NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Gibbon

Gibbons are the small apes in the family Hylobatidae. The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus (50).^[2]^[3] The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape which, until recently, was thought to be closely related to the Hoolock gibbons.^[2] Gibbons occur in tropical and subtropical rainforests from northeast India to Indonesia and north to southern China, including the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java. Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... This article is about the biological superfamily. ... The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ... For information about chromosomes in genetic algorithms, see chromosome (genetic algorithm). ... Hylobates are also known as the lesser apes. ... Binomial name Hylobates (Bunopithecus) hoolock (Harlan, 1834) The Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), also known as just the Hoolock, is a primate species from the family of the gibbons (Hylobatidae). ... Species 14 species, see text Gibbons are small apes that are traditionally grouped in the genus Hylobates. ... Binomial name Hylobates (Symphalangus) syndactylus (Raffles, 1821) The Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) is an arboreal black furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia and Sumatra. ... Binomial name Bunopithecus sericus F. Cuvier, 1821 Bunopithecus sericus was a gibbon. ... For other uses, see Sumatra (disambiguation). ... Î¦ Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ...

Also called the lesser apes, gibbons differ from great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and humans) in being smaller and pair-bonded, in not making nests, and in certain anatomical details in which they superficially more closely resemble monkeys than great apes do. Gibbons are masters of their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation, swinging from branch to branch distances of up to 15 m (50 ft), at speeds as much as 56 km/h (35 mph). They can also make leaps of up to 8 m (27 ft), and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are the fastest and most agile of all tree-dwelling, non-flying mammals.^[4] Genera Subfamily Ponginae Pongo - Orangutans Gigantopithecus (extinct) Sivapithecus (extinct) Subfamily Homininae Gorilla - Gorillas Pan - Chimpanzees Homo - Humans Paranthropus (extinct) Australopithecus (extinct) Sahelanthropus (extinct) Ardipithecus (extinct) Kenyanthropus (extinct) Pierolapithecus (extinct) (tentative) The Hominids (Hominidae) are a biological family which includes humans, extinct species of humanlike creatures and the other great apes... Type species Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 distribution of Species Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Chimpanzee, often shortened to chimp, is the common name for the two extant species of apes in the genus Pan. ... For other uses, see Gorilla (disambiguation). ... This article is about the primate. ... This article is about modern humans. ... Approximate worldwide distribution of monkeys. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Anatomy

One unique aspect of gibbon physiology is that the wrist is composed of a ball and socket joint, allowing for biaxial movement. This greatly reduces the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso, while also reducing stress on the shoulder joint. They also have long hands and feet, with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands. Their fur is usually black, gray, or brownish, often with white markings on hands, feet, and face. Some species have an enlarged throat sac, which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call. This structure is enormous in a few species, equaling the size of the animal's head. A ball and socket joint (enarthrosis, spheroidal joint) is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. ...

Gibbon skulls resemble those of great apes, with very short rostra, enlarged braincases, and large orbits that face forward. Gibbons have the typical nose of catarrhine primates with nostrils that are close together and face forward and slightly downward. They lack cheek pouches and their stomach is not sacculated. Their teeth also are similar to the great apes, with molars that are bunodont and lack lophs. The upper molars usually have a cingulum, which is sometimes large. The canines are prominent but not sexually dimorphic. The dental formula is: Families Cercopithecidae Hylobatidae Hominidae Catarrhini is the unranked group of the Primates, one of the three major divisions of the suborder Haplorrhini. ... The cingulum is a collection of white matter fibers projecting from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex in the brain, allowing for communication between components of the limbic system. ... The Canine teeth are the long, pointed teeth used for grabbing hold of and tearing apart foods, also called cuspids, dogteeth or fangs. Species that feature them, such as humans and dogs, usually have four, two in the top jaw, two in the lower, on either side of the Incisors. ...

