NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Giordano Bruno

Giordano Bruno (1548, Nola – February 17, 1600, Rome) was an Italian philosopher, priest, cosmologist, and occultist. Bruno is known for his mnemonic system based upon organized knowledge and as an early proponent of the idea of an infinite and homogeneous universe. Burnt at the stake as a heretic by the Roman Inquisition, Bruno is seen by some as the first "martyr ^[1] for science." Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Events Mary I of Scotland sent to France Births September 2 - Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (died 1616) September 29 - William V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1626) Francesco Andreini, Italian actor (died 1624) Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and occultist (burned at the stake) 1600 (died 1600) Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese general... For other uses, see Nola (disambiguation). ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Cosmology is the study of the large-scale structure and history of the universe. ... For other uses of this term, see occult (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Mnemonic (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Meta-epistemology be merged into this article or section. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Heresy, as a blanket term, describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox. ... The Roman Inquisition began in 1542 when Pope Paul III established the Holy Office as the final court of appeal in trials of heresy and served as an important part of the Counter-Reformation. ... For other uses, see Martyr (disambiguation). ...

Early life

Born in Nola (in Campania, then part of the Kingdom of Naples) in 1548, he was originally named Filippo Bruno. His father was Giovanni Bruno, a soldier. At the age of eleven he traveled to Naples to study the Trivium. At 15, Bruno entered the Dominican Order, taking the name of Giordano from Giordano Crispo, his metaphysics tutor. He continued his studies, completing his novitiate, and becoming an ordained priest in 1572. For other uses, see Nola (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Campania (disambiguation). ... Capital Naples Government Monarchy King - 1285-1309 Charles II - 1815-1816 Ferdinand I History - Established 1285 - Union with Sicily 1816 The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of southern Italy after of the secession... Events Mary I of Scotland sent to France Births September 2 - Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (died 1616) September 29 - William V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1626) Francesco Andreini, Italian actor (died 1624) Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and occultist (burned at the stake) 1600 (died 1600) Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese general... For other uses see, Naples (disambiguation) and Napoli (disambiguation) Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... For any other uses see, see Trivium (disambiguation). ... Laudare, Benedicere, Praedicare (Praise, Bless, Preach) Saint Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization to address the needs of his time, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities... A novitiate (also called a novice) is a member of a religious order who has not yet taken his/her vows. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... January 16 - Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. ...

He was interested in philosophy, and was an expert on the art of memory; he wrote books on mnemonic technique, which Frances Yates contends may have been disguised Hermetic tracts. The writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus had played an important role in the Renaissance Neoplatonic revival. At that time they were thought to date uniformly to the earliest days of ancient Egypt and to encode a form of "pristine wisdom" ("prisca philosophia"). They are now believed to date mostly from about 300 A.D. and are associated with Neoplatonism. The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ... The Art of Memory, also known as artificial memory, Ars memoriae or Method of Loci, was a mnemonic technique used in Classical rhetoric to help orators learn their speeches by rote. ... For other uses, see Mnemonic (disambiguation). ... Dame Frances Amelia Yates (1899-1981) was a noted British historian. ... Hermes Trismegistus (Greek: , thrice-great Hermes; Latin: Mercurius ter Maximus) is the syncretism of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth. ... Hermes Trismegistus (Greek: , thrice-great Hermes; Latin: Mercurius ter Maximus) is the syncretism of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth. ... The Renaissance (French for rebirth, or Rinascimento in Italian), was a cultural movement in Italy (and in Europe in general) that began in the late Middle Ages, and spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century. ... Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonists. ... Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonists. ...

