NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Glacier National Park (U.S.)

Glacier National Park is located in the U.S. state of Montana, bordering the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Glacier National Park contains two mountain ranges, sometimes referred to as the southern extention of the Canadian Rockies mountain ranges, with over 130 named lakes, more than 1,000 different species of plants and hundreds of species of animals. This vast pristine ecosystem, spread across 1,584 mi² (4,101 km²), is the centerpiece of what has been referred to as the "Crown of the Continent Ecosystem", a region of protected land encompassing 16,000 mi² (44,000 km²).^[1] The famed Going-to-the-Sun Road, a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, traverses through the heart of the park and crosses the Continental Divide, allowing visitors breathtaking views of the rugged Lewis and Livingston mountain ranges, as well as dense forests, alpine tundra, waterfalls and two large lakes. Along with the Going-to-the-Sun Road, five historic hotels and chalets are listed as National Historic Landmarks, and a total of 350 locations are on the National Register of Historic Places. Glacier National Park is one of seven national parks in British Columbia, Canada. ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... This article is about national parks. ... Image File history File links Red_pog. ... Image File history File links US_Locator_Blank. ... Official language(s) English Capital Helena Largest city Billings Area Ranked 4th - Total 147,165 sq mi (381,156 kmÂ²) - Width 255 miles (410 km) - Length 630 miles (1,015 km) - % water 1 - Latitude 44Â° 21â€² N to 49Â° N - Longitude 104Â° 2â€² W to 116Â° 3â€² W Population Ranked... Kalispell is a city in Flathead County, Montana, USA. The population was 14,223 at the 2000 census. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 384 pixel Image in higher resolution (2500 Ã— 1200 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 384 pixel Image in higher resolution (2500 Ã— 1200 pixel, file size: 1. ... St. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... Official language(s) English Capital Helena Largest city Billings Area Ranked 4th - Total 147,165 sq mi (381,156 kmÂ²) - Width 255 miles (410 km) - Length 630 miles (1,015 km) - % water 1 - Latitude 44Â° 21â€² N to 49Â° N - Longitude 104Â° 2â€² W to 116Â° 3â€² W Population Ranked... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 5th Total 944... The Canadian Rockies comprise the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains range. ... Going to the Sun Road with Going to the Sun Mountain Going-to-the-Sun Road is the main parkway through the heart of Glacier National Park in Montana. ... The following is a partial list of historic civil engineering landmarks as designated by the American Society of Civil Engineers since it began the program in 1964. ... A continental divide is a line of elevated terrain which forms a border between two watersheds such that water falling on one side of the line eventually travels to one ocean or body of water, and water on the other side travels to another, generally on the opposite side of... Mount Cleveland is the highest peak in the Lewis Range The Lewis Range is a mountain range located in the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana, U.S. and extreme southern Alberta, Canada. ... Kintla Peak is the tallest mountain in the Livingston Range The Livingston Range is a mountain range located primarily in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana, and in the extreme southeastern section of the Canadian province of British Columbia. ... For other uses, see Tundra (disambiguation). ... The USS Arizona Memorial. ... A typical plaque showing entry on the National Register of Historic Places. ...

Glacier National Park borders Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada—the two parks are known as the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, and were designated as the world's first International Peace Park in 1932. Both parks were designated by the United Nations as Biosphere Reserves in 1976, and in 1995 as World Heritage sites.^[2] Waterton Lakes National Park is a national park located in the southwest corner of Alberta, Canada, and borders Glacier National Park in Montana, USA. Waterton was Canadas fourth national park, formed in 1895 and named after Waterton Lake. ... The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park is the name of the union of the Glacier National Park in the United States and the Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... A biosphere reserve is an international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State...

History

According to archeological evidence, Native Americans first arrived in the Glacier area some 10,000 years ago.^[3] The earliest occupants with lineage to current tribes were the Salish, Flathead, Shoshone and Cheyenne. The Blackfeet arrived around the beginning of the 18th century and soon dominated the eastern slopes of what later became the park, as well as the Great Plains immediately to the east. The park region provided the Blackfeet shelter from the harsh winter winds of the plains, and supplemented their traditional bison hunts with other game meat. Today, the Blackfeet Indian Reservation borders the park in the east, while the Flathead Indian Reservation is located west and south of the park. When the Blackfeet Reservation was first established in 1855 by the Lame Bull Treaty, it included the eastern area of the current park up to the Continental Divide.^[4] To the Blackfeet, the mountains of this area, especially Chief Mountain and the region in the southeast at Two Medicine, were considered the "Backbone of the World" and were frequented during vision quests. In 1895, Chief White Calf of the Blackfeet authorized the sale of the mountain area, some 800,000 acres (3,200 km²), to the U.S. government for $1.5 million. This established the current boundary between the park and the reservation. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2663x1804, 558 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Glacier National Park (US) ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2663x1804, 558 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Glacier National Park (US) ... Rocky Mountain Goat and Mountain Goats redirect here. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... The Coast Salish are a Salishan-speaking First Nations/Native American culture that inhabited an area centered in southwestern British Columbia in Canada and western Washington in the United States for several millennia up to the time of arrival of the Europeans in the 19th century. ... Bold text Flathead delegation in Washington, D.C. with interpreter, 1884 Flathead family The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation are the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend dOreilles Tribes. ... This article is about the Native American tribe. ... For other uses, see Cheyenne (disambiguation). ... Sahpo Muxika, also known as Crowfoot, former Head Chief of the Blackfeet Nation. ... For other uses, see Great Plains (disambiguation). ... The Blackfeet Indian Reservation or Blackfeet Nation is an Indian reservation of the Blackfeet tribe in Montana in the United States. ... The Flathead Indian Reservation is located in western Montana, it is home to the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend dOreilles Tribes - also known as the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation (1). ... Chief Mountain is a prominent landmark in Southern Alberta, Canada as well as in Northern Montana in the United States. ... Two Medicine Lake with Sinopah Mountain Two Medicine is located in the southeastern region of Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

While exploring the Marias River in 1806, the Lewis and Clark Expedition came within 50 miles (80 km) of the area that is now the park. A series of explorations after 1850 helped to shape the understanding of the area that later became the park. George Bird Grinnell came to the region in the late 1880s and was so inspired by the scenery that he spent the next two decades working to establish a national park. In 1901, Grinnell wrote a description of the region, in which he referred to it as the "Crown of the Continent", and his efforts to protect the land make him the premier contributor to this cause.^[2] A few years after Grinnell first visited, Henry L. Stimson and two companions, including a Blackfeet Indian, climbed the steep east face of Chief Mountain in 1892. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 783 KB) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park (US) ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 783 KB) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park (US) ... Going to the Sun Road with Going to the Sun Mountain Going-to-the-Sun Road is the main parkway through the heart of Glacier National Park in Montana. ... The Marias River The Marias River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 210 mi (338 km) long, in the U.S. state of Montana. ... â€œLewis and Clarkâ€ redirects here. ... George Bird Grinnell (1849 â€“ 1938) was an American anthropologist, historian, naturalist, and writer. ... Henry L. Stimson Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 â€“ October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, who served as Secretary of War, Governor-General of the Philippines, and Secretary of State at various times. ...

In 1891, the Great Northern Railway crossed the Continental Divide at Marias Pass (5,213 ft/1,589 m), which is along the southern boundary of the park. In an effort to stimulate use of the railroad, the Great Northern soon advertised the splendors of the region to the public. The company lobbied the United States Congress, and in 1900, the park was designated as a forest preserve. Under the forest designation mining was still allowed, but was not commercially successful. Meanwhile, proponents of protecting the region kept up their efforts, and in 1910, under the influence of George Bird Grinnell, Henry L. Stimson and the railroad, a bill was introduced into the U.S. Congress which redesignated the region from a forest reserve to a national park. This bill was signed into law by President William Howard Taft on May 11, 1910. From May until August, the forest reserve supervisor, Fremont Nathan Haines, managed the Park's resources as the first acting superindentent. In August of 1910, William Logan was appointed the Park's first superindentent. A Great Northern train pauses for the photographer four miles west of Minot, North Dakota in 1914. ... Marias Pass (elevation 5213 ft (1588m)) is a mountain pass in the vicinity of Glacier National Park in northwestern Montana in the United States. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... For other persons named William Howard Taft, see William Howard Taft (disambiguation). ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

The Great Northern Railway, under the supervision of president Louis W. Hill, built a number of hotels and chalets throughout the park in the 1910s to promote tourism. These buildings, constructed and operated by a Great Northern subsidiary called the Glacier Park Company, were modeled on Swiss architecture as part of Hill's plan to portray Glacier as "America's Switzerland". Vacationers commonly took pack trips on horseback between the lodges or utilized the seasonal stagecoach routes to gain access to the Many Glacier area in the northeast.^[5] This article is about a type of building. ... The Glacier Park Company, a subsidiary of the Great Northern Railway (GN), constructed and operated hotels, chalets, and other visitor facilities in Glacier National Park, Montana and Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta from the 1910s through 1960. ... Mount Wilbur rises to the west of Swiftcurrent Lake. ...