Behavior

Gibbons are social animals. They are strongly territorial, and defend their boundaries with vigorous visual and vocal displays. The vocal element, which can often be heard for distances of up to 1 km, consists of a duet between a mated pair, their young sometimes joining in. In most species males, and in some also females, sing solos that attract mates as well as advertise their territory.^[5] The songs can make them an easy find for poachers who engage in the illegal wildlife trade and in sales of body parts for use in traditional medicine. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 375 KB) This was taken at the Adelaide Zoo in October 2006. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 375 KB) This was taken at the Adelaide Zoo in October 2006. ... Adelaide Zoo is Australias second oldest zoo, located in Adelaide, South Australia and the only major metropolitan zoo in Australia to be owned and operated on a non-profit basis. ...

The gibbons' ball-and-socket joints allow them unmatched speed and accuracy when swinging through trees. Nonetheless, their mode of transportation can lead to hazards when a branch breaks or a hand slips, and researchers estimate that the majority of Gibbons fracture their bones one or more times during their lifetimes.^[4]

Status

Most species are threatened or endangered, most importantly from degradation or loss of their forest habitat. Gibbon species include the Siamang, the White-handed or Lar Gibbon, and the hoolock gibbons. The Siamang, which is the largest of the 13 species, is distinguished by having two fingers on each hand stuck together, hence the generic and species names Symphalangus and syndactylus. Binomial name (Raffles, 1821) The Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) is an arboreal, black furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1771) The Lar Gibbon (Hylobates lar), also known as the White-handed Gibbon, is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Bunopithecus hoolock (Harlan, 1834) The Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock), also known as just the Hoolock, is a primate species from the family of the gibbons (Hylobatidae) and the only one in the genus Bunopithecus. ...

Classification

Image File history File links Wikispecies-logo. ... Wikispecies is a wiki-based online project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that aims to create a comprehensive free content catalogue of all species (including animalia, plantae, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and protista). ... Hylobates are also known as the lesser apes. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1771) The Lar Gibbon (Hylobates lar), also known as the White-handed Gibbon, is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobatesagilis F. Cuvier, 1821 The Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis), also known as the Black-handed Gibbon, is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobates muelleri Martin, 1841 MÃ¼llers Bornean Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri), also known as the Grey Gibbon, is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobates (Hylobates) moloch (Audebert, 1798) The Silvery Gibbon (Hylobates (Hylobates) moloch) is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobates pileatus (Gray, 1861) The Pileated Gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobates klossii (Miller, 1903) Klosss Gibbon (Hylobates klossii), also known as the Mentawai Gibbon or the Bilou, is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Bunopithecus hoolock (Harlan, 1834) The Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock), also known as just the Hoolock, is a primate species from the family of the gibbons (Hylobatidae) and the only one in the genus Bunopithecus. ... Binomial name Hylobates (Symphalangus) syndactylus (Raffles, 1821) The Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) is an arboreal black furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia and Sumatra. ... Binomial name (Raffles, 1821) The Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) is an arboreal, black furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra. ... Species 14 species, see text Gibbons are small apes that are traditionally grouped in the genus Hylobates. ... Binomial name (Harlan, 1826) Subspecies Nomascus concolor concolor Nomascus concolor lu Nomascus concolor jingdongensis Nomascus concolor furvogaster The Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor)[3], also known as the Crested Gibbon, the Black Gibbon, the White-cheeked Gibbon, or the Concolor Gibbon, is an endangered species of gibbon found in India... Binomial name Nomascus nasutus (Kunkel dHerculais, 1884) The Eastern Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) is a gibbon that was once widespread in China and Vietnam. ... Binomial name Nomascus leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840) Subspecies Nomascus leucogenys leucogenys - Northern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon Nomascus leucogenys siki - Southern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon Synonyms Hylobates leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840) The White-cheeked Crested Gibbon is a species of gibbon native to Yunnan, Vietnam and Laos. ... Binomial name Nomascus gabriellae (Thomas, 1909) Synonyms Hylobates gabriellae (Thomas, 1909) The Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon, also called Golden-cheeked Crested Gibbon or Buffed-cheeked gibbon, is a species of gibbon native to Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. ...