While the Hermetic Tradition was a major influence on Bruno, he also absorbed and developed the heliocentric ideas of Copernicus, though he claimed that his own mystical understanding of heliocentrism was far more important than Copernicus's understanding, which Bruno considered merely mathematical. Other significant influences included Thomas Aquinas, whose works he had to study in depth as a novice and for whom he always expressed a curiously deep admiration ([2]), Averroes, whose idea of a universal mind resonates through Bruno's work, Duns Scotus, the Renaissance Neoplatonist Marsilio Ficino, and, last but certainly not least, Nicholas of Cusa's ideas on infinity and indeterminacy, particularly the idea of an infinite universe where Earth has no special place. Bruno developed a pantheistic hylozoistic system, essentially incompatible with orthodox Christian Trinitarian beliefs. Download high resolution version (515x685, 382 KB)One of the mnemonic devices of Giordano Bruno, woodcut The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100... Download high resolution version (515x685, 382 KB)One of the mnemonic devices of Giordano Bruno, woodcut The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100... Chinese (Wu Xing) Japanese (Godai) Earth (åœ°) | Water (æ°´) | Fire (ç«) | Air / Wind (é¢¨) | Void / Sky / Heaven (ç©º) Hinduism (Tattva) and Buddhism (MahÄbhÅ«ta) Vayu / Pavan â€” Air / Wind Agni / Tejas â€” Fire Akasha â€” Aether Prithvi / Bhumi â€” Earth Ap / Jala â€” Water BÃ¶n New Zealand â€œThe Four Elementsâ€ redirects here. ... Hermes Trismegistus (Greek: , thrice-great Hermes; Latin: Mercurius ter Maximus) is the syncretism of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth. ... Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ... Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ... Saint Thomas Aquinas, O.P.(also Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino; c. ... Ibn Rushd, known as Averroes (1126 â€“ December 10, 1198), was an Andalusian-Arab philosopher and physician, a master of philosophy and Islamic law, mathematics, and medicine. ... Blessed John Duns Scotus (c. ... Domenico Ghirlandaio. ... Nicholas of Cusa Nicholas of Cusa (1401â€“ August 11, 1464) was a German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, a philosopher, jurist, mathematician, and an astronomer. ... Pantheism (Greek: Ï€Î¬Î½ ( pan ) = all and Î¸ÎµÏŒÏ‚ ( theos ) = God) literally means God is All and All is God. It is the view that everything is of an all-encompassing immanent abstract God; or that the universe, or nature, and God are equivalent. ... Hylozoism is the philosophical doctrine that all or some material things possess life. ... This article or section contains too many quotations for an encyclopedic entry. ...

In 1576 he left Naples to avoid the attention of the Inquisition. He left Rome for the same reason and abandoned the Dominican order. He travelled to Geneva and briefly joined the Calvinists, before he was excommunicated, ostensibly for slandering the philosophy professor Antoine de la Faye. After Bruno apologized his excommunication was revoked, but in autumn 1579, deeply disappointed by Calvinist intolerance, he left for France. This article is about the Inquisition of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... Geneva (pronunciation //; French: GenÃ¨ve //, German: //, Italian: Ginevra //, Romansh: Genevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after ZÃ¼rich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: Calvinism is a theological... Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ...

He went first to Lyon, but he could not find work there and in late 1579 he arrived in Toulouse, at that time a Catholic stronghold, where he obtained a position as lecturer of philosophy. After the bitter experience in Geneva, he also tried to revert to mainstream Catholicism, but he was denied absolution by the Jesuit priest that he approached. After religious strife broke out in Toulouse in summer 1581, he moved to Paris, where first he held a cycle of thirty lectures on theological topics. At this time, he also began to gain fame for his prodigious memory. Bruno's feats of memory were based, at least in part, on his elaborate system of mnemonics, but some of his contemporaries found it easier to attribute them to magical powers. His talents attracted the benevolent attention of the king Henry III, who supported a conciliatory, middle-of-the-road cultural policy between Catholic and Protestant extremism. This article is about the French city. ... New city flag (Occitan cross) Traditional coat of arms Motto: (Occitan: For Toulouse, always more) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Midi-PyrÃ©nÃ©es Department Haute-Garonne (31) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse Mayor Jean-Luc Moudenc (UMP) (since 2004) City Statistics Land... New city flag (Occitan cross) Traditional coat of arms Motto: (Occitan: For Toulouse, always more) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Midi-PyrÃ©nÃ©es Department Haute-Garonne (31) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse Mayor Jean-Luc Moudenc (UMP) (since 2004) City Statistics Land... This article is about the capital of France. ... Henry III of France (September 19, 1551 â€“ August 2, 1589), also Henry of Poland (also called Henry of Valois, Henryk Walezy), born Alexandre-Ã‰douard of France, was a member of the House of Valois. ...

In Paris he enjoyed the protection of his powerful French patrons. During this period, he published several works on mnemonics, a.o. "De umbris idearum" (The Shadows of Ideas, 1582), "Ars Memoriae" (The Art of Memory, 1582), "Cantus Circaeus" (Circe's Song, 1582), based on his model of organised knowledge, opposed to that of Petrus Ramus. In 1582 Bruno also published a comedy summarizing some of his philosophical positions, titled "Il Candelaio" ("The Torchbearer"). This article is about the capital of France. ... Petrus Ramus. ... Gregorian Calendar switch: Year 1582 involved conversion to the Gregorian calendar. ...