The chalets, built between 1910 and 1913, included Belton, St. Mary, Going-to-the-Sun, Many Glacier, Two Medicine, Sperry, Granite Park, Cut Bank, and Gunsight Lake. The railway also built Glacier Park Lodge, adjacent to the park on its east side, and the Many Glacier Hotel on the east shore of Swiftcurrent Lake. Louis Hill personally selected the sites for all of these buildings, choosing each for their dramatic scenic backdrops and views. Another developer, John Lewis, built the Lewis Glacier Hotel on Lake McDonald in 1913–1914. The Great Northern Railway bought the hotel in 1930, and it was later renamed Lake McDonald Lodge. Some of the chalets were in remote backcountry locations accessible only by trail. Today, only Sperry, Granite Park, and Belton Chalets are still in operation, while a building formerly belonging to Two Medicine Chalet is now Two Medicine Store.^[6] The surviving chalet and hotel buildings within the park are now designated as National Historic Landmarks.^[7] In total, 350 buildings and structures within the park are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including ranger stations, backcountry patrol cabins, fire lookouts, and concession facilities. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 756 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (777 Ã— 616 pixel, file size: 144 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 756 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (777 Ã— 616 pixel, file size: 144 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park... Going to the Sun Road with Going to the Sun Mountain Going-to-the-Sun Road is the main parkway through the heart of Glacier National Park in Montana. ... Going to the Sun Mountain is located in Glacier National Park (US) and rises dramatically above St. ... The Belton Chalets are a complex of historic hotel buildings in the village of West Glacier, Montana, near the western entrance to Glacier National Park. ... Sperry Chalet Sperry Chalet is located about seven miles east of Lake McDonald in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. ... Granite Park Chalet Granite Park Chalet is located in the heart of Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. ... Glacier Park Lodge is located just outside the boundaries of Glacier National Park in the village of East Glacier Park, Montana, United States. ... Many Glacier Hotel, looking from above toward Swiftcurrent Lake Many Glacier Hotel is a historic hotel located within Glacier National Park, on the east shore of Swiftcurrent Lake. ... Mount Wilbur rises to the west of Swiftcurrent Lake. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... A look at the outside of Lake McDonald Lodge Lake McDonald Lodge is a historic lodge located within Glacier National Park, on the northeast shore of Lake McDonald. ... Two Medicine Store, formerly part of Two Medicine Chalet, is a historic structure in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. ... The USS Arizona Memorial. ... A typical plaque showing entry on the National Register of Historic Places. ...

After the park was well established and visitors began to rely more on automobiles, work was begun on the 53 mile (85 km) long Going-to-the-Sun Road, completed in 1932. Also known simply as the Sun Road, the road bisects the park and is the only route that ventures deep into the park, going over the Continental Divide at Logan Pass (6,670 feet, 2033 m) at the midway point. The Sun Road is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 1985 was designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.^[8] Another route, along the southern boundary between the park and National Forests is U.S. Route 2, which crosses the Continental Divide at Marias Pass and connects the towns of West Glacier and East Glacier. During the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps assisted in the development of many of the park's trails and campgrounds. The increase in motor vehicle traffic through the park during the 1930s also resulted in the construction of new concession facilities at Swiftcurrent and Rising Sun, both designed for automobile-based tourism. These early "auto camps" are now also listed on the National Register.^[9] Going to the Sun Road with Going to the Sun Mountain Going-to-the-Sun Road is the main parkway through the heart of Glacier National Park in Montana. ... Mount Reynolds at Logan Pass Logan Pass is located along the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. ... A typical plaque showing entry on the National Register of Historic Places. ... The following is a partial list of historic civil engineering landmarks as designated by the American Society of Civil Engineers since it began the program in 1964. ... This article is on national forests in the United States. ... United States Highway 2 is an east-west United States Highway. ... East Glacier Park Village is a census-designated place located in Glacier County, Montana. ... CCC workers on road construction, Camp Euclid, Ohio 1936 The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program for young men from unemployed families, established on March 19, 1933 by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... St. ...

In 2003, wildfires on the western side of the Continental Divide burned 10% of Glacier National Park. There were also extensive fires in the surrounding forests. For other uses, see Wildfire (disambiguation). ...

Park management

Glacier National Park is managed by the National Park Service; park headquarters is in West Glacier, Montana. The National Park Service has the smallest staff of any major federal agency, yet oversees over 84 million acres (340,000 km²).^[10] Visitation to Glacier National Park averages slightly less than 2 million visitors annually, however a relative few venture far from main roadways and hotels. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1657x1885, 2494 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park (US) ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1657x1885, 2494 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park (US) ... The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park is the name of the union of the Glacier National Park in the United States and the Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada. ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ...

Glacier National Park has an operating budget of $11,885,000 for fiscal year 2006. Most of this budget is used to provide a minimal number of staff and to make minor improvements to structures and roadways that are in immediate need of repair. More than 60% of the employees are employed for only a few months per year during the summer. Only 20% of the park's annual funding comes from entrance and campground fees. The remaining funding comes from federal tax dollars, grants and donations. According to a report presented to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1999, the cost of deferred maintenance, not including repairs to roads and hotels, was $77 million. Restoring the five hotels in the park by bringing them up to the current fire codes and performing stabilization work, would cost another $100–135 million. The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ...

The mandate of the National Park Service is to '...preserve and protect natural and cultural resources'. The Organic Act of August 25, 1916, established the National Park Service as a federal agency. One major section of the Act has often been summarized as the "Mission", "...to promote and regulate the use of the...national parks...which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations."^[11] In keeping with this mandate, hunting is illegal in the park, as are mining, logging and removal of natural or cultural resources. Additionally, oil and gas exploration and extraction are not permitted. In 1974, a wilderness study was submitted to congress which identified 95% of the area of the park as qualifying for wilderness designation. Unlike a few other parks, Glacier National Park has yet to be protected as wilderness, but National Park Service policy requires that identified areas listed in the report be managed as wilderness until Congress renders a full decision."^[12] The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... In the history of the United States, an organized territory is a territory for which the United States Congress has enacted an Organic Act. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. ... This article is about mineral extractions. ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... Oil exploration is the search by petroleum geologists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earths surface. ... For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wilderness (disambiguation). ...

In anticipation of the 100th anniversary of the park in 2010, major reconstruction of the Going-to-the-Sun Road is underway, and temporary road closures are expected in the 2007 season. Some rehabilitation of major structures such as visitor centers and historic hotels, as well as improvements in wastewater treatment facilities and campgrounds, are expected to be completed by the anniversary date. Also planned are fishery studies for Lake McDonald, updates of the historical archives and restoration of trails. Going to the Sun Road with Going to the Sun Mountain Going-to-the-Sun Road is the main parkway through the heart of Glacier National Park in Montana. ...

Geography and geology

The park is bordered on the north by Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, and the Flathead Provincial Forest and Akamina-Kishinena Provincial Park in British Columbia. To the west, the north fork of the Flathead River forms the western boundary, while its middle fork is part of the southern boundary. The Blackfeet Indian Reservation provides most of the eastern boundary, and the Lewis and Clark and the Flathead National Forests form the southern and western boundary. The remote Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex is located in the two forests immediately to the south. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 172 KB) Chief Mountain, Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S. File links The following pages link to this file: Glacier National Park (US) ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 172 KB) Chief Mountain, Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S. File links The following pages link to this file: Glacier National Park (US) ... Chief Mountain is a prominent landmark in Southern Alberta, Canada as well as in Northern Montana in the United States. ... Akamina-Kishinena Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. ... The Flathead River is a tributary of Clark Fork in the U.S. state of Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. ... The Blackfeet Indian Reservation or Blackfeet Nation is an Indian reservation of the Blackfeet tribe in Montana in the United States. ... View from Rocky Mountain Peak Lewis and Clark National Forest by Josh Whitmore Lewis and Clark National Forest is located in north central Montana, United States. ... The Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex makes up a large fraction of the Flathead National Forest. ... The Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex consists of three wilderness areas, all within the U.S. state of Montana totalling over 1. ...

