Coordinates: 49°9′N 9°13′E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Heilbronn (Käthchenstadt)
Country	Germany
State	Baden-Württemberg
Administrative region	Stuttgart
District	Independent city
Population	121,416 (June 30, 2005)
Area	99.88 km²
Population density	1,215 /km²
Elevation	160 m
Coordinates	49°9′ N 9°13′ E
Postal code	74001-74081
Area code	07131, 07066
Licence plate code	HN
Mayor	Helmut Himmelsbach
Website	www.heilbronn.de

View of the Heilbronn centre of town toward the Wartberg.

Heilbronn is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is completely surrounded by Heilbronn County and with approximately 120,000 residents it is the 6th largest city in Baden-Württemberg. Image File history File links Wappen_Heilbronn. ... Image File history File links Position of Heilbronn in Germany Made by Geograv based on the data from: File links The following pages link to this file: Heilbronn ... This is an alphabetical list of countries of the world, including both internationally recognized and generally unrecognized independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Germany is a Federal Republic made up of 16 States, known in German as Länder (singular Land). ... Baden-Württemberg is a federal state in southwestern Germany to the east of the Upper Rhine. ... A Regierungsbezirk is an government region of Germany, a subdivision of certain federal states (Bundesländer). ... Stuttgart is one of the four administrative districts (Regierungsbezirke) of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located in the north-east of the state of Baden-Württemberg, in the southwestern part of Germany. ... There are 439 German districts (Kreise), administrative units in Germany. ... This is a list of urban districts in Germany. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... Basic Definition In geography, the elevation of a geographic location is its height above mean sea level (or some other fixed point). ... The metre, or meter (U.S.), is a measure of length. ... See Cartesian coordinate system or Coordinates (elementary mathematics) for a more elementary introduction to this topic. ... German Postleitzahl map of the first two digits Postal codes in Germany, known as Postleitzahl (pl. ... see also Telephone numbering plan of Germany for further codes including service numbers, cell phones etc. ... German car number plates (Kfz-Kennzeichen) show the place where the car carrying them is registered. ... now. ... This page as shown in the AOL 9. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1504x1000, 264 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1504x1000, 264 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... The city of Chicago, as seen from the sky A city is an urban area that is differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status. ... Baden-Württemberg is a federal state in southwestern Germany to the east of the Upper Rhine. ... Heilbronn is a district (Kreis) in the north of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Baden-Württemberg is a federal state in southwestern Germany to the east of the Upper Rhine. ...

The city on the Neckar is a former Imperial Free City and current independent city (i.e., not part of any county) and seat of Heilbronn County. Heilbronn is also the "major economic centre" of the Heilbronn-Franken region that includes almost the entire Northeast of Baden-Württemberg. The Neckar is a river in Germany, a major tributary of the River Rhine, which it joins at Mannheim. ... In the Holy Roman Empire, an imperial free city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of... Heilbronn is a district (Kreis) in the north of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ...

Heilbronn is known for its wine industry and is nicknamed Käthchenstadt after Heinrich von Kleist's play Das Käthchen von Heilbronn. Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist (October 18, 1777 – November 21, 1811) was a German poet, dramatist and novelist. ...

Geography

Heilbronn is located in the northern corner of the Neckar basin at the bottom of the Wartberg (308 m). It is spread out on both banks of the Neckar on a fertile terrace and the highest spot inside city limits is the Schweinsberg with a height of 372 m. The Neckar is a river in Germany, a major tributary of the River Rhine, which it joins at Mannheim. ... The term sedimentary basin is used to refer to any geographical feature exhibiting subsidence and consequent infilling by sedimentation. ...