Travel years

In April 1583, he went to England with letters of recommendation from Henry III, working for the French ambassador, Michel de Castelnau. There he became acquainted with the poet Philip Sidney and with the Hermetic circle around John Dee. He also unsuccessfully sought a teaching position at Oxford, where however he held lectures. His views spurred controversy, notably with John Underhill, Rector of Lincoln College and from 1589 bishop of Oxford, and George Abbot, who later became Archbishop of Canterbury, who poked fun at Bruno for supporting “the opinion of Copernicus that the earth did go round, and the heavens did stand still; whereas in truth it was his own head which rather did run round, and his brains did not stand still.”([3]) and who reports accusations of plagiarising Ficino's work. Still, the English period was a fruitful one. During that time Bruno completed and published some of his most important works, the "Italian Dialogues," including the cosmological tracts "La Cena de le Ceneri" (The Ash Wednesday Supper, 1584), "De la Causa, Principio et Uno" (On Cause, Prime Origin and the One, 1584), "De l'Infinito Universo et Mondi" (On the Infinite Universe and Worlds, 1584) as well as "Lo Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante" (The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, 1584) and "De gl' Heroici Furori" (On Heroic Frenzies, 1585). Some of the works that Bruno published in London, notably the "The Ash Wednesday Supper," appear to have given offense. It was not the first time, nor was it to be the last, that Bruno's controversial views coupled with his abrasive sarcasm lost him the support of his friends. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Philip Sidney. ... For the American college basketball coach, see John Dee (basketball coach). ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... There have been several well-known people called George Abbot: George Abbot (1562-1633), Archbishop of Canterbury George Abbot School was named after the aforementioned George Abbot George Abbot (1603?-1648), English Puritan writer George Abbott (1887-1995), Broadway writer, producer and director George Abbott (1911-?)was an ice hockey... Domenico Ghirlandaio. ...

In October 1585, after the French embassy in London was attacked by a mob, he returned to Paris with Castelnau, finding a tense political situation. Moreover, his 120 theses against Aristotelian natural science and his pamphlets against the Roman Catholic mathematician Fabrizio Mordente soon put him in ill favor. In 1586, following a violent quarrel about Mordente's invention, "the differential compass," he left France for Germany. This article is about the capital of France. ... Aristotle (Greek: AristotÃ©lÄ“s) (384 BC â€“ 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... 1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ...

In Germany he failed to obtain a teaching position at Marburg, but was granted permission to teach at Wittenberg, where he lectured on Aristotle for two years. However, with a change of intellectual climate there, he was no longer welcome, and went in 1588 to Prague, where he obtained 300 taler from Rudolf II, but no teaching position. He went on to serve briefly as a professor in Helmstedt, but had to flee again when he was excommunicated by the Lutherans, continuing the pattern of Bruno's gaining favor from lay authorities before falling foul of the ecclesiastics of whatever hue. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1476x1464, 563 KB) Giordano Bruno, woodcut from Articuli centum et sexaginta adversus huius tempestatis mathematicos atque philosophos, Prague 1588 This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1476x1464, 563 KB) Giordano Bruno, woodcut from Articuli centum et sexaginta adversus huius tempestatis mathematicos atque philosophos, Prague 1588 This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright... Nickname: Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: , Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century Government - Mayor Pavel BÃ©m Area - City 496 kmÂ² (191. ... , Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the Lahn river. ... Statue of Martin Luther in the main square Wittenberg, officially [Die] Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a town in Germany, in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, at 12Â° 59 E, 51Â° 51 N, on the Elbe river. ... Aristotle (Greek: AristotÃ©lÄ“s) (384 BC â€“ 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... 1588 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... Nickname: Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: , Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century Government - Mayor Pavel BÃ©m Area - City 496 kmÂ² (191. ... Examples of German and Austrian thalers compared to a US quarter piece The Thaler was a silver coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred years. ... Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II Rudolf II Habsburg was an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary. ... University of Helmstedt in the 17th century The University of Helmstedt, official Latin name: Academia Julia (Julius University), was a university in Helmstedt, Brunswick-LÃ¼neburg, Holy Roman Empire, that existed from 1576 until 1810. ... Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 â€“ February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... For the architectural structure, see Church (building). ...