The park contains a dozen large lakes and 700 smaller ones, but only 131 lakes have been named. Lake McDonald, St. Mary Lake, Bowman Lake and Kintla Lake are the four largest lakes. Numerous smaller lakes, known as tarns, are located in cirques formed by glacial erosion. Some of these lakes, like Avalanche Lake and Cracker Lake, are colored an opaque turquoise by suspended glacial silt, which also causes a number of streams to run milky white. The lakes of Glacier National Park remain cold year round, with temperatures rarely above 50 °F (10 °C) at their surface. Cold water lakes such as these support little plankton growth, ensuring that the lake waters are remarkably clear. The lack of plankton, however, lowers the rate of pollution filtration, and pollutants have a tendency to linger longer. Consequently, the lakes are considered environmental "bellweathers" as they can be quickly affected by even minor increases in pollutants.^[13] The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... St. ... Bowman Lake Bowman Lake is a lake in the northwestern portion of Glacier National Park in Montana. ... Fog rolls over the surface of Kintla Lake, caused by the differing temperatures of the air and the water. ... Triad Lake in Glacier Peak Wilderness View of Tarn Hows, Cumbria A tarn (or corrie loch) is a mountain lake or pool, formed in a corrie excavated by a glacier. ... A cirque is an amphitheatre-like valley of glacial origin, formed by glacial erosion at the head of the glacier. ... For other uses, see Silt (disambiguation). ... For the SpongeBob SquarePants character, see Sheldon J. Plankton. ...

Two hundred waterfalls are scattered throughout the park, however, during dryer times of the year, many of these are reduced to a trickle. The largest falls include those in the Two Medicine region, McDonald Falls in the McDonald Valley and Swiftcurrent Falls in the Many Glacier area, which is easily observable and close to the Many Glacier Hotel. One of the tallest waterfalls is Bird Woman Falls, which drops 492 feet (150 m) from a hanging valley beneath the north slope of Mount Oberlin.^[14] Bird Woman Falls can be easily seen from the Going-to-the-Sun Road. Two Medicine Lake with Sinopah Mountain Two Medicine is located in the southeastern region of Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. ... Mount Wilbur rises to the west of Swiftcurrent Lake. ... Bird Woman Falls Bird Woman Falls is a 492 foot (150 m) waterfall located immediately west of the continental divide in Glacier National Park, Montana, United States. ...

The rocks found in the park are primarily sedimentary in origin, having been laid down in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the formation of the Rocky Mountains the Lewis Overthrust, commencing 170 million years ago, moved an enormous region of rocks three miles (4.8 km) thick and 160 miles (257 km) long, eastward more than 50 miles (80 km).^[15] This resulted in older rocks being displaced over newer ones, and today the overlying Proterozoic rocks are over 1.4 billion years older than the underlying Cretaceous age rocks. Two types of sedimentary rock: limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... For individual mountains named Rocky Mountain, see Rocky Mountain (disambiguation). ... Chief Mountain in Glacier National Park was formed from the eastern edge of the upper plate of the Lewis Overthrust and shaped by erosion. ... The Proterozoic (IPA: ) is a geological eon representing a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth. ... // The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i. ...

One of the most dramatic evidences of this overthrust is visible in the form of Chief Mountain, an isolated peak on the edge of the eastern boundary of the park rising 4,500 feet (1,372 m) above the Great Plains. There are seven mountains in the park over 10,000 feet (3,048 m) in elevation, with Mount Cleveland at 10,466 feet (3,190 m) being the tallest. Appropriately named Triple Divide Peak sends waters towards the Pacific Ocean, Hudson Bay, and Gulf of Mexico watersheds, and can effectively be considered to the be the apex of the North American continent, although the mountain is only 8,020 feet (2,444 m) above sea level. Image File history File links GlacierNP_L7_20010701. ... Image File history File links GlacierNP_L7_20010701. ... Landsat 7 is the latest satellite of the Landsat program. ... The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park is the name of the union of the Glacier National Park in the United States and the Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada. ... Chief Mountain in Glacier National Park is a prominent peak along the Rocky Mountain Front The Rocky Mountain Front is an area extending over 100 miles (160 km) from the central regions of the U.S. state of Montana to southern Alberta, Canada. ... Chief Mountain in Glacier National Park was formed from the eastern edge of the upper plate of the Lewis Overthrust and shaped by erosion. ... For other mountains by this name, see Mount Cleveland. ... Triple Divide Peak (8020 ft/2444 m) is located in Glacier National Park, Montana, United States. ... New York Harbor, the outflow for Hudson River, is sometimes called Hudsons Bay. Hudson Bay, Canada. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... A drainage basin is the area within the drainage basin divide (blue outline), and drains the surface runoff and river discharge (green lines) of a contiguous area. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...

The rocks in Glacier National Park are the best preserved Proterozoic sedimentary rocks in the world, and have proved to be some of the world's most fruitful sources for records of early life. Sedimentary rocks of similar age located in other regions have been greatly altered by mountain building and other metamorphic changes, and consequently fossils are less common and more difficult to observe. The rocks in the park preserve such features as millimeter-scale lamination, ripple marks, mud cracks, salt-crystal casts, raindrop impressions, oolites and other sedimentary bedding characteristics. Six fossilized species of Stromatolites, which were early organisms consisting primarily blue-green algae, have been documented and dated at about 1 billion years.^[16] The discovery of the Appekunny Formation, a well preserved rock stratum in the park, pushed back the established date for the origination of animal life a full billion years. This rock formation has bedding structures which are believed to be the remains of the earliest identified metazoan (animal) life on Earth.^[17] For other uses, see Oolite (disambiguation). ... Pre-Cambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation, Glacier National Park. ... Algae have conventionally been regarded as simple plants within the study of botany. ... Appekunny Formation is a thick rock strata located in the Lewis Range within Glacier National Park. ... Phyla Subkingdom Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subkingdom Agnotozoa Placozoa Orthonectida Rhombozoa Subkingdom Metazoa Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies Bilateria Protostomia Acoelomorpha Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nemertina - Ribbon worms Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida - Jawed worms Micrognathozoa Rotifera - Rotifers Acanthocephala Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Entoprocta Nematoda - Roundworms Nematomorpha - Horsehair worms Cycliophora Mollusca - Mollusks Sipuncula - Peanut worms Annelida - Segmented...

Glaciers

Glacier National Park is dominated by mountains which were carved into their present shapes by the huge glaciers of the last ice age; these glaciers have largely disappeared over the 15,000 years. Evidence of widespread glacial action is found throughout the park in the form of U-shaped valleys, glacial cirques, arêtes and large outflow lakes radiating like fingers from the base of the highest peaks. Since the end of the ice ages, various warming and cooling trends have occurred. The last recent cooling trend was during the Little Ice Age which took place approximately between 1550 and 1850.^[18] During the Little Ice Age, the glaciers in the park expanded and advanced, although to nowhere near as great an extent as they had during the Ice Age. Coincidentally, the park region was first explored in detail near the end of the Little Ice Age and a systematized survey began in which the number and size of glaciers was documented on maps and by photographic evidence. Much of this late 19th century work, however, was undertaken to lure tourism into the region or to search for mineral wealth, not out of a particular desire to document glaciers. Temperature proxies for the last 40,000 years The Last Glacial Maximum refers to the time of maximum extent of the ice sheets during the last glaciation, approximately 21 thousand years ago. ... A glaciated valley in the Mount Hood Wilderness showing the characteristic U-shape. ... A cirque is an amphitheatre-like valley of glacial origin, formed by glacial erosion at the head of the glacier. ... The Garden Wall, an arÃªte in Glacier National Park (U.S.) An arÃªte is a thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. ... The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling occurring after a warmer era known as the Medieval climate optimum. ...

During the middle of the 20th century, examination of the maps and photographs from the previous century provided clear evidence that the 150 glaciers known to have existed in the park a hundred years earlier had greatly retreated, and in many cases disappeared altogether.^[19] Repeat photography of the glaciers, such as the pictures taken of Grinnell Glacier between 1938 and 2005 as shown, help to provide visual confirmation of the extent of glacier retreat. Grinnell Glacier with glacier retreat since 1850 of 1. ...