Heilbronn and its surroundings are located in the northern part of the larger Stuttgart metropolitan area. The city acts as the economic centre of the Heilbronn-Franken region and is one of 14 cities referred to in the Baden-Württemberg master plan of 2002 as major economic centers. In addition, it serves the cities and towns of Abstatt, Bad Rappenau, Bad Wimpfen, Beilstein, Brackenheim, Cleebronn, Eberstatt, Ellhofen, Eppingen, Flein, Gemmingen, Güglingen, Ilsfeld, Ittlingen, Kirchardt, Lauffen am Neckar, Lehrensteinsfeld, Leingarten, Löwenstein, Massenbachhausen, Neckarwestheim, Nordheim (Württemberg), Obersulm, Pfaffenhofen (Württemberg), Schwaigern, Siegelsbach, Talheim, Untergruppenbach, Weinsberg, Wüstenrot and Zaberfeld as an intermediate economic centre. Stuttgart [], located in southern Germany, is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg with a population of approximately 590,000 (as of September 2005) in the city and around 3 million in the metropolitan area. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Bad Rappenau is a town in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Bad Wimpfen is a historic spa town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Beilstein is a town in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Brackenheim is a town in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Eppingen is a small town in the northwest of the German state Baden-Württemberg. ... Güglingen is a town in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Lauffen is a town in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Leingarten is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Löwenstein is a town in the Administrative District of Stuttgart in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Neckarwestheim is a municipality with 3524 inhabitants in the district Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, south-west Germany. ... Obersulm is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Schwaigern is a town in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Untergruppenbach is a village and municipality located in the proximity of Heilbronn, a city in the northern half of the German state Baden-Württemberg. ... Weinsberg castle ruin Weinsberg is a small town in the north of the German state Baden-Württemberg. ... Wüstenrot is a town in the Heilbronn district in the state of Baden-Württemberg, in southwestern Germany. ...

Neighbouring communities

Sontheim (Neckar) around 1900.

Heilbronn shares a border with the following cities and towns, all part of Heilbronn County and listed here clockwise from the North: Bad Wimpfen, Neckarsulm, Erlenbach, Weinsberg, Lehrensteinsfeld, Untergruppenbach, Flein, Talheim, Lauffen am Neckar, Nordheim, Leingarten, Schwaigern, Massenbachhausen and Bad Rappenau. Image File history File links Sontheim_am_Neckar_1900. ... Image File history File links Sontheim_am_Neckar_1900. ... Heilbronn is a district (Kreis) in the north of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Sign denoting twin towns of Neckarsulm Neckarsulm is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, near Stuttgart, and part of the district Heilbronn. ...

Boroughs

Heilbronn is made up of ten boroughs. They are: A borough is an administrative division used in various countries. ...

History

Stone Age through 1200 AD

The oldest traces of humans in and around Heilbronn date back to the Old Stone Age (30000 BC). The fertile Neckar floodplains in the Heilbronn basin aided early settlement by farmers and ranchers. The city limits of present day Heilbronn contain many sites of Bronze Age finds. Later on, but still before AD the Celts already mined here for salt from brine. Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died... The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (Greek παλαιός paleos=old and λίθος lithos=stone or the Old Stone Age) was the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... A Celtic cross. ...

Under Emperor Domitian (81 - 96 AD) the Romans pushed east away from the Rhine and the outer boundary of the Empire was set at the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes. A castle in today's borough of Böckingen was part of that limes and nearby numerous Roman villas and plantations were built. Around 150 AD the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes became obsolete when the boundary of the Roman Empire was moved approximately 30 km to the East where it was subsequently fortified with the construction of the Upper Germanic Limes complete with parapet and trenches. An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... Domitian bust in the Louvre Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman emperor of the gens Flavia. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 0s BC - 0s - 10s - 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s Years: 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Events Domitian succeeds his brother Titus Flavius as emperor of the Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see number 96. ... The Roman Empire is the name given to both the imperial domain developed by the city-state of Rome and also the corresponding phase of that civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (Dutch Rijn, French Rhin, German Rhein, Italian: Reno, Romansch: Rein, ) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... The Roman Empire is the name given to both the imperial domain developed by the city-state of Rome and also the corresponding phase of that civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see number 150. ... Reconstructed Limes near Saalburg, Germany. ... A parapet consists of a dwarf wall along the edge of a roof, or round a lead flat, terrace walk, etc. ... A trench is a long narrow ditch. ...