The year 1591] found him in Frankfurt. Apparently, during the Frankfurt Book Fair, he received an invitation to Venice from the patrician Giovanni Mocenigo, who wished to be instructed in the art of memory, and also heard of a vacant chair in mathematics at the University of Padua. Apparently believing that the Inquisition might have lost some of its impetus, he returned to Italy. For other uses, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... The Frankfurt Book Fair (German: Frankfurter Buchmesse) is the worlds largest trade fair for books, held annually in mid-October in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Mocenigo, the name of a noble and ancient Venetian family which gave many doges, statesmen and soldiers to the republic. ... Gymnasivm Patavinum: The Universitys main Bo palace shown in a 1654 woodcut The University of Padua (Italian UniversitÃ degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD) located in Padua, Italy was founded in 1222. ... This article is about the Inquisition of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

He went first to Padua, where he taught briefly, and applied unsuccessfully for the chair of mathematics, that was assigned instead to Galileo Galilei one year later. Bruno accepted Mocenigo's invitation and moved to Venice in March 1592. For about two months he functioned as an in-house tutor to Mocenigo. When Bruno announced his plan to leave Venice to his host, the latter, who was unhappy with the teachings he had received and had apparently developed a personal rancour towards Bruno, denounced him to the Venetian Inquisition, which had Bruno arrested on May 22, 1592. Among the numerous charges of blasphemy and heresy brought against him in Venice, based on Mocenigo's denunciation, was his belief in the plurality of worlds, as well as accusations of personal misconduct. Bruno defended himself skillfully, stressing the philosophical character of some of his positions, denying others and admitting that he had had doubts on some matters of dogma. The Roman Inquisition, however, asked for his transferral to Rome. After several months and some quibbling the Venetian authorities reluctantly consented and Bruno was sent to Rome in February 1593. Padua, Italy, (Italian: IPA: , Latin: Patavium, Venetian: ) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy, the economic and communications hub of the region. ... Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 â€“ 8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who is closely associated with the scientific revolution. ... Mocenigo, the name of a noble and ancient Venetian family which gave many doges, statesmen and soldiers to the republic. ... Mocenigo, the name of a noble and ancient Venetian family which gave many doges, statesmen and soldiers to the republic. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1592 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Look up blasphemy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mocenigo, the name of a noble and ancient Venetian family which gave many doges, statesmen and soldiers to the republic. ... The plenitude principle or principle of plenitude asserts that everything that can happen will happen. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... Events May 18 - Playwright Thomas Kyds accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe. ...

Download high resolution version (1632x1232, 638 KB)The monument to Giovanni Bruno, burnt at the stake in Rome. ... Download high resolution version (1632x1232, 638 KB)The monument to Giovanni Bruno, burnt at the stake in Rome. ... A view of Campo de Fiori with the monument to Giordano Bruno in the centre Campo de Fiori is a square in Rome, on the edge of rione Parione. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1500x2000, 223 KB) Summary Close-up of the statue of Giordano Bruno at the Campo de Fiori, Rome. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1500x2000, 223 KB) Summary Close-up of the statue of Giordano Bruno at the Campo de Fiori, Rome. ...

Trial and death

In Rome he was imprisoned for seven years during his lengthy trial, lastly in the Tower of Nona. Some important documents about the trial are lost, but others have been preserved, among them a summary of the proceedings that was rediscovered in 1940. ^[2] The numerous charges against Bruno, based on some of his books as well as on witness accounts, included blasphemy, immoral conduct, and heresy in matters of dogmatic theology, and involved some of the basic doctrines of his philosophy and cosmology. Luigi Firpo lists them as follows: ^[3] No longer extant Roman prison, used frequently by the Holy Office and the Inquisition to house heretics. ...

Bruno continued his Venetian defensive strategy, which consisted in bowing to the Church's dogmatic teachings, while trying to preserve the basis of his philosophy. In particular Bruno held firm to his belief in the plurality of worlds, although he was admonished to abandon it. His trial was overseen by the inquisitor Cardinal Bellarmine, who demanded a full recantation, which Bruno eventually refused. Instead he appealed in vain to Pope Clement VIII, hoping to save his life through a partial recantation. The Pope expressed himself in favor of a guilty verdict. Consequently, Bruno was declared a heretic, handed over to secular authorities on February 8 1600. At his trial he listened to the verdict on his knees, then stood up and said: "Perhaps you, my judges, pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it." A month or so later he was brought to the Campo de' Fiori, a central Roman market square, his tongue in a gag, tied to a pole naked and burned at the stake, on February 17, 1600. This article or section contains too many quotations for an encyclopedic entry. ... Look up incarnation, incarnate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ... Main article: Eucharist (Catholic Church) Transubstantiation (in Latin, transsubstantiatio) is the change of the substance of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ occurring in the Eucharist according to the teaching of some Christian Churches, including the Roman Catholic Church. ... This article is about Robert Bellarmine, the Catholic Saint. ... Pope Clement VIII (Fano, Italy, February 24, 1536 â€“ March 3, 1605 in Rome), born Ippolito Aldobrandini, was Pope from January 30, 1592 to March 3, 1605. ... Heresy, as a blanket term, describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox. ... A view of Campo de Fiori with the monument to Giordano Bruno in the centre Campo de Fiori is a square in Rome, on the edge of rione Parione. ... For other meanings of the word gag, see gag (disambiguation). ... Burning of two sodomites at the stake (execution of individuals by fire. ...