In the 1980s, the U.S. Geological Survey began a more systematic study of the remaining glaciers, which continues to the present day. By 2005, only 27 glaciers remained, and scientists generally agree that if the current greenhouse warming continues, all the glaciers in the park will be gone by 2030.^[19] This glacier retreat follows a worldwide pattern that has accelerated even more since 1980. The extensive glacier retreat that has been observed in Glacier National Park, as well as in other regions worldwide, is a key indicator of climatic changes on a worldwide scale. Without a major climatic change in which cooler and moister weather returns and persists, the mass balance (accumulation rate versus melting rate) of glaciers will continue to be negative and the glaciers will eventually disappear, leaving behind only barren rock.^[19] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x1811, 667 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park (US) Talk:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Grinnell Glacier Metadata This file contains... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1262x1800, 612 KB) Summary Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park (US) Talk:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Grinnell Glacier Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1180x1800, 514 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park (US) Talk:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Grinnell Glacier Metadata This file contains... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1324x1800, 695 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park (US) Talk:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Grinnell Glacier Metadata This file contains... The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. ... A view down the Whitechuck Glacier in North Cascades National Park in 1973 The same view as seen in 2006, where this branch of glacier retreated 1. ... Global glacial mass balance in the last fifty years, reported to the WGMS and NSIDC. The downward trend in the late 1980s is symptomatic of the increased rate and number of retreating glaciers. ...

After the end of the Little Ice Age in 1850, the glaciers in the park retreated moderately until the 1910s. Between 1917 and 1926, the retreat rate rose rapidly and continued to accelerate through the 1930s. A slight cooling trend from the 1940s until 1979, helped to slow the rate of retreat and in a few examples some glaciers even advanced a few tens of meters. However, during the 1980s, the glaciers in the park began a steady period of loss of glacial ice, which continues into the 2000s. In 1850, the glaciers in the region near Blackfoot and Jackson Glaciers covered 5,337 acres (21.6 km²), but by 1979, the same region of the park had glacier ice covering only 1,828 acres (7.4 km²). Between 1850 and 1979, 73 percent of the glacial ice had melted away.^[20] At the time the park was created, Jackson Glacier was part of Blackfoot Glacier, but the two separated into different glaciers by 1939. Blackfoot Glacier is the largest of the remaining 27 glaciers in Glacier National Park. ... Jackson Glacier is approximately the fifth largest of the remaining 27 glaciers in Glacier National Park. ...

The impact of glacier retreat on the park's ecosystems is not fully known, but cold water dependent plant and animal species could suffer due to a loss of habitat. Reduced seasonal melting of glacial ice may also affect stream flow during the dry summer and fall seasons, reducing water table levels and increasing the risk of forest fires. The loss of glaciers will also reduce the aesthetic visual appeal that glaciers provide to visitors.^[21]

Climate

Many areas are only accessible during the summer, and possibly the late spring and early fall, depending on snowfall and elevation. Rainfall is frequent in the tourist season during the summer and may persist for days, averaging two to three inches (5–7.6 cm) each month. Snowfall can occur at any time of the year, even in the summer, and especially at higher altitudes. Visiting in the early summer is a way to avoid some but not all of the wet weather. In the spring, however, the nights and early mornings will be substantially cooler, and high-elevation trails, including the popular Hidden Lake Trail at Logan Pass, may still be snow covered. Thunderstorms are common all summer, and normal safety precautions for lightning and hail should be taken. The mountainous terrain ensures that tornadoes are very rare. The winter can bring prolonged cold waves, especially on the eastern side of the Continental Divide. Snowfalls are significant over the course of the winter, with the largest accumulation occurring in the west. During the tourist season daytime high temperatures average in the 60s and 70s °F (15 to 25 °C), and nighttime lows usually drop into the 40s (7 °C). Temperatures in the high country may be much cooler. In the lower valleys, on the other hand, daytime highs over 90 °F (32 °C) are not unusual.^[22] Image File history File links Big_Drift. ... Image File history File links Big_Drift. ... The Big Drift as seen on March 23, 2006 The Big Drift is an area along the Going-to-the-Sun Road where a large amount of winter snow can accumulate to depths in excess of 100 feet (30. ... Going to the Sun Road with Going to the Sun Mountain Going-to-the-Sun Road is the main parkway through the heart of Glacier National Park in Montana. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Rapid temperature changes have been noted in the region, and in Browning, Montana, which is just east of the park in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, a world record temperature drop of 100 degrees Fahrenheit (56 °C) in only 24 hours occurred on the night of January 23–24, 1916, when thermometers plunged from 44 °F to -56 °F (7 to -49 °C).^[23] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 448 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,712 Ã— 2,288 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 448 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,712 Ã— 2,288 pixels, file size: 1. ... Browning is a town in Glacier County, Montana, United States. ...

Glacier National Park has a highly regarded global climate change research program. Based in West Glacier, with its main headquarters in Bozeman, Montana, the U.S. Geological Survey has performed scientific research on specific climate change studies since 1992. In addition to the study of the retreating glaciers, research performed includes forest modeling studies in which fire ecology and habitat alterations are analyzed. Additionally, changes in alpine vegetation patterns are documented, watershed studies in which stream flow rates and temperatures are recorded frequently at fixed gauging stations, and atmospheric research in which UV-B radiation, ozone and other atmospheric gases are analyzed over time. The research compiled all contribute to a broader understanding of climate changes in the park. The data collected, when compared to other facilities scattered around the world, help to correlate these climatic changes on a global scale.^[24] Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 450,000 years For current global climate change, see Global warming. ... Bozeman is a city in southwestern Montana, USA. It is the county seat of Gallatin County. ... The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ...

Glacier is considered to have excellent air and water quality. No major areas of dense human population exist anywhere near the region and industrial effects are minimized due to a scarcity of factories and other potential contributors of pollutants. However, the sterile and cold lakes found throughout the park are easily contaminated by airborne pollutants that fall whenever it rains or snows, and some evidence of these pollutants have been found in park waters. The pollution level is currently viewed as negligible, and the park lakes and waterways have a water quality rating of A-1, the highest rating given by the state of Montana.^[25]

Wildlife and ecology

Flora

Glacier is part of a large preserved ecosystem collectively known as the "Crown of the Continent Ecosystem", all of which is primarily untouched wilderness of a pristine quality. Virtually all the plants and animals which existed at the time white explorers first entered the region are present in the park today.^[26] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x800, 226 KB) Beargrass in Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S. File links The following pages link to this file: Glacier National Park (US) Xerophyllum tenax Xerophyllum (plant) ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x800, 226 KB) Beargrass in Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S. File links The following pages link to this file: Glacier National Park (US) Xerophyllum tenax Xerophyllum (plant) ... Beargrass is a town located in Martin County, North Carolina. ... A coral reef near the Hawaiian islands is an example of a complex marine ecosystem. ...

A total of over 1,132 plant species have been identified parkwide. The predominantly coniferous forest is home to various species of trees such as the Engelmann spruce, Douglas fir, subalpine fir, limber pine and western larch, which is a deciduous conifer, producing cones but losing its needles each fall. Cottonwood and aspen are the more common deciduous trees and are found at lower elevations, usually along lakes and streams. The timberline on the eastern side of the park is almost 800 feet (244 m) lower than on the western side of the Continental Divide, due to exposure to the colder winds and weather of the Great Plains. West of the Continental Divide, the forest receives more moisture and is more protected from the winter, resulting in a more densely populated forest with taller trees. Above the forested valleys and mountain slopes, alpine tundra conditions prevail, with grasses and small plants eking out an existence in a region that enjoys as little as three months without snow cover. Thirty species of plants are found only in the park and surrounding National Forests. Beargrass, a tall flowering plant, is commonly found near moisture sources, and is relatively widespread during July and August. Wildflowers such as monkeyflower, glacier lily, fireweed, balsamroot and Indian paintbrush are also common.^[27] For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Binomial name Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. ... Species See text Douglas-fir is the common name applied to coniferous trees of the genus Pseudotsuga in the family Pinaceae. ... Binomial name Abies lasiocarpa (Hooker) Nuttall The Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa) is a western North American fir, native to the mountains of Yukon, British Columbia and western Alberta in Canada; southeastern Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, western Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, northeastern Nevada, and the Trinity Alps in... Binomial name Pinus flexilis ( var. ... Binomial name Larix occidentalis Nutt. ... Deciduous forest after leaf fall Like many deciduous plants, Forsythia flowers during the leafless season For other uses, see Deciduous (disambiguation). ... Species Populus deltoides L. Populus fremontii [[]] Populus nigra L. This article is about the poplar species. ... For other uses, see Aspen (disambiguation). ... In this view of an alpine tree-line, the distant line looks particularly sharp. ... For other uses, see Tundra (disambiguation). ... Beargrass is a town located in Martin County, North Carolina. ... Species See text. ... â€œLilyâ€ redirects here. ... Binomial name Epilobium angustifolium L. For the tropical plant, see Crassocephalum. ... Species About 200 species, including: Castilleja chromosa Castilleja coccinea Castilleja miniata Castilleja mutis Castilleja pallida Castilleja is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Scrophulariaceae, native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, and also northeast Asia. ...

