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Henry VIII King of England; King of Ireland (more...) Reign 21 April 1509 – 28 January 1547 Coronation 24 June 1509 Predecessor Henry VII Successor Edward VI Consort Catherine of Aragon m. 1509, ann. 1536 Anne Boleyn m. 1533, ann. 1536 Jane Seymour m. 1536, died 1537 Anne of Cleves m. 1540, ann. 1540 Catherine Howard m. 1540, died 1542 Catherine Parr m. 1543 Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Henry VIII can refer to:- King Henry VIII of England Henry VIII (play), a play, Henry VIII (opera), an opera, Henry VIII (ITV drama), a 2003 ITV drama. ... The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years. ... Image File history File links Henry-VIII-kingofengland_1491-1547. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1547 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Tudor Rose: a combination of the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor, was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... Edward Tudor redirects here. ... Katherine of Aragon (Alcalá de Henares, 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536), Castilian Infanta Catalina de Aragón y Castilla, also known popularly after her time as Catherine of Aragon, was the first wife and Queen Consort of Henry VIII of England. ... Anne Boleyn, Queen Consort of England, 1st Marchioness of Pembroke[1] (ca. ... For the actress, see Jane Seymour (actress). ... Anne of Cleves (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England from 6 January 1540 to 9 July 1540. ... Cathrine Howard (between 1520 and 1525 – 13 February 1542), also called Katherine Howard[1] was the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England (1540-1542), and sometimes known by his reference to her as the rose without a thorn. Her birth date and place of birth is unknown, (occasionally cited... Catherine Parr or Jane Grey Catherine Parr (c. ... Issue Mary I Henry FitzRoy Elizabeth I Edward VI Detail Titles and styles His Majesty The King His Grace The King The Prince of Wales The Duke of York Prince Henry Royal house House of Tudor Father Henry VII Mother Elizabeth of York Born 28 June 1491(1491-06-28) Greenwich Palace, Greenwich Died 28 January 1547 (aged 55) Palace of Whitehall, London Burial St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

English Royalty House of Tudor Royal Coat of Arms Henry VIII    Henry, Duke of Cornwall    Mary I    Elizabeth I    Edward VI

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland, from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Henry VIII wielded the most formidable power of any English monarch and brought about the English Reformation (including the creation of the Church of England as well as the Dissolution of the Monasteries) and the legal union of England and Wales (see Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542). He is also noted in popular culture for being married six times. Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 6 July 1553 (de facto) or 19 July 1553 (de jure) until her death on 17 November 1558. ... Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (June 15, 1519 – June 18, 1536) was the son of Henry VIII and his teenaged mistress, Elizabeth Blount, the only bastard that Henry acknowledged. ... Elizabeth I redirects here. ... Edward Tudor redirects here. ... A Royal House or Dynasty is a sort of family name used by royalty. ... The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor (Welsh Twdwr) is a series of five monarchs of Welsh origin who ruled England from 1485 until 1603. ... The Tudor Rose: a combination of the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor, was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events December 6 - King Charles VIII marries Anne de Bretagne, thus incorporating Brittany into the kingdom of France. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Greenwich Palace. ... This article is about Greenwich in England. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1547 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... The Palace of Whitehall by Hendrick Danckerts. ... Members of the public outside St Georges Chapel at Windsor Castle, waiting to watch the Garter Procession St Georges Chapel is the place of worship at Windsor Castle in England. ... This article is about the castle in Windsor. ... This article is about the monarchy of the United Kingdom, one of sixteen that share a common monarch; for information about this constitutional relationship, see Commonwealth realm; for information on the reigning monarch, see Elizabeth II. For information about other Commonwealth realm monarchies, as well as other relevant articles, see... For other uses, see Tudor (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links England_Arms_1405. ... The Royal Arms as used in England, Wales and Northern Ireland The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch, and are officially... Henry, Duke of Cornwall was the name of two sons of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. ... Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 6 July 1553 (de facto) or 19 July 1553 (de jure) until her death on 17 November 1558. ... Elizabeth I redirects here. ... Edward Tudor redirects here. ... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events December 6 - King Charles VIII marries Anne de Bretagne, thus incorporating Brittany into the kingdom of France. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1547 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Motto Dieu et mon droit(French) God and my right Territory of the Kingdom of England Capital Winchester; London from 11th century Language(s) Old English (de facto, until 1066) Anglo-Norman language (de jure, 1066 - 15th century) English (de facto, gradually replaced French from late 13th century) Government Monarchy... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Norman French, Irish, Welsh, English Government Monarchy Lord of Ireland  - 1171-1189 Henry II  - 1509-1541 Henry VIII Lord Lieutenant  - 1528-1529 Piers Butler  - 1540–1548 Anthony St Leger Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House... The designation King of Ireland has been used during three periods of Irish history. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor (Welsh Twdwr) is a series of five monarchs of Welsh origin who ruled England from 1485 until 1603. ... The Tudor Rose: a combination of the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor, was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... This box:      King Henry VIII of England. ... The Church of England logo since 1996. ... For other uses of the term dissolution see Dissolution. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 were a series of parliamentary measures by which the legal system of Wales was annexed to England and the norms of English administration introduced in order to create a single state and a single legal jurisdiction, which is frequently referred to as England... For other uses, see The Six Wives of Henry VIII. // The six wives (queens consort) of Henry VIII of England were, in order: Catherine of Aragon (annulled), Anne Boleyn (beheaded), Jane Seymour (died, childbirth fever), Anne of Cleves (annulled), Catherine Howard (beheaded), and Catherine Parr. ...