The conflicts over his execution

All his works were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1603. Four hundred years after his execution, official expression of "profound sorrow" and acknowledgement of error at Bruno's condemnation to death was made, during the papacy of John Paul II. Attempts were made by a group of professors in the Catholic Theological Faculty at Naples, led by the Nolan Domenico Sorrentino, to obtain a full rehabilitation from the Catholic authorities. Venetiis, M. D. LXIIII. The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books) is a list of publications which the Catholic Church censored for being a danger to itself and the faith of its members. ... Year 1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan PaweÅ‚ II) born []; 18 May 1920 â€“ 2 April 2005) reigned as the 264th Pope of... Domenico Sorrentino (1948-), Catholic bishop. ...

In 1885 an international committee for a monument to Bruno on the site of his execution was formed ^[4], including Victor Hugo, Herbert Spencer, Ernest Renan, Ernst Haeckel, Henrik Ibsen and Ferdinand Gregorovius. ^[5] ^[6] The monument was sharply opposed by the clerical party, but was finally erected by the Rome Municipality and inaugurated in 1889. Victor-Marie Hugo (pronounced in French) (26 February 1802 â€” 22 May 1885) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights campaigner, and perhaps the most influential exponent of the Romantic movement in France. ... For other persons named Herbert Spencer, see Herbert Spencer (disambiguation). ... Ernest Renan (February 28, 1823â€“October 12, 1892) was a French philosopher and writer. ... Ernst Haeckel. ... Ibsen redirects here. ... Ferdinand Gregorovius (January 19, 1821–May 1, 1891) was a German historian who specialized in the medieval history of Rome. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Some authors have characterized Bruno as a "martyr of science", making a parallel to the Galileo affair. They assert that, even though Bruno's theological beliefs were an important factor in his heresy trial, his Copernicanism and cosmological beliefs also played a significant role for the outcome. Others oppose such view, and claim this alleged connection to be exaggerated, or outright false. Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Galileo before the Holy Office, a 19th century painting by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury The so-called Galileo affair, in which Galileo Galilei came into conflict with the Catholic Church over his support of Copernican astronomy, is often considered a defining moment in the history of the relationship between religion... Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ...

According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "…in 1600 there was no official Catholic position on the Copernican system, and it was certainly not a heresy. When…Bruno…was burned at the stake as a heretic, it had nothing to do with his writings in support of Copernican cosmology."^[7]

Similarly, the Catholic Encyclopedia (1908) asserts that "Bruno was not condemned for his defence of the Copernican system of astronomy, nor for his doctrine of the plurality of inhabited worlds, but for his theological errors, among which were the following: that Christ was not God but merely an unusually skilful magician, that the Holy Ghost is the soul of the world, that the Devil will be saved, etc."^[8]

However, the page of the Vatican Secret Archives about Bruno's trial provides a different perspective: "In the same rooms where Giordano Bruno was questioned, for the same important reasons of the relationship between science and faith, at the dawning of the new astronomy and at the decline of Aristotle’s philosophy, sixteen years later, Cardinal Bellarmino, who then contested Bruno’s heretical theses, summoned Galileo Galilei, who also faced a famous inquisitorial trial, which, luckily for him, ended with a simple abjuration." ^[9]

The cosmology of Bruno's time

According to Aristotle and Plato, the universe was a finite sphere. Its ultimate limit was the primum mobile, whose diurnal rotation was conferred upon it by a transcendental God, not part of the universe, a motionless prime mover and first cause. The fixed stars were part of this celestial sphere, all at the same fixed distance from the immobile earth at the center of the sphere. Ptolemy had numbered these at 1,022, grouped into 48 constellations. The planets were each fixed to a transparent sphere. Aristotle (Greek: AristotÃ©lÄ“s) (384 BC â€“ 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... PLATO was one of the first generalized Computer assisted instruction systems, originally built by the University of Illinois (U of I) and later taken over by Control Data Corporation (CDC), who provided the machines it ran on. ... A sphere is a symmetrical geometrical object. ... In religion, transcendence is a condition or state of being that surpasses, and is independent of, physical existence. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Stub | Philosophy of science | Religious Philosophy | Theology ... STAR is an acronym for: Organizations Society of Ticket Agents and Retailers], the self-regulatory body for the entertainment ticket industry in the UK. Society for Telescopy, Astronomy, and Radio, a non-profit New Jersey astronomy club. ... A medieval artists rendition of Claudius Ptolemaeus Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: ; ca. ... Photo of the familiar constellation Orion. ... The eight planets and three dwarf planets of the Solar System. ...