The forested sections fall into three major climatic zones. The west and northwest are dominated by spruce and fir and the southwest by redcedar and hemlock; the areas east of the Continental Divide are a combination of mixed pine, spruce, fir and prairie zones. The cedar-hemlock groves along the Lake McDonald valley are the easternmost examples of this Pacific climatic ecosystem.^[28] Binomial name Thuja plicata Donn ex D.Don Thuja plicata (Western Redcedar) is a species of thuja, an evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada, from southern Alaska and British Columbia south to northwest California and inland to western Montana. ... Species Eastern Hemlock Carolina Hemlock Taiwan Hemlock Northern Japanese Hemlock Himalayan Hemlock Forrests Hemlock Western Hemlock Mountain Hemlock Southern Japanese Hemlock Tsuga is a genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ...

Whitebark pine communities have been heavily damaged due to the effects of blister rust, a non native fungus. In Glacier and the surrounding region, 30% of the Whitebark pine trees have died and over 70% of the remaining trees are currently infected. The Whitebark pine provides a high fat pine cone seed, commonly know as the pine nut, that is a favorite food of red squirrels and Clark's nutcracker. Both grizzlies and black bears are known to raid squirrel caches of the pine nuts, and it is one of the bears' favorite foods. Between 1930 and 1970, efforts to control the spread of blister rust were unsuccessful, and continued destruction of whitebark pines appears likely, with attendant negative impacts on dependent species.^[29] Binomial name Pinus albicaulis Engelm. ... Binomial name Cronartium ribicola J.C.Fisch. ... For the North American red squirrel, see American Red Squirrel. ... Binomial name Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson, 1811) The Clarks Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), is a large passerine bird, in the family Corvidae. ... For the Brooklyn-based indie rock band, see Grizzly Bear (band). ... Black Bear redirects here. ...

Fauna

Virtually all the historically known plant and animal species, with the exception of the bison and woodland caribou, are present, providing biologists an intact ecosystem for plant and animal research. Two threatened species of mammals, the grizzly bear and the Canadian lynx, are found in the park. Although their numbers remain at historical levels, both are listed as threatened because in virtually every other region of the U.S. outside of Alaska, they are either extremely rare or absent from their historical range. On average, one or two bear attacks on humans occur each year; since the creation of the park in 1910, there have been a total of 10 bear related deaths.^[30] The number of grizzlies and lynx in the park is not known for certain, but park biologists believe that there are slightly less than 350 grizzlies parkwide, and a study commenced in 2001 hoped to determine the number of lynx in the park.^[31] Another study has indicated that the wolverine, another very very rare mammal in the lower 48 states, continues to reside in the park.^[32] An estimated 800 black bears are believed to exist parkwide. The black bear is less aggressive than the grizzly and a recent study using DNA to identify hair samples indicated that there are about six times as many black bears as there are grizzlies.^[33] Other large mammals such as the mountain goat (the official park symbol), bighorn sheep, moose, elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, coyote, and the rarely seen mountain lion, are either plentiful or common. Unlike in Yellowstone National Park, which commenced a wolf reintroduction program in the 1990s, wolves have existed almost continuously in Glacier. 62 species of mammals in all have been documented including badger, river otter, porcupine, mink, marten, fisher, six species of bats and numerous other smaller mammals.^[34] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3000x2004, 926 KB) Summary Two grizzly bears in a meadow, Credit: Chris Servheen/USFWS From: http://mountain-prairie. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3000x2004, 926 KB) Summary Two grizzly bears in a meadow, Credit: Chris Servheen/USFWS From: http://mountain-prairie. ... For the Brooklyn-based indie rock band, see Grizzly Bear (band). ... Species â€ B. antiquus B. bison B. bonasus â€ B. latifrons â€ B. occidentalis â€ B. priscus Bison is a taxonomic group containing six species of large even-toed ungulates within the subfamily Bovinae. ... Binomial name Rangifer tarandus The reindeer, known as caribou in North America, is an Arctic-dwelling deer (Rangifer tarandus). ... A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... For the Brooklyn-based indie rock band, see Grizzly Bear (band). ... It has been suggested that 9. ... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wolverine (disambiguation). ... Rocky Mountain Goat and Mountain Goats redirect here. ... Binomial name Shaw, 1804 Synonyms Desmarest Cuvier[1] Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis)[2] is one of three species of mountain sheep in North America and Siberia; the other two species being Ovis dalli, that includes Dall Sheep and Stones Sheep, and the Siberian Snow sheep Ovis nivicola. ... For other uses, see Moose (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Elk (disambiguation). ... Binomial name (Rafinesque, 1817) The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is a deer whose habitat is in the western half of North America. ... Binomial name Zimmermann, 1780 The White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the Virginia deer, or simply as the whitetail, is a medium-sized deer found throughout most of the continental United States, southern Canada, Mexico, Central America and northern portions of South America as far south as Peru. ... For other uses, see Coyote (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cougar (disambiguation) or Puma (disambiguation). ... Yellowstone redirects here. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus occidentalis Mackenzie Valley wolf range The Mackenzie Valley Wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis) also known as the Rocky Mountain Wolf, Alaskan Timber Wolf or Canadian Timber Wolf is perhaps the largest subspecies of Gray Wolf in North America. ... Genera Arctonyx Melogale Meles Mellivora Taxidea For other uses, see Badger (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777) The Northern River Otter, Lontra canadensis, is a North American member of the Mustelidae or weasel family. ... This article is about the rodent mammal. ... For other uses, see Mink (disambiguation). ... Species Martes americana Martes flavigula Martes foina Martes gwatkinsii Martes martes Martes melampus Martes pennanti Martes zibellina For the Wiltshire village see Marten, Wiltshire. ... Binomial name (Erxleben, 1777) The fisher is a North American marten, a medium sized mustelid. ... â€œChiropteraâ€ redirects here. ...

A total 260 species of birds have been recorded, with raptors such as the bald eagle, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, osprey and several species of hawks residing year round. The harlequin duck is a colorful species of waterfowl found in the lakes and waterways. The great blue heron, tundra swan, Canada goose and American wigeon are species of waterfowl more commonly encountered in the park. Great horned owl, Clark's nutcracker, Steller's jay, pileated woodpecker and cedar waxwing reside in the dense forests along the mountainsides, and in the higher altitudes, the ptarmigan, timberline sparrow and rosy finch are the most likely to be seen. The Clark's nutcracker is less plentiful than in past years due to the reduction in the number of whitebark pines.^[35] Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1766) Bald Eagle range Resident, breeding Summer visitor, breeding Winter visitor On migration only Star: accidental records Subspecies (Linnaeus, 1766) Southern Bald Eagle (Audubon, 1827) Northern Bald Eagle Synonyms Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766 The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a bird of prey found in North America... For other uses, see Golden Eagle (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Tunstall, 1771 Global range (shaded green, dark dots on islands) The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), occasionally known in North America as the Duck Hawk, is a medium-sized falcon about the size of a large crow: 380â€“530 millimetres (15â€“21 in) long. ... For other uses, see Osprey (disambiguation). ... Genera Accipiter Micronisus Melierax Urotriorchis Erythrotriorchis The term hawk refers to birds of prey in any of three senses: Strictly, to mean any of the species in the bird sub-family Accipitrinae in the genera Accipiter, Micronisus, Melierax, Urotriorchis, and Megatriorchis. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Ocyplonessa The Harlequin Duck is a small sea duck. ... Binomial name Ardea herodias Linnaeus, 1758 The Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias, is a wading bird of the heron family Ardeidae, common all over North and Central America as well as the West Indies and the GalÃ¡pagos, except in deserts and high mountains where there is no water for... Binomial name Cygnus bewickii (Yarrell, 1830) Synonyms Cygnus columbianus bewickii Bewicks Swan (Cygnus bewickii) is a small European swan. ... For the Canadian outerwear manufacturer Canada Goose see Canada Goose (clothing) Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Canada Goose distribution, including native (dark tones) and introduced (light tones) populations Canada Goose summer: yellow Canada Goose all year: green Canada Goose winter: blue Cackling Goose summer: pink Subspecies Dusky Canada Goose Vancouver Canada... Binomial name Anas americana (Gmelin, 1789) The American Wigeon or Baldpate (Anas americana) is a common and widespread duck which breeds in the northernmost areas of North America. ... Binomial name (Gmelin, 1788) Distribution Subspecies see text Synonyms Strix virginiana Gmelin, 1788 The Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus, is a very large owl native to North and South America. ... Binomial name Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson, 1811) The Clarks Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), is a large passerine bird, in the family Corvidae. ... Binomial name (Gmelin, 1788) Stellers Jay range The Stellers Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) is a jay native to western North America, closely related to the Blue Jay found in the rest of the continent, but with a black head and upper body. ... Binomial name Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) is a very large North American woodpecker. ... Binomial name Bombycilla cedrorum (Vieillot, 1808) The Cedar Waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum, is a member of the family Bombycillidae or waxwing family of passerine birds. ... Binomial name Lagopus mutus (Montin, 1781) The Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) is a small (31-35 cm) bird in the grouse family. ... Genera Arremon Arremonops Melozone Pipilo Aimophila Oriturus Torreornis Spizella Pooecetes Chondestes Amphispiza Calamospiza Passerculus Ammodramus Passerella Xenospiza Melospiza Zonotrichia Junco American sparrows are a group of mainly New World passerine birds forming part of the family Emberizidae. ... The Mountain finches are birds in the Finch family Fringillidae from the genus Leucosticte. ...