References

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Image File history File links Wikiversity-logo-Snorky. ... Dr Colin Groves is a Professor of Biological Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sir David Frederick Attenborough, OM, CH, CVO, CBE, FRS, FZS (born on 8 May 1926 in London, England) is one of the worlds most acclaimed broadcasters and naturalists. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Phyla Subkingdom Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subkingdom Agnotozoa Placozoa Orthonectida Rhombozoa Subkingdom Metazoa Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies Bilateria Protostomia Acoelomorpha Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nemertina - Ribbon worms Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida - Jawed worms Micrognathozoa Rotifera - Rotifers Acanthocephala Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Entoprocta Nematoda - Roundworms Nematomorpha - Horsehair worms Cycliophora Mollusca - Mollusks Sipuncula - Peanut worms Annelida - Segmented... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... Orders[1] Bobolestes Eomaia Maelestes Montanalestes Murtoilestes Prokennalestes Placentalia Superorder Xenarthra: Cingulata (Armadillos) Pilosa (Sloths, True Anteaters) Superorder Afrotheria: Afrosoricida (Tenrecs, etc. ... Orders Glires Rodentia Lagomorpha Euarchonta Dermoptera Scandentia Primates The Euarchontoglires are a mammalian superorder based on molecular genetic research, combining the Glires clade, which consists of the Rodentia and the Lagomorpha, with that of the Euarchonta, a clade consisting of the Scandentia, the Primates and the Dermoptera. ... Families Cheirogaleidae Lemuridae Lepilemuridae Indridae Daubentoniidae (Aye-aye) Lorisidae Galagidae The Strepsirrhini clade is one of the two suborders of primates. ... Genera Cheirogaleus Microcebus Mirza Allocebus Phaner Cheirogaleidae is the family strepsirrhine primates that contains the various dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs. ... Genera Lemur Eulemur Hapalemur Prolemur Varecia Lemuridae is one of the four families of lemurs and are part of a class of primates known as prosimians. ... Type Species Lepilemur mustelinus I. Geoffroy Species Lepilemur aeeclis Lepilemur ankaranensis Lepilemur dorsalis Lepilemur edwardsi Lepilemur leucopus Lepilemur microdon Lepilemur mustelinus Lepilemur randrianasoli Lepilemur ruficaudatus Lepilemur sahamalazensis Lepilemur septentrionalis The sportive lemurs are the medium sized primates that make up the Lepilemuridae family. ... Genera The Indriidae (also spelled Indridae) are a family of strepsirrhine primates. ... Binomial name Daubentonia madagascariensis Gmelin, 1788 The Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a primate native to Madagascar that combines rodent-like teeth with a long, thin middle finger to fill the ecological niche of a woodpecker. ... Genera Arctocebus Perodicticus Pseudopotto Loris Nycticebus Lorisidae (or sometimes Loridae) is a family of strepsirrhine primates. ... For the desktop presence framework, see Galago (software). ... Families Tarsiidae Cebidae Aotidae Pitheciidae Atelidae Cercopithecidae Hylobatidae Hominidae The haplorrhines, the dry-nosed primates (the Greek name means simple-nosed), are members of the Haplorrhini clade: the prosimian tarsiers and all of the true simians (the monkeys and the apes, including humans). ... Type species Lemur tarsier Erxleben, 1777 Species Tarsius syrichta Tarsius bancanus Tarsius tarsier Tarsius dentatus Tarsius lariang Tarsius pelengensis Tarsius sangirensis Tarsius pumilus Tarsiers are prosimian primates of the genus Tarsius, a monotypic genus in the family Tarsiidae, which is itself the lone extant family within the infraorder Tarsiiformes. ... Genera Callithrix Leontopithecus Saguinus Callimico Cebus Saimiri The Cebidae form one of the four families of New World monkeys now recognised. ... Type species Simia trivirgata Humboldt, 1811 Species Aotus lemurinus Aotus hershkovitzi Aotus trivirgatus Aotus vociferans Aotus miconax Aotus nancymae Aotus azarae The Night monkeys, also known as the Owl monkeys or Douroucoulis, are the members of the genus Aotus of New World monkeys (monotypic in family Aotidae). ... Genera Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Callicebus The Pitheciidae are one of the four families of New World monkeys now recognised. ... Genera Alouatta Ateles Brachyteles Lagothrix Oreonax The Atelidae are one of the two families of New World monkeys now recognised. ... Subfamilies Cercopithecinae - 11 genera Colobinae - 10 genera The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of primates, falling in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the clade Catarrhini. ... Genera Subfamily Ponginae Pongo - Orangutans Gigantopithecus (extinct) Sivapithecus (extinct) Subfamily Homininae Gorilla - Gorillas Pan - Chimpanzees Homo - Humans Paranthropus (extinct) Australopithecus (extinct) Sahelanthropus (extinct) Ardipithecus (extinct) Kenyanthropus (extinct) Pierolapithecus (extinct) (tentative) The Hominids (Hominidae) are a biological family which includes humans, extinct species of humanlike creatures and the other great apes... Phyla Subkingdom Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subkingdom Agnotozoa Placozoa Orthonectida Rhombozoa Subkingdom Metazoa Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies Bilateria Protostomia Acoelomorpha Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nemertina - Ribbon worms Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida - Jawed worms Micrognathozoa Rotifera - Rotifers Acanthocephala Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Entoprocta Nematoda - Roundworms Nematomorpha - Horsehair worms Cycliophora Mollusca - Mollusks Sipuncula - Peanut worms Annelida - Segmented... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... For the ecclesiastical use of this term, see primate (religion) Families 13, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all lemurs, monkeys, and apes, including humans. ... Families Tarsiidae Cebidae Aotidae Pitheciidae Atelidae Cercopithecidae Hylobatidae Hominidae The haplorrhines, the dry-nosed primates (the Greek name means simple-nosed), are members of the Haplorrhini clade: the prosimian tarsiers and all of the true simians (the monkeys and the apes, including humans). ... Hylobates are also known as the lesser apes. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1771) The Lar Gibbon (Hylobates lar), also known as the White-handed Gibbon, is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobatesagilis F. Cuvier, 1821 The Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis), also known as the Black-handed Gibbon, is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobates muelleri Martin, 1841 MÃ¼llers Bornean Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri), also known as the Grey Gibbon, is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobates (Hylobates) moloch (Audebert, 1798) The Silvery Gibbon (Hylobates (Hylobates) moloch) is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobates pileatus (Gray, 1861) The Pileated Gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Hylobates klossii (Miller, 1903) Klosss Gibbon (Hylobates klossii), also known as the Mentawai Gibbon or the Bilou, is a primate in the Hylobatidae or gibbon family. ... Binomial name Bunopithecus hoolock (Harlan, 1834) The Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock), also known as just the Hoolock, is a primate species from the family of the gibbons (Hylobatidae) and the only one in the genus Bunopithecus. ... Binomial name (Raffles, 1821) The Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) is an arboreal, black furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra. ... Binomial name (Raffles, 1821) The Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) is an arboreal, black furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra. ... Species 14 species, see text Gibbons are small apes that are traditionally grouped in the genus Hylobates. ... Binomial name (Harlan, 1826) Subspecies Nomascus concolor concolor Nomascus concolor lu Nomascus concolor jingdongensis Nomascus concolor furvogaster The Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor)[3], also known as the Crested Gibbon, the Black Gibbon, the White-cheeked Gibbon, or the Concolor Gibbon, is an endangered species of gibbon found in India... Binomial name Nomascus nasutus (Kunkel dHerculais, 1884) The Eastern Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) is a gibbon that was once widespread in China and Vietnam. ... Binomial name Nomascus leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840) Subspecies Nomascus leucogenys leucogenys - Northern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon Nomascus leucogenys siki - Southern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon Synonyms Hylobates leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840) The White-cheeked Crested Gibbon is a species of gibbon native to Yunnan, Vietnam and Laos. ... Binomial name Nomascus gabriellae (Thomas, 1909) Synonyms Hylobates gabriellae (Thomas, 1909) The Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon, also called Golden-cheeked Crested Gibbon or Buffed-cheeked gibbon, is a species of gibbon native to Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. ...

Contents

Behavior

Status

Classification

References

External links