In the first half of the 15th century Nicolaus Cusanus reissued the ideas formulated in Antiquity by Democritus and Lucretius and dropped the Aristotelean cosmos. He envisioned an infinite universe, whose center was everywhere and circumference nowhere, with countless rotating stars the Earth being one of them, of equal importance. He also considered neither the rotation orbits were circular, nor the movement was uniform. Nicholas of Cusa Nicholas of Cusa (ca. ... Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD... â€Ž Democritus (Greek: ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca. ... Lucretius Titus Lucretius Carus (c. ... The Ancient and Medieval cosmos as depicted in Peter Apians Cosmographia (Antwerp, 1539). ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ...

In the second half of the 16th century, the theories of Copernicus began diffusing through Europe. Copernicus conserved the idea of planets fixed to solid spheres, but considered the apparent motion of the stars to be an illusion caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis; he also preserved the notion of an immobile center, but it was the Sun rather than the Earth. Copernicus also argued the Earth was a planet orbiting the Sun once every year. However he maintained the Ptolemaic hypothesis that the orbits of the planets were composed of perfect circles—deferents and epicycles—and that the stars were fixed on a stationary outer sphere. Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ... Sol redirects here. ... This article is about the historical term. ... The basic elements of Ptolemaic astronomy, showing a planet on an epicycle with a deferent and an equant. ... In the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the epicycle (literally: on the cycle in Greek) was a geometric model to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the Moon, Sun, and planets. ...

Few astronomers of Bruno's time accepted Copernicus's heliocentric model. Among those who did were the Germans Michael Maestlin (1550-1631), Christoph Rothmann, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), the Englishman Thomas Digges, author of A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes, and the Italian Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). ... Heliocentric Solar System Heliocentrism (lower panel) in comparison to the geocentric model (upper panel) In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the sun is at the centre of the Universe and/or the Solar System. ... Michael Maestlin (1550-1631) was a German astronomer and mathematician. ... Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ... // Events February 5 - Roger Williams emigrates to Boston. ... Christoph Rothmann (born between 1550 and 1560 in Bernberg; died probably after 1600 in Bernberg) was a German mathematician and one of the few well-known astronomers of his time. ... Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 â€“ November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and a key figure in the 17th century astronomical revolution. ... Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... Events February 22 - Native American Quadequine introduces Popcorn to English colonists. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Thomas Digges (1546 â€“ August 24, 1595) was an English astronomer, son of Leonard Digges, inventor of the theodolite, and great populariser of science. ... Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 â€“ 8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who is closely associated with the scientific revolution. ... Events March 27 â€” Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death June 22 â€” Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World September 10 â€” The Battle of Kawanakajima Ottoman Turks invade Malta Modern pencil becomes common in England Conquistadors crossed the Pacific Spanish founded a colony... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ...

Bruno's cosmology

Bruno believed, as is now universally accepted, that the Earth revolves and that the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens is an illusion caused by the rotation of the Earth around its axis. He also saw no reason to believe that the stellar region was finite, or that all stars were equidistant from a single center of the universe. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... The axis of rotation of a rotating body is a line such that the distance between any point on the line and any point of the body remains constant under the rotation. ... Center of the Universe was a television series on CBS which ran from October 27, 2004, until February 16, 2005. ...