Around 260 AD the Romans surrendered the limes and the Alamanni became rulers of the Neckar basin. Between the 4th and 7th centuries the area became part of the Frankish Empire and the first settlement was built in the general vicinity of the present center of town. Events Valerian I captured by the Persian king Shapur I; Gallienus becomes sole Roman emperor. ... area settled by the Alamanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main, land that is today part of Germany. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... The Frankish Empire was the territory of the Franks, from the 5th to the 10th centuries, from 481 ruled by Clovis I of the Merovingian Dynasty, the first king of all the Franks. ...

In 741 Heilbronn is first mentioned in an official document of the Diocese of Würzburg as villa Helibrunna together with a Michaelsbasilica and in 841 King Louis the German set up court here for a period of time. The name Heilbrunna (healing well) hints to a well that is located not far from the basilica. In 1050 a significant settlement of Jews is noted in official documents and the Codex of the monastery in Hirsau documented Heilbronn's right to hold market days and mint coins, mentioning its harbor and vineyards as well. Events June 18 - Constantine V succeeds Leo III as emperor of the Byzantine Empire. ... The Bishopric of Würzburg was an ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire, located in Lower Franconia, around the City of Würzburg. ... Events June 25: Battle of Fontenay _ Louis the German and Charles the Bald defeat Lothar. ... Louis the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian or German Ludwig der Deutsche) (804 – August 28, 876), the third son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, was the king of Bavaria from 817, when his father partitioned the empire... Leofric becomes Bishop of Exeter Hedeby is sacked by King Harald Hardraade of Norway during the course of a conflict with King Eric Estridsson of Denmark. ... Hirsau, 1907 Hirsau (formerly Hirsckau) is a village in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, located in the south-west portion of the country. ...

1200 through 1500

The Deutschhof.

In 1225 Heilbronn was incorporated into the Hohenstaufen Empire as oppidum Heilecbrunnen. Oppidum signified a city fortified by parapet and trenches. Later during the 13th century the Deutsche Orden obtained ownership of a large area south of Heilbronn which would remain owned by that order until Secularization in 1805. Starting in 1268 the order built the Deutschhof there as one of its residences. The church building of the order that was located on the premises was modified and expanded several times: First in 1350 it was expanded (gothic), then it was remodeled in 1719 (baroque), and in 1977 it was consecrated as a cathedral. Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 830 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 830 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ... Arms of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty The Hohenstaufen (or the Staufer(s)) were a dynasty of Kings of Germany, many of whom were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Dukes of Swabia. ... A parapet consists of a dwarf wall along the edge of a roof, or round a lead flat, terrace walk, etc. ... A trench is a long narrow ditch. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... The Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order (Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Ierosolimitanorum, Order of the Teutonic House of Mary in Jerusalem) is a German Roman Catholic religious order formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre in Palestine. ... Secularization is a contentious term because the concept of secularization can be confused with secularism, a philosophical and political movement that promotes the idea that society benefits by being less religious, whereas the opposing view is that the values and beliefs implicit in religions support a more moral and, therefore... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Conradin (right) is executed by Charles I of Sicily, thus extinguishing the Hohenstaufen dynasty, in 1268. ... Events 29 August - An English fleet personally commanded by King Edward III defeats a Spanish fleet in the battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer. ... See also Gothic art. ... // Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused... Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ...

After the demise of the Staufers King Rudolf I returned city status to Heilbronn in 1281 and installed a regal advocate to rule the city. In addition to the advocate he put a council in place that was headed up by a mayor. Around 1300 the first city hall was erected in the market place and the Kilianskirche (built on the foundation of the Michaelsbasilica) was expanded. The Neckar privilege gave the city the right to modify the flow of the river in 1333 which meant it now had the right to construct dams, harbours and mills. Because of the infrastructure thus created, Heilbronn became increasingly attractive to merchants and craftspeople during the 14th century whose influence had been growing and who were now demanding the right to determine their own fate. Arms of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty The Hohenstaufen (or the Staufer(s)) were a dynasty of Kings of Germany, many of whom were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Dukes of Swabia. ... The brass of the tomb of Rudolph I in Speyer Rudolph I (Rudolph of Habsburg) (May 1, 1218 – July 15, 1291) was a German king, who played a vital role in raising the Habsburg family to a leading position among the royal dynasties of Germany. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... Events February 22 - Jubilee of Pope Boniface VIII. March 10 - Wardrobe accounts of King Edward I of Englanddo (aka Edward Longshanks) include a reference to a game called creag being played at the town of Newenden in Kent. ... Events End of the Kamakura period and beginning of the Kemmu restoration in Japan. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ...