Because of the colder climate, ectothermic reptiles are all but absent, with two species of garter snakes and the western painted turtle being the only three reptile species proven to exist. Similarly, only six species of amphibians are documented, although those species exist in large numbers. After a forest fire in 2001, a few park roads were temporarily closed the following year to allow thousands of Western toads to migrate to other areas.^[36] Cold-blooded organisms, more technically known as poikilothermic, are animals that have no internal metabolic mechanism for regulating their body temperatures. ... Species See Taxonomy section. ... Binomial name (Schneider, 1783) Subspecies - Eastern Painted Turtle - Southern Painted Turtle - Midland Painted Turtle - Western Painted Turtle Painted Turtle is also the name of an imprint of Wayne State University Press. ... For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Bufo boreas The Western toad (Bufo boreas) is a large toad species, between 5. ...

Glacier is also home to the endangered bull trout which is illegal to possess and must be returned to the water if caught inadvertently.^[37] A total of 23 species of fish reside in park waters and native game fish species found in the lakes and streams include the cutthroat trout, northern pike, mountain whitefish, Kokanee salmon and grayling. Introduction in previous decades of Lake trout and other non-native fish species have greatly impacted some native fish populations, especially the bull trout and west slope cutthroat trout. The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ... Binomial name Salvelinus confluentus Suckley, 1859 The bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) is a char of the family Salmonidae. ... Binomial name Oncorhynchus clarki (Richardson, 1836) Subspecies See text. ... Binomial name Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 Northern pike The northern pike, Esox lucius, is a carnivorous fish of brackish and freshwaters of the northern hemisphere. ... Species See text. ... For other uses, see Sockeye (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, 1758) For other uses of grayling, see Grayling. ... Binomial name Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792) Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) is a freshwater char living mainly in lakes in northern North America. ...

Fire ecology

Forest fires were viewed for many decades as a threat to protected areas such as forests and parks. As a better understanding of fire ecology developed after the 1960s, forest fires were understood to be a natural part of the ecosystem. The earlier policies of suppression resulted in the accumulation of dead and decaying trees and plants which would normally have been reduced had fires been allowed to burn. Many species of plants and animals actually need wildfires to help replenish the soil with nutrients and to open up areas that allow grasses and smaller plants to thrive.^[38] Glacier National Park has a fire management plan which ensures that human caused fires are generally suppressed as they always have been. In the case of natural fires, the fire is monitored and suppression is dependent on the size and threat a fire may pose to human safety and structures. Major fires that require the assistance of other resources are coordinated through the National Interagency Fire Center. Image File history File links GNP_Wildfires_2003. ... Image File history File links GNP_Wildfires_2003. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1360, 3119 KB) Summary Taken by Wing-Chi Poon on 15th June 2004 along Rocky Point Trail, McDonald Lake region, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. This photo vividly shows a burnt forest. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1360, 3119 KB) Summary Taken by Wing-Chi Poon on 15th June 2004 along Rocky Point Trail, McDonald Lake region, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. This photo vividly shows a burnt forest. ... For other uses, see Wildfire (disambiguation). ... Fire is a component of the environment. ... The National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) in Boise, Idaho, is the physical facility that is home to the National Interagency Coordination Center (NICC), and the National Multi-Aegncy Coordination group (NMAC or MAC). ...

Increased population and the growth of suburban areas near parklands, has led to the development of what is known as Wildland Urban Interface Fire Management, in which the park cooperates with adjacent property owners in improving safety and fire awareness. This approach is common to many other protected areas. As part of this program, houses and structures near the park are designed to be more fire resistant. Dead and fallen trees are removed from near places of human habitation, reducing the available fuel load and the risk of a catastrophic fire, and advance warning systems are developed to help alert property owners and visitors about forest fire potentials during a given period of the year.^[39] In 2003, 136,000 acres (550 km²) burned in the park after a five year drought and a summer season of almost no precipitation. This was the most area transformed by fire since the creation of the park in 1910.

Recreation

Glacier is distant from major cities, and the closest airport is at Kalispell, Montana, southwest of the park. Amtrak trains stop at East and West Glacier. A fleet of 1930s red tour buses, called jammers, offer tours on all the main roads in the park. The tour buses were rebuilt in 2001 to run on propane, to lessen their environmental impact. Small wooden tour boats, some dating back to the 1920s, operate on several of the larger lakes. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 360 pixel Image in higher resolution (2000 Ã— 900 pixel, file size: 951 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 360 pixel Image in higher resolution (2000 Ã— 900 pixel, file size: 951 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Glacier National Park... Kalispell is a city in Flathead County, Montana, USA. The population was 14,223 at the 2000 census. ... Propane is a three-carbon alkane, normally a gas, but compressible to a liquid that is transportable. ...

Hiking is a popular activity in the park. Over half of the visitors to the park report taking a hike on the park's nearly 700 miles (1,127 km) of trails.^[40] 110 miles (177 km) of the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail spans most of the distance of the park north to south, with a few alternate routes at lower elevations if high altitude passes are closed due to snow. Due to the presence of bears and other large mammals, dogs are not permitted on any trails in the park, though they are permitted at front country campsites that can accessed by a vehicle, and along paved roads. Two hikers in the Mount Hood National Forest Eagle Creek hiking Hiking is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. ... The Continental Divide Trail is a United States National Scenic Trail running 3,100 miles (5,000 km) between Mexico and Canada. ... In a range of hills, or especially of mountains, a pass (also gap, notch, col, saddle, bwlch or bealach) is a lower point that allows easier access through the range. ...

Several day hiking options are available in the following areas: Image File history File links Two_Medicine_Lake. ... Image File history File links Two_Medicine_Lake. ... Two Medicine Lake with Sinopah Mountain Two Medicine is located in the southeastern region of Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. ...

Backcountry camping is allowed at campsites along the trails. A permit is required, which can be obtained from certain visitor centers or arranged for in advance. The backcountry is usually closed in most areas until early June due to the potential risk of avalanches and many trails at higher altitudes are snow packed until July. The major campgrounds that allow vehicle access are found throughout the park, most of which are near one of the larger lakes. The campground at St. Mary and at Apgar are open year round, but conditions are considered primitive in the off-season, as the restroom facilities are closed and there is no running water. All campgrounds with vehicle access are usually open from mid June until mid September.^[41] Guide and shuttle services are also available. The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Mount Reynolds at Logan Pass Logan Pass is located along the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. ... Mount Wilbur rises to the west of Swiftcurrent Lake. ... St. ... Two Medicine Lake with Sinopah Mountain Two Medicine is located in the southeastern region of Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. ... The Flathead River is a tributary of Clark Fork in the U.S. state of Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. ... Goat Haunt Overlook, a steep hike from the ranger station, offers an expansive view of Waterton Lake stretching into Canada. ... The toe of an avalanche in Alaskas Kenai Fjords. ... St. ...

Fishing is a popular activity in the park and some of the finest fly fishing in North America can be found in the streams that flow through the park. Though the park requires that those fishing understand the regulations, no permit is required to fish the waters within the park boundary. The endangered bull trout must be released immediately back to the water if caught, otherwise, the regulations on limits of catch per day are liberal.^[42] Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... Fly rod and reel with a wild brown trout from a chalk stream. ...

Winter recreation activities in Glacier are limited. Snowmobiling is illegal in the park, but cross-country skiing is permitted in the lower altitude valleys on the east and western sides of the park. A snowmobile tour at Yellowstone National Park. ... Cross-Country trails are often less crowded than Alpine ski slopes. ...

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (5924x1200, 8416 KB) Panorama from the Red Rock Falls Trail near Many Glacier in the Glacier National Park division of the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park in Montana (USA) Date captured: July 30, 2006 This photograph is the work of drumguy8800...

