Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. The word is derived from Greek γλυκύς (sweet) and λύσις (letting loose).

It is the initial process of most carbohydrate catabolism, and it serves three principal functions: Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... Anabolism is the aspect of metabolism that contributes to growth. ...

1. The generation of high-energy molecules (ATP and NADH) as cellular energy sources as part of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, that is, in the former process, oxygen is present, and, in the latter, oxygen is not present
2. Production of pyruvate for the citric acid cycle as part of aerobic respiration
3. The production of a variety of six- and three-carbon intermediate compounds, which may be removed at various steps in the process for other cellular purposes.

As the foundation of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is the archetype of universal metabolic processes known and occurring (with variations) in many types of cells in nearly all organisms. Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells devoid of mitochondria (e.g., mature erythrocytes) and eukaryotic cells under low-oxygen conditions (e.g., heavily-exercising muscle or fermenting yeast). Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... This article or section should be merged with aerobic metabolism. ... Anaerobic respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy, in opposition to Aerobic respiration which does use oxygen. ... Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle, after Hans Adolf Krebs who identified the cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part... This article or section should be merged with aerobic metabolism. ... This article or section should be merged with aerobic metabolism. ... Anaerobic respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy, in opposition to Aerobic respiration which does use oxygen. ... Structure of the coenzyme adenosine triphosphate, a central intermediate in energy metabolism. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... Prokaryotes are unicellular (in rare cases, multicellular) organisms without a nucleus. ... Kingdoms Eukaryotes are organisms with complex cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen to body tissues via the blood. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colourless (gas) colourless (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Typical divisions Ascomycota (sac fungi) Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with approximately 1,500 species described. ...

In eukaryotes and prokaryotes, glycolysis takes place within the cytosol of the cell. In plant cells, some of the glycolytic reactions are also found in the Calvin-Benson cycle, which functions inside the chloroplasts. The wide conservation includes the most phylogenetically deep-rooted extant organisms, and thus it is considered to be one of the most ancient metabolic pathways.^[1] Kingdoms Animalia - Animals Fungi Plantae - Plants Chromalveolata Protista Alternative phylogeny Unikonta Opisthokonta Metazoa Choanozoa Eumycota Amoebozoa Bikonta Apusozoa Cabozoa Rhizaria Excavata Corticata Archaeplastida Chromalveolata Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (IPA: ), organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. ... Prokaryotes are unicellular (in rare cases, multicellular) organisms without a nucleus. ... The cytosol (cf. ... The Calvin cycle (also known as Calvin-Benson cycle) is a series of biochemical reactions taking place in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms. ... Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. ...

The most common and well-known type of glycolysis is the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, initially explained by Gustav Embden and Otto Meyerhof. The term can be taken to include alternative pathways, such as the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway. However, glycolysis will be used here as a synonym for the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Gustav Georg Embden (born November 10th, 1874; died July 25th, 1933) was a German chemist who conducted studies on carbohydrate metabolism and muscle contraction, and the first to discover and link together all the steps involved in the conversion of glycogen to lactic acid. ... A series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvic acid using a different set of enzymes from those used in either glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway. ...

[edit] Overview

The overall reaction of glycolysis is:

D-Glucose				Pyruvate
	+ 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi		2		+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O

Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ... Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... Image File history File links D-glucose_wpmp. ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ or in older notation DPN+) is an important coenzyme found in cells. ... Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ... A phosphate, in inorganic chemistry, is a salt of phosphoric acid. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_foward_NNNN_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Pyruvate_wpmp. ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ...

v • d • e  Glycolysis Metabolic Pathway

Glucose Hexokinase Glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose 6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose bisphosphate aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase ATP ADP ATP ADP NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+ + 2 NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+ 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate kinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate mutase 2-Phosphoglycerate Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate kinase Pyruvate Pyruvate dehydrogenase Acetyl-CoA ADP ATP H2O ADP ATP CoA + NAD+ NADH + H+ + CO2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ADP ATP H2O