In 1371 Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor issued a new charter to the city. Now Heilbronn needed to answer only to the Emperor and as such was an Imperial Free City. Craftspeople and merchants were now represented in its council and the villages of Böckingen, Flein, Frankenbach and Neckargartach became part of Heilbronn's territory. Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Kogon of Japan, fourth of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Start of the reign of Emperor Go-Enyu of Japan, fifth and last of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Charterhouse Carthusian Monastery founded in Aldersgate, London. ... Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... In the Holy Roman Empire, an imperial free city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of...

As an Imperial Free City Heilbronn kept seeing itself threatened by the ambitious house of Wirtemberg (later, Württemberg). A very close relationship with the Holy Roman Emperor and a treaty with the Palatinate that was in effect from 1417 through 1622 strenghthened Heilbronn's position and kept the Württembergs at bay. The political stability enjoyed by the city during the 15th century caused it to bloom and many of its historic structures trace their roots back to that time as, for instance, the expansion of the Kilianskirche from 1455 through 1460. A palatinate is a territory administered by a count palatine, originally the direct representative of the sovereign, but later the hereditary ruler of the territory subject to the crowns overlordship. ... Events Antipope Benedict XIII is deposed, and Pope Martin V is elected. ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... ... no changes . ... Events The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone. ...

1500 through 1700

Bollwerksturm.

Götz von Berlichingen spent three years in "knightly custody" in Heilbronn starting in 1519 and even spent a night in the tower of the bastion. That same year people first took note of the pub owner Jäcklein Rohrbach who with accomplices would later kill the executor of Böckingen. After he had spent some time in the Hohenlohe Plains and collected similarly minded characters around him, he returned to Heilbronn in April 1525 just as the Peasants' War was getting into full swing. On April 16 the peasants killed many of the nobles in Weinsberg and on April 18 the Heilbronn cloister of the Order of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel was attacked and ransacked. The city opened its gates in response to demands of the peasants and consequently more churches and municipal institutions were robbed the next day. For about a month Heilbronn remained under the control of revolting peasants. And even though Johann Lachmann, later a church reformer, had attempted to mediate, the peasants didn't leave the city until one of their armies was defeated on May 12, 1525 in Böblingen. Their leader Rohrbach was executed on May 21, 1525 in Neckargartach and his home town of Böckingen was partially burnt to the ground in punishment. 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (965x1504, 371 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (965x1504, 371 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... An 18th Century engraving of Götz von Berlichingen. ... Events March 4 - Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... The Peasants War (in German, der Deutsche Bauernkrieg) was a popular revolt in the Holy Roman Empire in the years 1524/1525. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... April 18 is the 108th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (109th in leap years). ... The Order of Our Lady of Mt. ... May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Böblingen Böblingen is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, seat of Böblingen District. ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ...