In 1584, Bruno published two important philosophical dialogues, in which he argued against the planetary spheres. (Two years later, Rothmann did the same in 1586, as did Tycho Brahe in 1587.) Bruno's infinite universe was filled with a substance -- a "pure air," aether, or spiritus -- that offered no resistance to the heavenly bodies which, in Bruno's view, rather than being fixed, moved under their own impetus. Most dramatically, he completely abandoned the idea of a hierarchical universe. The Earth was just one more heavenly body, as was the Sun. God had no particular relation to one part of the infinite universe more than any other. God, according to Bruno, was as present on Earth as in the Heavens, an immanent God, the One subsuming in itself the multiplicity of existence, rather than a remote heavenly deity. 1584 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Monument of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler in Prague Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe (December 14, 1546 â€“ October 24, 1601), was a Danish nobleman from the region of Scania (in modern-day Sweden), best known today as an early astronomer, though in his lifetime he was also well known... 1587 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Look up aether, ether in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Impetus is an obsolete scientific theory of motion, largely developed by Jean Buridan in the 14th century. ... A hierarchy (in Greek: , derived from â€” hieros, sacred, and â€” arkho, rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things or people, where each element of the system (except for the top element) is a subordinate to a single other element. ... Immanence, derived from the Latin in manere to remain within, refers to philosophical and metaphysical theories of the divine as existing and acting within the mind or the world. ...

Bruno also affirmed that the universe was homogeneous, made up everywhere of the four elements (water, earth, fire, and air), rather than having the stars be composed of a separate quintessence. Essentially, the same physical laws would operate everywhere, although the use of that term is anachronistic. Space and time were both conceived as infinite. There was no room in his stable and permanent universe for the Christian notions of divine Creation and Last Judgement. Several ancient Classical Element ideas exist. ... Look up Quintessence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Space has been an interest for philosophers and scientists for much of human history. ... Look up time in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Â· Other religions Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury Â· Catholic Pope Coptic Pope Â· Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... Creation (theology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Image:Michelangelo - Fresco of the Last Judgment. ...

Under this model, the Sun was simply one more star, and the stars all suns, each with its own planets. Bruno saw a solar system of a sun/star with planets as the fundamental unit of the universe. According to Bruno, infinite God necessarily created an infinite universe, formed of an infinite number of solar systems, separated by vast regions full of Aether, because empty space could not exist. (Bruno did not arrive at the concept of a galaxy.) Comets were part of a synodus ex mundis of stars, and not -- as other authors sustained at the time -- ephemeral creations, divine instruments, or heavenly messengers. Each comet was a world, a permanent celestial body, formed of the four elements. Sol redirects here. ... This article is about the Solar System. ... For other uses, see Galaxy (disambiguation). ... Comet Hale-Bopp Comet West For other uses, see Comet (disambiguation). ...

Bruno's cosmology is marked by infinitude, homogeneity, and isotropy, with planetary systems distributed evenly throughout. Matter follows an active animistic principle: it is intelligent and discontinuous in structure, made up of discrete atoms. This animism (and a corresponding disdain for mathematics as a means to understanding) is the most dramatic respect in which Bruno's cosmology differs from what today passes for a common-sense picture of the universe. Isotropy (the opposite of anisotropy) is the property of being independent of direction. ... This article is about matter in physics and chemistry. ... The term Animism is derived from the Latin anima, meaning soul.[1][2] In its most general sense, animism is simply the belief in souls. ... Intelligence is the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ... For other uses, see Atom (disambiguation). ...

During the later 16th century, and throughout the 17th century, Bruno's ideas were held up for ridicule, debate, or inspiration. Margaret Cavendish, for example, wrote an entire series of poems against "atoms" and "infinite worlds" in Poems and Fancies in 1664. Bruno's true, if partial, rehabilitation would have to wait for the implications of Newtonian cosmology. Margaret Cavendish Segment of Frontispiece from The Blazing World The Blazing World Portrait Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (1623-15 December 1673), was an English aristocrat and a prolific writer. ... Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 â€“ 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 â€“ 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ...

Bruno's overall contribution to the birth of modern science is still controversial. Some scholars follow Frances Yates stressing the importance of Bruno's ideas about the universe being infinite and lacking structure as a crucial crosspoint between the old and the new. Others disagree. Others yet see in Bruno's idea of multiple worlds instantiating the infinite possibilities of a pristine, indivisible One a forerunner of Everett's Many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.^[10] Dame Frances Amelia Yates (1899-1981) was a noted British historian. ... Hugh Everett III (November 11, 1930 â€“ July 19, 1982) was an American physicist who first proposed the many-worlds interpretation(MWI) of quantum physics, which he called his relative state formulation. ... The many-worlds interpretation or MWI (also known as relative state formulation, theory of the universal wavefunction, many-universes interpretation, Oxford interpretation or many worlds), is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that claims to resolve all the paradoxes of quantum theory by allowing every possible outcome to every event to...