The products all have vital cellular uses: In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ... A hexokinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates a six-carbon sugar, a hexose, to a hexose phosphate. ... Glucose 6-phosphate is glucose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. ... Symbol(s): GPI Genetic data Locus: Chr. ... Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose. ... Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the most important regulatory enzyme (EC 2. ... Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose. ... Aldolase is an enzyme which catalyses the aldol reaction: The substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-BP) is broken down into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). ... DHAP (or Dihydroxyacetonephosphate) is a biochemical compound involved in many reactions, from the Calvin Cycle in plants to the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in Leishmania mexicana. ... G3P (structure) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ... Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI), is an enzyme (EC 5. ... G3P (structure) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ... Symbol(s): GAPDH GAPD Genetic data Locus: Chr. ... Image File history File links D-glucose_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Beta-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_foward_YYNN_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_foward_YYNN_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med. ... 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), also known as PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. ... Phosphoglycerate kinase is a transferase enzyme used in the seventh step of glycolysis. ... Glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) or 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). ... Bisphosphoglycerate mutase (or phosphoglyceromutase) is a mutase enzyme that catalyzes step 8 of glycolysis. ... ... Enolase is an enzyme that participates in glycolysis. ... Name Phosphoenolpyruvate; Phosphoenolpyruvic acid; PEP Formula C3H5O6P Mass 167. ... Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. ... Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H) is an alpha-keto acid which plays an important role in biochemical processes. ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme (E1) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). ... Categories: Biochemistry stubs | Thiols ... Image File history File links 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links 3-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links 2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Pyruvate_wpmp. ... Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. ... Image File history File links Acetyl_co-A_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NYYN_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_foward_YYNN_horiz_med. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_foward_YYNN_horiz_med. ...

• ATP provides an energy source for many cellular functions.
• NADH + H⁺ provides reducing power for other metabolic pathways or further ATP synthesis.
• Pyruvate is used in the citric acid cycle in aerobic respiration to produce more ATP, or is converted to other small carbon molecules in anaerobic respiration.

For simple anaerobic fermentations, the metabolism of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate has a net yield of two molecules of ATP. Most cells will then carry out further reactions to 'repay' the used NAD⁺ and produce a final product of ethanol or lactic acid. Many bacteria use inorganic compounds as hydrogen acceptors to regenerate the NAD⁺. Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle, after Hans Adolf Krebs who identified the cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part... This article or section should be merged with aerobic metabolism. ... Anaerobic respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy, in opposition to Aerobic respiration which does use oxygen. ... Anaerobic respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy, in opposition to Aerobic respiration which does use oxygen. ... For other uses, see Fermentation. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ... For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ...

Cells performing aerobic respiration synthesize much more ATP, but not as part of glycolysis. These further aerobic reactions use pyruvate and NADH + H⁺ from glycolysis. Eukaryotic aerobic respiration produces approximately 34 additional molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule, however most of these are produced by a vastly different mechanism to the substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. This article or section should be merged with aerobic metabolism. ... Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction that results in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. ...

The lower energy production, per glucose, of anaerobic respiration relative to aerobic respiration, results in greater flux through the pathway under hypoxic (low-oxygen) conditions, unless alternative sources of anerobically-oxidizable substrates, such as fatty acids, are found. General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colourless (gas) colourless (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ...

[edit] Discovery

The first formal studies of the glycolytic process were initiated in 1860 when Louis Pasteur discovered that microorganisms are responsible for fermentation, and in 1897 when Eduard Buchner found certain cell extracts can cause fermentation. The next major contribution was from Arthur Harden and William Young in 1905 who determined that a heat-sensitive high-molecular-weight subcellular fraction (the enzymes) and a heat-insensitive low-molecular-weight cytoplasm fraction (ADP, ATP and NAD⁺ and other cofactors) are required together for fermentation to proceed. The details of the pathway itself were eventually determined by 1940, with a major input from Otto Meyerhof and some years later by Luis Leloir. The biggest difficulties in determining the intricacies of the pathway were due to the very short lifetime and low steady-state concentrations of the intermediates of the fast glycolytic reactions. 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in microbiology. ... A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. ... For other uses, see Fermentation. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Eduard Buchner (May 20, 1860 -- August 12, 1917) was a German chemist and zymologist, the winner of the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on fermentation. ... Arthur Harden (October 12, 1865 – June 17, 1940) was an English biochemist. ... For the recipient of the Victoria Cross, see William Young (VC) Sir William Young (1799-1887) was a Nova Scotia politician and jurist. ... Cofactor may refer to any of the following: Minor (linear algebra) as an alternative name for the determinant of a smaller matrix than that which it describes Cofactor (biochemistry) is a substance that needs to be present in addition to an enzyme for a certain reaction to take place. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Luis Federico Leloir, born September 6, 1906 – died December 2, 1987, was a biochemist born in Paris but who lived all his life in Argentina. ...