In 1528 the replacement of the mayor by Hans Riesser, a Protestant, brought on the previously delayed Reformation and through the efforts of Reformer Lachmann schools and healthcare were also reorganized. In 1529 the Kiliansturm (church tower of the Kilianskirche) was completed. It was the first important religious building of the Renaissance in Germany. 1528 brought about the acceptance of the Augsburg Confession by city council and residents and the Heilbronn Catechism of 1536 is the second oldest catechism in the Protestant Church. In 1538 Heilbronn joined the Schmalkaldic League but by 1564 squabbles between troops of the Schmalkaldic League and those of the Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire escalated into battles that were won by the Emperor. As a result, Charles V spent Christmas 1546 in Heilbronn to attend the ensuing criminal proceedings. It is also Charles V who in 1522 changed the charter of the city and this charter survived almost unscathed until 1803. Events June 19 - Battle of Landriano - A French army in Italy under Marshal St. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Events April 22 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297. ... Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ... Events June 19 - Battle of Landriano - A French army in Italy under Marshal St. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Augsburg Confession The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran reformation. ... Events February 2 - Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... Events Treaty of Nagyvarad. ... The Schmalkaldic League was a defensive league of Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire in the mid-16th century. ... Events March 27 — Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death June 22 — Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World September 10 — The Battle of Kawanakajima Ottoman Turks invade Malta Modern pencil becomes common in England Conquistadors crossed the Pacific Spanish founded a colony... Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. ... The double-headed eagle The Holy Roman Empire was a mainly Germanic conglomeration of lands in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... // Events Spanish conquest of Yucatan Peace between England and France Foundation of Trinity College, Cambridge by Henry VIII of England Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg Science Architecture Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. ... Events January 9 - Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI. February 26 - Execution by hanging of Cuauhtémoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador Hernán Cortés. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Heilbronn in 1643. Engraving by Matthäus Merian

During the Thirty Years' War the city and sourrounding villages suffered badly. After the battle of Wimpfen in 1622 Neckargartach was burnt to the ground. In 1631 Heilbronn was occupied by imperial troops but the same year the Swedes succeeded in conquering the city. From 1644 through 1647 Heilbronn was again part of the Holy Roman Empire, but then French troops moved in and later those of the Palatinate. The city wasn't free of occupying forces until four years after the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. But already in the 1670s the city again became the stage for armed manoeuvres, until it was occupied by French troops in 1688. But while that occupation of the city only lasted several months, the French were only persuaded to leave the surrounding areas in 1693 after a large defensive army had been put into the field and fortifications had been erected. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2835x1731, 1122 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2835x1731, 1122 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn ... Matthäus Merian Matthäus Merian der Ältere (the Elder, or Sr. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Bad Wimpfen is a historic spa town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... // Events February 5 - Roger Williams emigrates to Boston. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... // Events March 14 - Thirty Years War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm. ... A palatinate is a territory administered by a count palatine, originally the direct representative of the sovereign, but later the hereditary ruler of the territory subject to the crowns overlordship. ... The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster by Gerard Terborch (1648) Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster by Bartholomeus van der Helst, 1648 The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, refers to the... // Events January 17 - Englands Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. ... Events and Trends Newton and Leibniz independently discover calculus. ... // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... Events January 11 - Eruption of Mt. ...

1700 through 1900

Käthchenhaus.

During the 18th century the citizens of Heilbronn witnessed a boom. The archives tell that during that time almost all members of the city council had enjoyed some sort of formal education, Schiller and Goethe came to visit the city, and gorgeous buildings were being constructed in Rococo style. Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1529x2048, 1031 KB) Käthchenhaus of Heilbronn - Germany, 2006, by J. Köhler File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1529x2048, 1031 KB) Käthchenhaus of Heilbronn - Germany, 2006, by J. Köhler File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Heilbronn Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Friedrich Schiller Schiller redirects here. ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. ... North side of the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo - carriage courtyard: all the stucco details sparkled with gold until 1773, when Catherine II had gilding replaced with olive drab paint. ...