References

Cited references

^ Welcome to the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem. Crown of the Continent Ecosystem Education Consortium. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ ^a ^b Historical Overview,. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Before the Park. History and Culture. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ The Blackfeet Nation. Manataka American Indian Council. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Many Glacier Hotel Historic Structure Report (PDF). National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Djuff, Ray (2001). View with a Room: Glacier's Historic Hotels and Chalets. Farcountry Press, Helena, Montana. ISBN 1-56037-170-6.
^ Harrison, Laura Soullière (1986). Great Northern Railway Buildings. Architecture in the Parks. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Hufstetler, Mark (2002). Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, Montana: Cultural Landscape Report. Glacier National Park, West Glacier, Montana.
^ Djuff, Ray (2001). View With a Room: Glacier's Historic Hotels and Chalets. Farcountry Press, Helena, Montana. ISBN 1-56037-170-6.
^ National Park Service Funding (PDF). National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ The National Park System, Caring for the American Legacy. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ General Management Plan (PDF). National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (April 1999). Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Lakes and Ponds. Nature and Science. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (April 1999). Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Video Clips of Logan Pass, McDonald Creek, and Bird Woman Falls. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (June 16, 2001). Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Lewis Overthrust Fault. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (June 16, 2001). Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Geologic Formations. Nature and Science. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Park Geology. Geology Fieldnotes. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Was there a Little Ice Age and a Medieval Warm Period?. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c Glacier Monitoring Research. Monitoring and Assessing Glacier Changes and Their Associated Hydrologic and Ecologic Effects in Glacier National Park. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
^ Hall, Myrna; Daniel Fagre (February 2003). "Modeled Climate-Induced glacier change in Glacier National Park, 1850–2100" (PDF) 53 (2). Bioscience. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Hydrologic Activity. Nature and Science. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ What is the weather like in Glacier?. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century. National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century. National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Fagre, Daniel (April 25, 2003). Global Change Research A Focus on Mountain Ecosystems. U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ Water Quality. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-22.
^ The Crown of the Continent Ecosystem. Biodiversity. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Forests. Nature and Science. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Plants. Nature and Science. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Whitebark Pine Communities. Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey (April 23, 2003). Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ If you encounter a bear. Resources. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Hudson, Laura. Lynx inventories under way in the Intermountain Region. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Copeland, Jeff; Rick Yates, Len Ruggiero (June 16, 2003). Wolverine Population Assessment in Glacier National Park, Montana (PDF). Wolverine Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Mann, Jim. "Where the Bears Are", The Daily Inter Lake, January 27, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Mammal checklist. Mammals of Glacier National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Trees and Shrubs. Nature and Science. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Amphibians. Nature and Science. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Preserving Glacier's Native Bull Trout (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ A Fire Ecosystem. Glacier National Park Wildland Fire Management. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Wildland Urban Interface. Glacier National Park Wildland Fire Management. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Hiking. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Backcountry Guide 2006 (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
^ Fishing Regulations. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.

id="General_references"> Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... There are two places in the Rocky Mountains of North America named Glacier National Park: Glacier National Park (U.S.) in Montana Glacier National Park (Canada) in British Columbia. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

General references

National Park Service. Glacier National Park. Retrieved on 2007.
Sierra Club. Glacier National Park is a Global Warming Laboratory. Global Warming and Energy. Retrieved on 2007.
Parks Canada. Waterton Lakes National Park of Canada. Retrieved on 2007.
U.S. Geological Survey. Glacier retreat in Glacier National Park, Montana. Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center research. Retrieved on 2007.
U.S. Geological Survey. Modeled Climate-Induced Glacier Change in Glacier National Park, 1850–2100. Retrieved on 2007.
U.S. Geological Survey. USGS Repeat Photography Project, Glacier National Park, MT. Retrieved on 2007.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

External links

Glacier National Park. Backcountry Guide 2006 (PDF). Retrieved on 2007.
Glacier National Park. Glacier National Park Campground Status. Website provides up to date campground information. Retrieved on 2007.
Glacier National Park. Trail status. Website provides up to date hiking trail conditions. Retrieved on 2007.
Glacier National Park. eHikes. Interactive video that takes users on a hike through portions of the park. Retrieved on 2007.
Glacier National Park. Building the Going-to-the-Sun Road. Interactive video documenting the construction of the Going-to-the-Sun Road. Retrieved on 2007.
Glacier National Park. What's New. Links to updated information and webcams located in the park. Retrieved on 2007.