[edit] Sequence of reactions

These are the major reactions, through which most glucose will pass. There are additional alternative pathways and regulatory products, which are not shown here.

[edit] Preparatory phase

The first five steps are regarded as the preparatory (or investment) phase since they consume energy to convert the glucose into two three-carbon sugar phosphates (G3P). G3P (structure) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ...

The first step in glycolysis is phosphorylation of glucose by a family of enzymes called hexokinases to form glucose 6-phosphate. This reaction consumes ATP, but it acts to keep the glucose concentration low, promoting continuous transport of glucose into the cell through the plasma membrane transporters. In addition, it blocks the glucose from leaking out - the cell lacks transporters for glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose may alternatively be from the hydrolysis of intracellular starch or glycogen. In animals, an isozyme of hexokinase called glucokinase is also used in the liver, which has a much lower affinity for glucose (Km in the vicinity of normal glycemia), and differs in regulatory properties. The different substrate affinity and alternate regulation of this enzyme are a reflection of the role of the liver in maintaining blood sugar levels. A hexokinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates a six-carbon sugar, a hexose, to a hexose phosphate. ... Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is a phosphorylated glucose molecule on carbon 6. ... Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Isozymes, (or isoenzymes) are isoforms (closely related variants) of enzymes. ... Glucokinase Glucokinase (EC 2. ... Glycemia is the concentration of glucose in the blood. ... Cofactors: Mg2+

D-Glucose (Glc) Hexokinase (HK) a transferase α-D-Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)   ATP ADP

G6P is then rearranged into fructose 6-phosphate by glucose phosphate isomerase. Fructose can also enter the glycolytic pathway by phosphorylation at this point. The change in structure is an isomerization, in which the G6P has been converted to fructose 6-phosphate, (F6P). The reaction requires an enzyme, phosphohexose isomerase, to proceed. This reaction is freely reversible under normal cell conditions. However, it is often driven forward because of a low concentration of fructose 6-phosphate, which is constantly consumed during the next step of glycolysis. Under conditions of high fructose 6-phosphate concentration this reaction readily runs in reverse. This phenomenon can be explained through Le Chatelier's Principle. Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ... A hexokinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates a six-carbon sugar, a hexose, to a hexose phosphate. ... Glucose 6-phosphate is glucose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. ... Image File history File links Glucose_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_foward_YYNN_horiz_med. ... Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose. ... Glucose isomerase is an enzyme (EC 5. ... Fructose (or levulose) is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three most important blood sugars along with glucose and galactose. ... In chemistry, Le Chateliers principle, also called the Le Chatelier-Braun principle, can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. ...

α-D-Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) Phosphoglucose isomerase an isomerase β-D-Fructose 6-phosphate (F6P)

The energy expenditure of another ATP in this step is justified in 2 ways: The glycolytic process (up to this step) is now irreversible, and the energy supplied destabilizes the molecule. Because the reaction catalyzed by PFK-1 is energetically very favorable, it is essentially irreversible, and a different pathway must be used to do the reverse conversion during gluconeogenesis. This makes the reaction a key regulatory point (see below). [During fasting, the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (an allosteric activator of PFK1) is low, such that PFK1 activity is reduced. This leads to an increase of flux through the gluconeogenesis pathway.] Cofactors: Mg2+ Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is a phosphorylated glucose molecule on carbon 6. ... Glucose isomerase is an enzyme (EC 5. ... In biochemistry, an isomerase is an enzyme that catalyses the interconversion of polymers. ... Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose. ... Image File history File links Glucose-6-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Fructose-6-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med. ... Bacterial Phosphofructokinase: 3rd glycolysis enzyme (smaller than in Eukaryots). ... Pyruvic acid Oxaloacetic acid Phosphoenolpyruvate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids (primarily alanine and glutamine). ...