On September 9, 1802 the city of Heilbronn lost its status as Imperial Free City when the troops of the Duke of Württemberg marched into town. The Duke had lost his holdings on the left bank of the Rhine to France during the French Revolutionary Wars but had been compensated with areas on the right bank. This is how Heilbronn together with other formerly Imperial Free Cities became part of Württemberg in 1803. Heilbronn became the seat of an Oberamt (district), and the four Imperial Free villages became separate communities within the district. September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... --69. ... Arms of the Kingdom of Württemberg The title of this article contains the character ü. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Wuerttemberg. ... Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (Dutch Rijn, French Rhin, German Rhein, Italian: Reno, Romansch: Rein, ) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1815 Heilbronn is again staging area for major armies ahead of the campaign against Napoleon and 10,000 troops paraded in front of Kaiser Franz of Austria and 126 German princes and generals in the Theresienwiese. Tsar Alexander I of Russia met in Heilbronn with the Baltic Baroness Juliane von Krüdener who talked him into founding the "Holy Alliance". The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Francis I in Austrian coronation regalia, 1832 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (German language: Franz II, Heiliger Römischer Kaiser) also referred to as Franz I, Emperor of Austria (February 12, 1768 – March 2, 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the... Monomakhs Cap symbol of Russian autocracy, the crown of Russian grand princes and tsars Czar and tzar redirect here. ... Aleksandr I Pavlovich (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825), was Emperor of Russia from March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825 and King of Poland from 1815–1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... Baltic can refer to: The Baltic Sea Council of the Baltic Sea States - an intergovernmental organization Baltic sea countries - countries with access to the Baltic Sea The Baltic region (Balticum) Baltic States - the independent countries of Estonia Latvia Lithuania Baltic Republics - term refers to the three Baltic states under the... Baroness von Krüdener Barbara Juliana, Baroness von Krüdener (November 11th 1764, Riga, Livonia - December 25th 1824, Karasu Bazar), Russian religious mystic and author. ... The Holy Alliance was a coalition of Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815 at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia, ostensibly to uphold Christianity in European political life but in practice as a bastion against revolution. ...

Industrialization arrived in 1820. When the first train lines were placed in service in Württemberg, Heilbronn was at the end of the line of the northern branch that connected Heilbronn with Stuttgart and further fueled industrialization. 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Stuttgart [], located in southern Germany, is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg with a population of approximately 590,000 (as of September 2005) in the city and around 3 million in the metropolitan area. ...

For a while Heilbronn suffered from the upheavals of the Baden Revolution that its civil guard participated in. During that time the 8th infantry regiment switched sides and joined the revolutionaries until it was subsequently disarmed and force-transferred out of the area. gay ...

In the 1860s the train tracks were extended from Heilbronn to Heidelberg via Bad Wimpfen, to Würzburg via Osterburken, and to Crailsheim (and later on to Nürnberg) via Schwäbisch Hall. In 1880 the Kraichgau line was completed and created an important connection towards the Karlsruhe area and by the end of the 19th century Heilbronn had become an important hub and second only to Stuttgart as one of Württemberg's largest industrial cities. // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ... A view of the city from the castle (Schloss) The castle (Schloss) above the town Shopping district Heidelberg and the other cities of the Neckar valley View from the so called alley of philosophers (Philosophenweg) towards the Old Town, with Heidelberg Castle, Heiliggeist Church and the Old Bridge Heidelberg is... Bad Wimpfen is a historic spa town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Würzburg is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany. ... Osterburken is a town in the Neckar-Odenwald district, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Crailsheim is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 32 km east of Schwäbisch Hall, 40 southwest of Ansbach in the Schwäbisch Hall district. ... Nuremberg coat of arms Location of Nuremberg Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ... Schwäbisch Hall (or Hall for short) is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg; it is the capital of the district of Schwäbisch Hall. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Kraichgau is a hilly region in Baden-Württemberg, southwestern Germany. ... Karlsruhe (population 283,959 in 2005) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1892 brought electricity via a connection to the power plant in Lauffen and thus Heilbronn became the first city in the world to enjoy long distance supply of power. 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

1900 through 1945

Heilbronn, 1945.