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The parks of the United States National Park system are one type of protected area in the United States and are operated by the U.S. National Park Service. ... Acadia National Park preserves much of Mount Desert Island, and associated smaller islands, off the Atlantic coast of Maine. ... The National Park of American Samoa is a national park on the American territory of American Samoa, distributed across three separate islands: Tutuila, Ofu, and Taâ€˜Å«. Authorized by Congress in 1988, the National Park Service entered into 50-year leases for all park land from Samoan village councils on September... Arches National Park preserves over 2,000 natural sandstone arches, including the world-famous Delicate Arch, in addition to a variety of unique geological resources and formations. ... Badlands National Park, in southwest South Dakota, preserves 242,756 acres (982 kmÂ²) of sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles and spires blended with the largest protected mixed grass prairie in the United States. ... It has been suggested that Panther Pass be merged into this article or section. ... Biscayne National Park is a U.S. National Park located in southern Florida, due east of Homestead, FL. The park preserves Biscayne Bay, one of the top scuba diving areas in the United States. ... Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park is a United States National Park located in western Colorado. ... Bryce Canyon National Park Bryce Canyon National Park is a national park located in southwestern Utah in the United States. ... Canyonlands National Park, located near Moab, Utah and the Arches National Park, was designated as a National Park on September 12, 1964. ... Capitol Reef National Park is a United States National Park, in south-central Utah. ... Carlsbad Caverns National Park is a United States National Park located in the Guadalupe Mountains of the southeastern corner of New Mexico (Eddy County). ... The Channel Islands National Park is a national park that consists of five of the eight Channel Islands off the coast of the U.S. state of California, in the Pacific Ocean. ... Located in South Carolina, the 34 mi² (89 km²) Congaree National Park is the largest tract of old growth bottomland hardwood forest left in the United States but one of the smallest national parks. ... Image:CraterLake Oregon USA.jpg Crater Lake with Wizard Island Crater Lake National Park is a United States National Park located in Southern Oregon whose primary feature is Crater Lake. ... Brandywine Falls Cuyahoga Valley National Park preserves the rural landscape along the Cuyahoga River between Akron and Cleveland in northeast Ohio. ... Death Valley National Park is a mostly arid United States National Park located east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in southern Inyo County and northern San Bernardino County in California with a small extension into southwestern Nye County and extreme southern Esmeralda County in Nevada. ... Denali National Park and Preserve is located in Interior Alaska and contains Mt. ... Dry Tortugas National Park preserves Fort Jefferson and the Dry Tortugas section of the Florida Keys. ... Everglades National Park preserves the southern portion of the Everglades (all south of Tamiami Trail), but represents only 20 % of the original wetland area. ... Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve is one of several large U.S. National Parks in Alaska. ... The area around Glacier Bay in southeastern Alaska was first proclaimed a U.S. National Monument on February 25, 1925. ... Grand Canyon National Park is one of the United States oldest national parks and is located in Arizona. ... Grand Teton National Park is a United States National Park located in western Wyoming, south of Yellowstone National Park. ... Great Basin National Park is a United States National Park, located in east-central Nevada near its border with Utah. ... Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve became a United States National Park by an act of Congress on September 13, 2004. ... Cades Cove panorama The Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a United States National Park that straddles the ridgeline of the Great Smoky Mountains, part of the Blue Ridge Mountains which are a division of the larger Appalachian Mountain chain. ... Guadalupe Mountains National Park is located in the Guadalupe Mountains of West Texas and contains Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in Texas at 8,749 feet (2,667 m) in elevation. ... HaleakalÄ National Park is a United States national park located on the island of Maui in the state of Hawaii. ... HawaiÊ»i Volcanoes National Park, established in 1916, displays the results of hundreds of thousands of years of volcanism, migration, and evolutionâ€”processes that thrust a bare land from the sea and clothed it with complex and unique ecosystems and a distinct human culture. ... Established from Hot Springs Reservation, Hot Springs National Park is a United States National Park in central Arkansas adjacent to the city of Hot Springs. ... Isle Royale National Park is a U.S. National Park in the state of Michigan. ... Double Cross on The Old Woman Rock Joshua Tree National Park is located in south-eastern California. ... Katmai National Park and Preserve is a United States National Park in Alaska, notable for the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and for its brown bears. ... Established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Kenai Fjords National Park is a United States National Park on the Kenai Peninsula in southcentral Alaska near the town of Seward. ... This article is about Kings Canyon National Park, USA. For Kings Canyon, Australia, see Kings Canyon (Northern Territory). ... Established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Kobuk Valley National Park is a United States National Park in northwestern Alaska north of the Arctic Circle. ... Established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve is a United States National Park in southwestern Alaska. ... Map of Lassen area showing hydrothermal features (red dots) and volcanic feature or remnant (yellow cones). ... Mammoth Cave National Park is a U.S. National Park in central Kentucky, encompassing portions of Mammoth Cave, the most elongated cave system known in the world. ... Mesa Verde National Park is a U.S. National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Montezuma County, Colorado, United States. ... Mount Rainier National Park is a United States National Park located in southeast Pierce County, Washington. ... Mount Despair, North Cascades National Park North Unit, 1967 map of the North Cascades National Park complex Lower Curtis Glacier in 2003 compared with 1985 Looking toward Magic Mountain from Sahale Arm north of Cascade Pass. ... Olympic National Park is located in the U.S. state of Washington, in the far northwestern part of the state known as the Olympic Peninsula. ... Petrified Forest National Park is located in northeastern Arizona, along Interstate 40 between Holbrook and Navajo. ... The Coastal redwood is the tallest tree species on Earth. ... Rocky Mountain National Park is located in the north-central region of the U.S. state of Colorado. ... Entrance to the Visitors Center, Saguaro National Park, West. ... Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron) trees in the Giant Forest Sequoia National Park is a national park in the southern Sierra Nevada, east of Visalia, California in the United States of America. ... Shenandoah National Park encompasses part of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Blue Ridge region of Virginia. ... Established in 1978, Theodore Roosevelt National Park is a United States National Park comprising three geographically separated areas of badlands in western North Dakota. ... Virgin Islands National Park is a United States National Park covering approximately 60% of the island of Saint John in the United States Virgin Islands. ... Established in 1975, Voyageurs National Park is a United States National Park in northern Minnesota near the town of International Falls. ... Wind Cave National Park is a United States national park 10 miles (18 km) north of the town of Hot Springs in western South Dakota. ... Established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Wrangell-St. ... Yellowstone redirects here. ... Yosemite redirects here. ... Zion Canyon as seen from the top of Angels Landing at sunset Zion National Park is a United States National Park located in the Southwestern United States, near Springdale, Utah. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Acadia National Park preserves much of Mount Desert Island, and associated smaller islands, off the Atlantic coast of Maine. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Arches National Park preserves over 2,000 natural sandstone arches, including the world-famous Delicate Arch, in addition to a variety of unique geological resources and formations. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Badlands National Park, in southwest South Dakota, preserves 242,756 acres (982 kmÂ²) of sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles and spires blended with the largest protected mixed grass prairie in the United States. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... It has been suggested that Panther Pass be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Biscayne National Park is a U.S. National Park located in southern Florida, due east of Homestead, FL. The park preserves Biscayne Bay, one of the top scuba diving areas in the United States. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park is a United States National Park located in western Colorado. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Bryce Canyon National Park Bryce Canyon National Park is a national park located in southwestern Utah in the United States. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Canyonlands National Park, located near Moab, Utah and the Arches National Park, was designated as a National Park on September 12, 1964. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Capitol Reef National Park is a United States National Park, in south-central Utah. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Carlsbad Caverns National Park is a United States National Park located in the Guadalupe Mountains of the southeastern corner of New Mexico (Eddy County). ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... The Channel Islands National Park is a national park that consists of five of the eight Channel Islands off the coast of the U.S. state of California, in the Pacific Ocean. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Located in South Carolina, the 34 mi² (89 km²) Congaree National Park is the largest tract of old growth bottomland hardwood forest left in the United States but one of the smallest national parks. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Image:CraterLake Oregon USA.jpg Crater Lake with Wizard Island Crater Lake National Park is a United States National Park located in Southern Oregon whose primary feature is Crater Lake. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Brandywine Falls Cuyahoga Valley National Park preserves the rural landscape along the Cuyahoga River between Akron and Cleveland in northeast Ohio. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Death Valley National Park is a mostly arid United States National Park located east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in southern Inyo County and northern San Bernardino County in California with a small extension into southwestern Nye County and extreme southern Esmeralda County in Nevada. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Denali National Park and Preserve is located in Interior Alaska and contains Mt. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Dry Tortugas National Park preserves Fort Jefferson and the Dry Tortugas section of the Florida Keys. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Everglades National Park preserves the southern portion of the Everglades (all south of Tamiami Trail), but represents only 20 % of the original wetland area. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve is one of several large U.S. National Parks in Alaska. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... The area around Glacier Bay in southeastern Alaska was first proclaimed a U.S. National Monument on February 25, 1925. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Grand Canyon National Park is one of the United States oldest national parks and is located in Arizona. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Grand Teton National Park is a United States National Park located in western Wyoming, south of Yellowstone National Park. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Great Basin National Park is a United States National Park, located in east-central Nevada near its border with Utah. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve became a United States National Park by an act of Congress on September 13, 2004. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Cades Cove panorama The Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a United States National Park that straddles the ridgeline of the Great Smoky Mountains, part of the Blue Ridge Mountains which are a division of the larger Appalachian Mountain chain. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Guadalupe Mountains National Park is located in the Guadalupe Mountains of West Texas and contains Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in Texas at 8,749 feet (2,667 m) in elevation. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... HaleakalÄ National Park is a United States national park located on the island of Maui in the state of Hawaii. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Hawaiâ€˜i Volcanoes National Park, established in 1916, displays the results of 30 million years of volcanism, migration, and evolutionâ€”processes that thrust a bare land from the sea and clothed it with complex and unique ecosystems and a distinct human culture. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Established from Hot Springs Reservation, Hot Springs National Park is a United States National Park in central Arkansas adjacent to the city of Hot Springs. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Isle Royale National Park is a U.S. National Park in the state of Michigan. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Double Cross on The Old Woman Rock Joshua Tree National Park is located in south-eastern California. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Katmai National Park and Preserve is a United States National Park in Alaska, notable for the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and for its brown bears. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Kenai Fjords National Park is a United States National Park on the Kenai Peninsula in southcentral Alaska near the town of Seward. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... This article is about Kings Canyon National Park, USA. For Kings Canyon, Australia, see Kings Canyon (Northern Territory). ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Kobuk Valley National Park is a United States National Park in northwestern Alaska north of the Arctic Circle. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve is a United States National Park in southwestern Alaska. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Map of Lassen area showing hydrothermal features (red dots) and volcanic feature or remnant (yellow cones). ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Mammoth Cave National Park is a U.S. National Park in central Kentucky, encompassing portions of Mammoth Cave, the most elongated cave system known in the world. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Mesa Verde National Park is a U.S. National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Montezuma County, Colorado, United States. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Mount Rainier National Park is a United States National Park located in southeast Pierce County, Washington. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Mount Despair, North Cascades National Park North Unit, 1967 map of the North Cascades National Park complex Lower Curtis Glacier in 2003 compared with 1985 Looking toward Magic Mountain from Sahale Arm north of Cascade Pass. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Olympic National Park is located in the U.S. state of Washington, in the far northwestern part of the state known as the Olympic Peninsula. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Petrified Forest National Park is located in northeastern Arizona, along Interstate 40 between Holbrook and Navajo. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Established in 1968 from unprotected land as well as small portions of existing state parks, Redwood National Park is a United States National Park on the northern coast of California between Eureka and Crescent City. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Rocky Mountain National Park is located in the north-central region of the U.S. state of Colorado. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Entrance to the Visitors Center, Saguaro National Park, West. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron) trees in the Giant Forest Sequoia National Park is a national park in the southern Sierra Nevada, east of Visalia, California in the United States of America. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Shenandoah National Park encompasses part of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Blue Ridge region of Virginia. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Established in 1978, Theodore Roosevelt National Park is a United States National Park comprising three geographically separated areas of badlands in western North Dakota. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Established in 1975, Voyageurs National Park is a United States National Park in northern Minnesota near the town of International Falls. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Wind Cave National Park is a United States national park 10 miles (18 km) north of the town of Hot Springs in western South Dakota. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Wrangell-St. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Yellowstone redirects here. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Yosemite redirects here. ... Image File history File links Red_Dot. ... Zion Canyon as seen from the top of Angels Landing at sunset Zion National Park is a United States National Park located in the Southwestern United States, near Springdale, Utah. ... Image File history File links US_Locator_Blank. ... This is a list of U.S. national parks by date of establishment. ... This is a list of United States National Parks by state. ...

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