β-D-Fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) a transferase β-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP)   ATP ADP

Destabilizing the molecule in the previous reaction allows the hexose ring to be split by aldolase into two triose sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

β-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) fructose bisphosphate aldolase (ALDO) a lyase D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GADP) dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) +

Triosephosphate isomerase rapidly interconverts dihydroxyacetone phosphate with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GADP) that proceeds further into glycolysis. This is advantageous, as it directs dihydroxyacetone phosphate down the same pathway as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, simplifying regulation.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) an isomerase D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GADP)

Note - The third step can also be catalysed by pyrophosphate dependent phosphofructokinase (PFP or PPi-PFK). This enzyme catalyses the same reaction as PFK1 (also known as ATP-PFK), but uses pyrophosphate (PPi) as a phosphate donor, instead of ATP. It is a reversible reaction, increasing the flexibility of glycolytic metabolism. This enzyme is not found in animal cells, but is found in most plants, some bacteria, archaea, and protists.^[2] A rarer ADP dependent PFK enzyme (ADP-PFK) variant has been identified in archaean species.^[3]

Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose. ... Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the most important regulatory enzyme (EC 2. ... Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose. ... Image File history File links Fructose-6-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Beta-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_foward_YYNN_horiz_med. ... Aldolase is an enzyme which catalyses the aldol reaction: The substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-BP) is broken down into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). ... DHAP (or Dihydroxyacetonephosphate) is a biochemical compound involved in many reactions, from the Calvin Cycle in plants to the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in Leishmania mexicana. ... G3P (structure) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ... Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose. ... Aldolase is an enzyme which catalyses the aldol reaction: The substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-BP) is broken down into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). ... In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that breaks various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. ... G3P (structure) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ... DHAP (or Dihydroxyacetonephosphate) is a biochemical compound involved in many reactions, from the Calvin Cycle in plants to the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in Leishmania mexicana. ... Image File history File links Beta-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med. ... Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI), is an enzyme (EC 5. ... G3P (structure) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ... DHAP (or Dihydroxyacetonephosphate) is a biochemical compound involved in many reactions, from the Calvin Cycle in plants to the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in Leishmania mexicana. ... Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI), is an enzyme (EC 5. ... G3P (structure) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ... Image File history File links Glycerone-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med. ... Pyrophosphate dependent phosphofructokinase (also known as pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, PFP or PPi-PFK, EC 2. ...

[edit] Pay-off phase

The second half of glycolysis is known as the pay-off phase, characterised by a net gain of the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADH. Since glucose leads to two triose sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule. This yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules, leading to a net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP molecules from the glycolytic pathway per glucose.

The triose sugars are dehydrogenated and inorganic phosphate is added to them, forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The hydrogen is used to reduce two molecules of [[NAD+]], a hydrogen carrier, to give NADH + H+. In chemistry, a phosphate is a polyatomic ion or radical consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen. ... 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), also known as PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. ...

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GADP) glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) an oxidoreductase D-1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG)   NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+ NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+

This step is the enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP by phosphoglycerate kinase, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. At this step, glycolysis has reached the break-even point: 2 molecules of ATP were consumed, and 2 new molecules have now been synthesized. This step, one of the two substrate-level phosphorylation steps, requires ADP; thus, when the cell has plenty of ATP (and little ADP), this reaction does not occur. Because ATP decays relatively quickly when it is not metabolized, this is an important regulatory point in the glycolytic pathway. Cofactors: Mg2+ G3P (structure) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ... Symbol(s): GAPDH GAPD Genetic data Locus: Chr. ... In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the oxidant, also called the hydrogen donor or electron donor) to another (the reductant, also called the hydrogen acceptor or electron acceptor). ... 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), also known as PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. ... Image File history File links D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med. ... 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), also known as PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. ... Phosphoglycerate kinase is a transferase enzyme used in the seventh step of glycolysis. ... Glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) or 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). ...