After almost a century of economic boom and growth of the local industry Heilbronn's citizenry included a lot of labourers. The city came to be known as a "red hot spot" and numerous worker and sports clubs were founded. Already prior to World War I the SPD cornered the majority of the vote and stayed that course during the period of the Weimar Republic. At his visit to the city on May 15, 1926 Hitler was clearly not welcome by everyone and several people were injured when a man was mistaken for Hitler and attacked. Hitler himself was able to give his speech in the city's community center Harmonie but the SPD had the majority in Heilbronn over the NSDAP as late as the elections on March 5, 1933. 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Image File history File links Heilbronn_ca. ... Image File history File links Heilbronn_ca. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul... SPD redirects here. ... Anthem: Das Lied der Deutschen The Länder of Germany during the Weimar Republic, with the Free State of Prussia (Freistaat Preußen) as the largest Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1919-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann  - 1933 Adolf Hitler... May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Hitler redirects here. ... The (German: Nazional- socialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) [National Socialist German Workers Party]); generally known in English as the Nazi Party, was a political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. ... March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (65th in leap years). ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Heilbronn district leader of the NSDAP had been Richard Drauz since 1932 who had been born into a respected Heilbronn family. He was also elected to the Reichstag from 1933 on and pushed hard for the Gleichschaltung of the Heilbronn clubs and press. 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... The Reichstag (German for Imperial Diet) was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The German word Gleichschaltung â’½ â’¾ (literally synchronising, synchronization) is used in a political sense to describe the process by which the Nazi regime successively established a system of totalitarian control over the individual, and tight coordination over all aspects of society and commerce. ...

On July 28, 1935 the port was opened in a canal off the Neckar and 1936 saw the Autobahn between Heilbronn and Stuttgart completed. Economy and infrastructure were booming in Württemberg and Heilbronn was at the logistic centre of it all. As the result of a district reform on October 1, 1938 Heilbronn became seat of the newly created Heilbronn County and regained independent city status. At the same time the previously independent communities of Böckingen, Sontheim and Neckargartach were annexed and with 72,000 residents Heilbronn now was the second largest city in Württemberg. The port turned into an important transfer station on the Neckar and one of the ten largest interior ports in the country. July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into freeway. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Heilbronn is a district (Kreis) in the north of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ...

On November 10, 1938 the Heilbronn synagogue was destroyed and during 1939 the Jewish community was all but eliminated. November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Lesko synagogue, Poland A synagogue (Hebrew: בית כנסת ; beit knesset, house of assembly; Yiddish: שול, shul; Ladino אסנוגה esnoga) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ...

Starting in 1942 the salt mines in and around Heilbronn were used to store art and artifacts from Germany, France and Italy. Similarly, important producers of the war industry were moved into the mine shafts. The expansion of the shafts was undertaken by labour brigades of the concentration camp branches in Kochendorf and Neckargartach. From Heilbronn all the way to Neckarelz numerous subterraneous complexes, some of them gigantic, were constructed and as of November 20, 1942 the Heilbronn Bureau of Labour had 8,000 forced labourers registered in its district. 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Shaft mining is a type of underground mining done by use of a mine shaft. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ...

In 1940 allied air raids started and the city and its surrounding area were hit about 20 times with minor damage. On September 10, 1944 a raid by the allies targeted the city and, specifically, the Böckingen train transfer station. 281 residents died as a result of 1,168 bombs dropped that day. The city was carpet-bombed from the southern quarter all the way to the Kilianskirche in the centre of town. The church burnt out. September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ...

The catastrophe for Heilbronn was the bombing raid on December 4, 1944. During that raid the centre of town was completely destroyed and the surrounding boroughs were heavily damaged. Within one half hour 6,500 residents perished. Of those, 5,000 were later buried in mass graves in the Ehrenfriedhof (cemetery of honor) in the valley of the Köpfer creek close to the city. To this day, a memorial is held annually in memory of those that died that day. As a result of the war Heilbronn's population shrank to 46,350. December 4 is the 338th day of the year (339th on leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ...

After a ten-day battle with the advancing allies over the strategically important Neckar crossings World War II ended for the destroyed city on April 12, 1945 with occupation by US troops. Local NSDAP leader Drauz took time for numerous court-martials while on the run from the allies and was hanged on December 4, 1946 in Landsberg because of executions of American prisoners of war he had ordered in March of 1945. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ... December 4 is the 338th day of the year (339th on leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

1945 through present

Stadttheater Heilbronn.

After the war Emil Beutinger, mayor until 1933, returned to office and began the formidable task of reconstruction that was subsequently continued by his successors Paul Metz and Paul Meyle. Milestones were the rededication of historic city hall in 1953 and the reopening of the community centre Harmonie. 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar).