York City was called when it was a Dutch-run settlement) between 1624 and 1664, see: Director-General of New Netherland. ... In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be or The Establishment. ... In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be or The Establishment. ... From its formal chartering on 1686-07-22 until 1779, the Mayors of Albany, New York were appointed by the royal governor of New York, per the provisions of the original City Charter, issued by Governor Thomas Dongan. ... Daphne du Maurier DBE (13 May 1907 â€“ 19 April 1989) was one of the most successful Cornish novelists of all time. ... Sir Gerald Hubert Edward Busson du Maurier (March 26, 1873â€“April 11, 1934) was a British actor and manager. ... Ã‰leuthÃ¨re IrÃ©nÃ©e du Pont de Nemours (June 24, 1771 â€“ October 31, 1834), known as IrÃ©nÃ©e du Pont, or E.I. du Pont, was a French-born American chemist and industrialist who emigrated to the United States in 1799 and founded the gunpowder manufacturer, E. I... E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (NYSE: DD) was founded in July 1802 as a gun powder mill by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont on Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington, Delaware. ... Alexander Logie du Toit (March 14, 1878 â€“ February 25, 1948) was a South African geologist. ... A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system (see planetary geology). ... Daniel du Toit was a South African astronomer. ... An astronomer or astrophysicist is a person whose area of interest is astronomy or astrophysics. ... Lieutenant-General Christiaan (Matie) du Toit DSO (1901-19??) was a South African military commander. ... Look up Wiktionary:Swadesh lists for Afrikaans and Dutch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners (Afrikaans for Society of Real Afrikaners) was formed on 14 August 1875 in the town of Paarl by a group of Afrikaans speakers from the Western Cape region. ... Look up Wiktionary:Swadesh lists for Afrikaans and Dutch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners (Afrikaans for Society of Real Afrikaners) was formed on 14 August 1875 in the town of Paarl by a group of Afrikaans speakers from the Western Cape region. ... Reverend Stephanus Jacobus du Toit (1847-1911) was a South African who pioneered the recognition of the Afrikaans language. ... Look up Wiktionary:Swadesh lists for Afrikaans and Dutch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners (Afrikaans for Society of Real Afrikaners) was formed on 14 August 1875 in the town of Paarl by a group of Afrikaans speakers from the Western Cape region. ... Bouquet of Lilies or Madonna Lily Egg by FabergÃ© Peter Carl FabergÃ© original name Carl Gustavovich FabergÃ© (May 30, 1846â€“September 24, 1920) was a Russian jeweller, best known for the fabulous FabergÃ© eggs, made in the style of genuine Easter eggs, but using precious metals and gemstones rather than... Gustav FabergÃ© (1814 - 1893) was a Russian jeweller and father of the famous Peter Carl FabergÃ©, maker of FabergÃ© eggs. ... Theodor Fontane (December 30, 1819 â€“ September 20, 1898) was a 19th-century German novelist and poet. ... Peter Force was a 19th century politician, archivist, historian, publisher and editor. ... Philip Morin Freneau ( January 2, 1752 – December 18, 1832 ) was a United States poet and one of the most important writers/poets of The Age of Reason. He focused on writing nonpolitical poetry. ... Adolf Galland (March 19, 1912 - February 9, 1996) was a World War II German fighter pilot and commander of Germanys fighter force (General der Jagdflieger) from 1941 to 1945. ... Albert Arnold Gore Jr. ... Nikolaus Harnoncourt (born December 6, 1929) is an Austrian conductor, known for his historically accurate performances of music from the classical era and earlier. ... Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757 â€” July 12, 1804) was an American politician, leading statesman, financier, intellectual, military officer, and founder of the Federalist party. ... Benjamin Huger Benjamin Huger (November 22, 1805 â€“ December 7, 1877) was a career United States Army ordnance officer and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. ... Daniel E. Huger (February 20, 1742 â€“ July 6, 1799) was an American planter and statesman from Berkeley County, South Carolina. ... John Jay (December 12, 1745 â€“ May 17, 1829) was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, writer, and a jurist. ... Gideon Joubert is a South African writer and ex-journalist (at Die Burger) who is known for his Intelligent Design-opinions, especially present in his book, Die Groot Gedagte, that was his biggest success. ... Petrus Jacobus Joubert Petrus Jacobus Joubert (January 20, 1834 - March 28, 1900), commandant-general of the South African Republic from 1880 to 1900, was born at Cango, in the district of Oudtshoorn, Cape Colony, a descendant of a French Huguenot who fled to South Africa soon after the revocation of... Capital Pretoria Created 1857 - Independence 1881 - Boer Rebelion Dissolved 1877 - 1st British Annexation 1900 - Formal Annexation Official language Dutch (Afrikaans more common) This article is about the former country in Africa. ... Gustaf de Laval The former De Laval steam turbine factory, now converted to a conference centre, in Nacka, outside Stockholm Carl Gustaf Patrik de Laval (May 9, 1845 - February 2, 1913) was a Swedish engineer and inventor who made important contributions to the design of steam turbines and dairy machinery. ... Henry Laurens (1724â€“1792) was an American merchant and planter from South Carolina who became a political leader during the Revolutionary War. ... John Laurens (October 28, 1754 - August 27, 1782) was an American soldier and statesman from South Carolina during the Revolutionary War. ... Simon John Charles Le Bon (born October 27, 1958) is the lead singer and lyricist of the pop band Duran Duran. ... Sheridan Le Fanu Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu (August 28, 1814 â€“ February 7, 1873) was an Irish writer of short stories and mystery novels. ... Daniel Myron Lefever, American Gunmaker. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Adolph Gysbert Malan (March 24, 1910 â€“ September 17, 1963), better known as Sailor Malan, was a famed World War II RAF fighter pilot who led No. ... Daniel FranÃ§ois Malan Daniel FranÃ§ois Malan (22 May 1874 â€“ 7 February 1959) was a Prime Minister of South Africa. ... Lothar de MaiziÃ¨re [] (born 2 March 1940) is a German conservative politician who served as the last and only democratically elected Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1990. ... Thomas de MaiziÃ¨re [] (born January 21, 1954 in Bonn) is a German conservative politician (CDU). ... Look up Wiktionary:Swadesh lists for Afrikaans and Dutch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners (Afrikaans for Society of Real Afrikaners) was formed on 14 August 1875 in the town of Paarl by a group of Afrikaans speakers from the Western Cape region. ... Hans-Joachim Marseille (December 13, 1919 - September 30, 1942) was a Luftwaffe pilot, accepted to be one of the greatest aces of World War II. He was nicknamed the star of Africa. Marseille scored all but seven of his 158 victories against the British Commonwealths Desert Air Force over... Francis Marion (the Swamp Fox) Francis Marion (circa 1732 - February 26 or February 27, 1795) was a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army and later Brigadier General in the South Carolina Militia during the American Revolutionary War. ... Jan Masaryk (September 14, 1886 â€“ March 10, 1948) was a Czechoslovak diplomat and politician. ... Motto: Czech: Pravda vÃtÄ›zÃ (Truth prevails; 1918-1989) Latin: Veritas Vincit (Truth prevails; 1989-1992) Anthem(s): Kde domov mÅ¯j and Nad Tatrou sa blÃ½ska Capital Prague Largest city Prague Czech, Slovak Government Republic - Last President Jan StrÃ¡skÃ½ (1992) - Last Prime Minister Jan StrÃ¡sk... Charles Robert Maturin, also known as Charles Maturin or C.R. Maturin, was an Anglo-Irish Protestant clergyman (ordained by the Church of Ireland) and a writer of gothic plays and novels. ... First Lieutenant Charles Manigault Morris, CSN Charles Manigault Morris (7 May 1820 â€“ 22 March 1895) was an officer in the United States Navy and later in the Confederate States Navy. ... Gouverneur Morris Gouverneur Morris (January 31, 1752 â€“ November 8, 1816) was an American statesman who represented Pennsylvania in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and was author of large sections of the Constitution of the United States. ... Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM (22 May 1907â€“11 July 1989) was an Academy Award, Golden Globe, BAFTA and four-time Emmy winning English actor, director, and producer. ... Christiaan Frederick Beyers NaudÃ© (more commonly known as Beyers NaudÃ© or simply Oom Bey (Uncle Bey) in Afrikaans) (10 May 1915 - 7 September 2004) was an Afrikaner-South African cleric, theologian and anti-apartheid activist. ... Jozua FranÃ§ois NaudÃ© was acting State President of South Africa from 1967 to 1968. ... Top ranking U-boat captain of all time. ... Jacobus Francois Pienaar (born 2 January 1967 in Vereeniging, South Africa) captained and played flanker for the South African national rugby union team, the Springboks from 26 June 1993 until 10 August 1996. ... First international British and Irish Lions 4 - 0 South Africa (30 July 1891) Largest win Uruguay 5 - 134 South Africa (11 June 2005) Worst defeat England 53 - 3 South Africa (23 November 2002) World Cup Appearances 3 (First in 1995) Best result Champions, 1995 The Springboks, Bokke or amaBokoboko are... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... August 10 is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... RAF Air Chief Marshal Charles Portal (left) and Polish Commander in Chief Władysław Sikorski (right) visit an airbase of the 300th Polish Bomber Squadron in England. ... The Hunters Supper, 1909, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Frederic Sackrider Remington (October 4, 1861 - December 26, 1909) was an American painter, illustrator, and sculptor who specialized in depictions of the American West. ... Look up artist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sculptor redirects here. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Boer is the Afrikaans (and Dutch) word for farmer which came to denote the descendants of the Afrikaans-speaking migrating farmers of the expanding eastern Cape frontier. ... The Voortrekkers (Afrikaans for pioneers, literally those who move ahead or first/forward traveler) were white Afrikaner farmers, then known as Boers, who in the 1830s and 1840s emigrated during a series of mass movements of a number of separate trekking contingents under different leaders in what is called the... Portrait of Paul Revere by John Singleton Copley, c. ... John R. (born John Richbourg, Manning, South Carolina, circa 1910; died February 15, 1986, Nashville, Tennessee) was an American radio disc jockey who attained fame and notoriety in the 1950s and 1960s for playing rhythm and blues music on Nashville radio station WLAC. Richbourg was arguably the most popular and... John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. ... FDR redirects here. ... Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt (September 21, 1854 â€“ September 7, 1941) was the wife of James Roosevelt, Sr. ... Friedrich Karl von Savigny Friedrich Karl von Savigny (February 21, 1779 - 25 October 1861) was a German jurist. ... 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Anton Friedrich Justus Thibaut (January 4, 1774 _ March 20, 1840), was a German jurist. ... Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 â€“ May 6, 1862; born David Henry Thoreau) was an American author, development critic, naturalist, transcendentalist, pacifist, tax resister and philosopher who is most famous for his written account, Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil... General Constand Viljoen SSA SD SOE SM (b 1933) was a South African military commander. ... The Freedom Front Plus (Afrikaans: Vryheidsfront Plus) is a South African political party that aims to protect Afrikaner interests. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... J. Johnston Pettigrew James Johnston Pettigrew (July 4, 1828 â€“ July 17, 1863) was an author, lawyer, linguist, diplomat, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. ... Peter Lowenbrau Griffin is a fictional character in the American animated television series Family Guy. ...

Notes

^ Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud. Translation: The French People Who Made South Africa. Bernard Lugan. January 1996. ISBN 2841000869'

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