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG) phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) a transferase 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)   ADP ATP ADP ATP     phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)

Phosphoglycerate mutase now forms 2-phosphoglycerate. Notice that this enzyme is a mutase and not an isomerase. Whereas an isomerase changes the oxidation state of the carbons of the compound, a mutase does not.

3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) a mutase 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG)

Enolase next forms phosphoenolpyruvate from 2-phosphoglycerate. Cofactors: 2 Mg2+: one "conformational" ion to coordinate with the carboxylate group of the substrate, and one "catalytic" ion which participates in the dehydration. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), also known as PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. ... Phosphoglycerate kinase is a transferase enzyme used in the seventh step of glycolysis. ... In biochemistry, a transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group (e. ... Glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) or 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). ... Image File history File links 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links 3-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_YYYY_horiz_med. ... Phosphoglycerate kinase is a transferase enzyme used in the seventh step of glycolysis. ... Bisphosphoglycerate mutase (or phosphoglyceromutase) is a mutase enzyme that catalyzes step 8 of glycolysis. ... ... Glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) or 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). ... Bisphosphoglycerate mutase (or phosphoglyceromutase) is a mutase enzyme that catalyzes step 8 of glycolysis. ... An enzyme that catalyzes the shifting of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule. ... ... Image File history File links 3-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links 2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NNNN_horiz_med. ... Enolase is an enzyme that participates in glycolysis. ... Name Phosphoenolpyruvate; Phosphoenolpyruvic acid; PEP Formula C3H5O6P Mass 167. ... ...

2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) enolase (ENO) a lyase phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)   H2O H2O     enolase (ENO)

A final substrate-level phosphorylation now forms a molecule of pyruvate and a molecule of ATP by means of the enzyme pyruvate kinase. This serves as an additional regulatory step, similar to the phosphoglycerate kinase step. Cofactors: Mg2+ ... Enolase is an enzyme that participates in glycolysis. ... In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that breaks various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. ... Name Phosphoenolpyruvate; Phosphoenolpyruvic acid; PEP Formula C3H5O6P Mass 167. ... Image File history File links 2-phospho-D-glycerate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_reversible_NYYN_horiz_med. ... Enolase is an enzyme that participates in glycolysis. ... Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. ...

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) pyruvate kinase (PK) a transferase pyruvate (Pyr)   ADP ATP

Name Phosphoenolpyruvate; Phosphoenolpyruvic acid; PEP Formula C3H5O6P Mass 167. ... Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. ... Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... Image File history File links Phosphoenolpyruvate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Pyruvate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_foward_YYNN_horiz_med. ...

[edit] Oxidative decarboxylation

Main article: Pyruvate decarboxylation

This reaction is not technically a reaction of glycolysis, but is very common in most organisms as a link to the citric acid cycle. This reaction is carried out in the mitochondria, unlike the reactions of glycolysis which are cytosolic. The addition of Coenzyme A (CoA) to the pyruvate traps the product, acetyl CoA, within the mitochondria. This is analogous to the phosphorylation of glucose in the first step of glycolysis. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. ... Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle, after Hans Adolf Krebs who identified the cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... The cytosol (cf. ... Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. ... Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. ...

pyruvate (Pyr) pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHC) acetyl CoA (Ac-CoA)   CoA + NAD+ CO2 + NADH + H+

Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme (E1) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). ... Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. ... Image File history File links Pyruvate_wpmp. ... Image File history File links Acetyl_co-A_wpmp. ... COA can refer to: Cash on Arrival Cause of action Center of Attention Church of Areaology Ciphertext-only attack model Clowns of America International (COAI), formerly Clowns of America (COA) Coat of Arms College of the Albemarle College of the Atlantic Commission on Athletics ICAO Designation for Continental Airlines Course... Image File history File links Biochem_reaction_arrow_f