In popular culture

B.H. Fairchild is an award-winning American poet and college professor. ... Ã†gypt is a (projected) sequence of four novels by John Crowley detailing the work and life of Pierce Moffett, who prepares a manuscript for publication even as it prepares him for some as-of-yet unknown destiny, all set amidst strange and subtle Hermetic manipulations among the Faraway Hills of... John Crowley (born December 1, 1942 in Presque Isle, Maine) is an American author of fantasy, science fiction and mainstream fiction. ... For the American college basketball coach, see John Dee (basketball coach). ... More Light Presbyterians is a coalition of congregations and individuals in the Presbyterian Church (USA) committed to increasing the involvement of all people in the church, regardless of sexuality. ... Snoo Wilson (1948-), born Andrew Wilson, began writing and directing plays as a student at the University of East Anglia in the late 1960s. ... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 â€“ 24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ... Shakespeare redirects here. ... The Last Confession is a stage play by Roger Crane based around the election and death of Pope John Paul I. The play follows Giovanni Benelli (David Suchet) who recounts, during his last confession, his role in the death of John Paul and how this led him to lose his... Morris West Morris L. West (April 26, 1916 - October 9, 1999) was an Australian writer. ... CzesÅ‚aw MiÅ‚osz ; (June 30, 1911 â€“ August 14, 2004), was a Polish poet, writer, academic, and translator. ... Combatants Nazi Germany {SS, SD, Gestapo, Ordnungspolizei, Wehrmacht} Collaborators {Blue Police, Jewish Ghetto Police} Jewish resistance (Å»OB, Å»ZW) Polish resistance (Armia Krajowa, Gwardia Ludowa) Commanders Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg JÃ¼rgen Stroop Franz BÃ¼rkl Mordechai Anielewiczâ€ Dawid Apfelbaumâ€ PaweÅ‚ Frenkielâ€ Icchak Cukierman Marek Edelman Zivia Lubetkin Henryk IwaÅ„ski... Robert Ashley (born March 28, 1930) is a contemporary composer, best known for his operas and other theatrical works. ... The Ninth Gate is a Spanish/French English-language mystery film based on the novel The Club Dumas by Arturo PÃ©rez-Reverte. ... Mary Doria Russell (born 1950) is an American author of science fiction. ... A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a semi-autobiographical novel by James Joyce, first serialized in The Egoist from 1914 to 1915 and published in book form in 1916. ... For the street ballad which the novel is named after, see Finnegans Wake. ... Margaret Gabrielle Long, (1 November 1885 on Hayling Island, Hampshire - 23 December 1952) was a novelist and writer. ... Silvio RodrÃguez Silvio RodrÃguez DomÃnguez (born November 29, 1946 in San Antonio de los BaÃ±os) is a Cuban musician, and a leader of the nueva trova movement. ... â€œMartin Luther Kingâ€ redirects here. ... Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens[1] (July 26, 1908 â€“ September 11, 1973) was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup dÃ©tat of September 11, 1973. ... John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (October 9, 1940 â€“ December 8, 1980), (born John Winston Lennon, known as John Ono Lennon) was an iconic English 20th century rock and roll songwriter and singer, best known as the founding member of The Beatles. ... 9-11 can refer to: The September 11, 2001 attacks A collection of interviews of Noam Chomsky by a variety of European publications and individual interviewers during the month after the September 11, 2001 attacks September 11 (month-day date notation) 9 November (day-month date notation) The North American... Progressive metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music which blends the powerful, guitar-driven sound of metal with the complex compositional structures, odd time signatures, and intricate instrumental playing of progressive rock. ... Vintersorg is a Swedish progressive, folk/viking, black metal-influenced band formed in 1994 under the name Vargatron (Wolfthrone in English). ... Cosmic Genesis is the third full-length album by Swedish progressive/folk metal band Vintersorg. ...

Quotations

Notes

is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Image:Thorntonwilderteeth. ...

References

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, the eleventh edition The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910â€“1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica. ... Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition is a 1964 non-fiction book by British historian Frances A. Yates. ... Dame Frances Amelia Yates (1899-1981) was a noted British historian. ... Ioan Petru Culianu (Couliano) (January 5, 1950â€“May 21, 1991) was a Romanian-born professor of divinity at the University of Chicago and an expert in gnosticism and Mediaeval magic. ...

Legacy

Tycho crater on Earths moon. ... Giordano Bruno is a small lunar impact crater whose eponym is the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno. ... This article is about Earths moon. ... Insert non-formatted text here Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 â€“ December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrobiologist and a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences. ... The cover For the TV series, see Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Theosophical Society - Adyar is a successor organization to the original Theosophical Society founded by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and others in 1875. ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ...

External links

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Contents

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