Henry VIII was the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. His elder brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, leaving Henry as heir to the throne. The Tudor Rose: a combination of the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor, was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Arthur Tudor (19 September/20 September 1486– 2 April 1502) was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore, heir to the throne of England and Wales. ... 1502 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Many significant pieces of legislation were enacted during Henry VIII's reign. They included the several Acts which Created the Church of England by separating the English Catholic Church from the Roman Catholic Church, although he kept most Catholic traditions. He established the monarch as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. The Church of England logo since 1996. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ...

Henry VIII is known to have been an avid gambler and dice player. In his youth, he excelled at sports, especially jousting, hunting, and real tennis. He was also an accomplished musician, author, and poet; his best known piece of music is Pastime with Good Company ("The Kynges Ballade"). Henry VIII was also involved in the original construction and improvement of several significant buildings, including Nonsuch Palace, King's College Chapel, Cambridge and Westminster Abbey in London. Many of the existing buildings Henry improved were properties confiscated from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, such as Christ Church, Oxford, Hampton Court Palace, the Palace of Whitehall, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He founded Christ Church Cathedral School, Oxford in 1546.^[1] Gamble redirects here. ... Two standard six-sided pipped dice with rounded corners. ... Joust redirects here. ... This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. ... Jeu de paume in the 17th century. ... This article is about the art form. ... Original score for Pastime with Good Company (c. ... Nonsuch Palace was a Tudor royal palace that was built by Henry VIII in Surrey, on the location of Cuddington, near Epsom (the church and village of Cuddington were destroyed to create the plot for the palace). ... Kings College Chapel (partially obscured by the Gibbs Building), seen from The Backs Fan vaulting diagram Kings College Chapel is the chapel to Kings College of the University of Cambridge, and is one of the finest examples of late English Gothic or Perpendicular -style. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, (c. ... and of the Christ Church College name Christ Church Latin name Ædes Christi Named after Jesus Christ Established 1546 Sister college Trinity College, Cambridge Dean The Very Revd Christopher Andrew Lewis JCR president Laura Ellis Undergraduates 426 GCR president Tim Benjamin Graduates 154 Location of Christ Church within central Oxford... Hampton Court redirects here. ... The Palace of Whitehall by Hendrick Danckerts. ... Full name The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity Motto Virtus vera nobilitas Virtue is true Nobility Named after The Holy Trinity Previous names King’s Hall and Michaelhouse (until merged in 1546) Established 1546 Sister College(s) Christ Church Master The Lord Rees of Ludlow Location Trinity Street... Christ Church Cathedral School is a Prep and Pre-Prep boys boarding and day school, founded by Henry VIII in 1546. ...

[edit] Early life and first marriage

Eighteen year-old Henry VIII after his coronation in 1509.

Born in Greenwich Palace^[2] in Greenwich, Henry VIII was the third child of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henry's six siblings, only three — Arthur (the Prince of Wales), Margaret, and Mary — survived infancy. In 1493, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. In 1494, he was created Duke of York. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Henry was given a first-rate education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin, French, and Spanish. As it was expected that the throne would pass to Prince Arthur, Henry's older brother, one source suggests that Henry would have a career in the Church. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 385 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 622 pixel, file size: 68 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Henry VIII of England Pastime with... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 385 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 622 pixel, file size: 68 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Henry VIII of England Pastime with... On a site lying to the south of the river Thames, can be found an ancient royal palace acquired by King Henry V in 1414 when he confiscated the endowments of the alien priories. ... This article is about Greenwich in England. ... The Tudor Rose: a combination of the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor, was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Arthur Tudor (19 September/20 September 1486– 2 April 1502) was the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and therefore, heir to the throne of England and Wales. ... This article is about the title Prince of Wales. ... Margaret Tudor Margaret Tudor (29 November 1489 – October 1541) was the eldest of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and the elder sister of Henry VIII. In 1503 she married James IV, king of Scotland, thus becoming the mother of James V and... A sketch of Mary during her brief period as Queen of France Mary Tudor (March 18, 1496 – June 25, 1533) was the younger sister of Henry VIII of England and queen consort of France due to her marriage to Louis XII. Mary was the fifth child of Henry VII of... Dover Castle is situated at Dover, Kent and has been described as the Key to England due to its defensive significance throughout history. ... Flag of the Cinque Ports Formally, in Kent and Sussex there are five Head Ports making up the Confederation of the Cinque Ports, often pronounced as the anglicised sink ports, and meaning five ports (cinque in French means five and ports is to be connected to the Italian word porto... HRH The Prince Andrew, the current Duke of York For the nursery rhyme see The Grand Old Duke of York. ... Official standard of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (plural: Lords Lieutenant), also known as the Judiciar in the early mediaeval period and as the Lord Deputy as late as the 17th century, was the Kings representative and head of the Irish executive during the... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

In 1502, however, Arthur suddenly died of an unknown disease, perhaps tuberculosis, and Henry was thrust into all the duties of his late brother, becoming Prince of Wales. Henry's father renewed his efforts to seal an alliance between England and Spain via marriage; thus, in place of the dead Arthur, Spain was offered Henry in marriage to Prince Arthur's widow, Catherine of Aragon, the youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Katherine of Aragon (Alcalá de Henares, 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536), Castilian Infanta Catalina de Aragón y Castilla, also known popularly after her time as Catherine of Aragon, was the first wife and Queen Consort of Henry VIII of England. ... Ferdinand V of Castile & II of Aragon the Catholic (Spanish: , Catalan: , Aragonese: ; March 10, 1452 – January 23, 1516) was king of Aragon (1479–1516), Castile, Sicily (1468–1516), Naples (1504–1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona. ... Isabella I of Castile (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504) was Queen regnant of Castile and Leon. ...

In order for the new Prince of Wales to marry his brother's widow, a dispensation from the Pope was normally required to overrule the impediment of affinity. Catherine swore that her marriage to Prince Arthur had been unconsummated. Still, both the English and Spanish parties agreed that an additional papal dispensation of affinity would be prudent to remove all doubt regarding the legitimacy of the marriage. Due to the impatience of Catherine's mother, Queen Isabella, the Pope granted his dispensation in the form of a Papal bull. Thus, fourteen months after her young husband's death, Catherine found herself betrothed to his brother, the new Prince of Wales. By 1505, however, Henry VII lost interest in an alliance with Spain, and the younger Henry declared that his betrothal had been arranged without his consent. For other uses, see Pope (disambiguation). ... Definition In canon law, affinity is a relationship arising from the sexual intercourse of a man and a woman, sufficient for the generation of children, whereby the man becomes related to the womans blood-relatives and the woman to the mans. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... A Papal bull is a particular type of patent or charter issued by a pope. ...

Continued diplomatic maneuvering over the fate of the proposed marriage lingered until the death of Henry VII in 1509. Only 17 years old, Henry married his brother's widow, Catherine, on 11 June 1509, and on 24 June 1509, the two were crowned at Westminster Abbey. is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

In 1513, Henry invaded France as part of the War of the League of Cambrai. Henry's troops defeated a French army at the Battle of the Spurs and destroyed an invading Scottish army under James IV at the Battle of Flodden Field. It was the largest battle (in terms of numbers) fought between the two nations.^[3] James IV and many of the Scottish nobles were killed, which quelled the threat from the north for a generation. 1513 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names,[1] was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. ... Combatants France Kingdom of England Commanders Jacques de la Palice Henry VIII Strength 40,000 30,000 The Battle of the Spurs or Battle of Guinegate took place on August 16, 1513. ... Motto Latin: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) (Scots: Wha daur meddle wi me) Capital Edinburgh¹ Language(s) Gaelic, Scots Government Monarchy King/Queen  - 843-860 Kenneth I  - 1587–1625 James VI  - 1702-1714 Anne Legislature Parliament of Scotland History  - United 843  - Union of the... James IV (March 17, 1473-September 9, 1513) was King of Scots from 1488 to his death. ... Belligerents Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland Commanders Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey James IV † Strength 25,000 30,000 5,000 French knights and infantry Casualties and losses 1,500 10,000 - 12,000 (in addition to a large number missing) Western side of the battlefield, looking south-south...

[edit] Annulment with Catherine and marriage to Anne Boleyn

In 1526, Henry's impatience with what he perceived to be Catherine's inability to produce the desired heir increased when he became attracted to a charismatic young woman in the Queen's entourage, Anne Boleyn. Henry ordered Cardinal Wolsey to begin formal proceedings with Rome to annul his marriage on the grounds that Catherine's brief marriage to the sickly Arthur had, indeed, been consummated. The king's secretary, William Knight, went to Rome to petition Pope Clement VII for the annulment, but the Pope was highly reluctant to grant the king’s request due to the influence of and pressure from Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, whose troops had pillaged Rome and held the Pope prisoner. Wolsey's efforts to lobby for the annulment were unavailing. These failures, concomitant with his growing estrangement from Catherine, finally led to Wolsey's dismissal as Lord Chancellor by Henry in 1529. His replacement, Sir Thomas More, seemed an even less likely candidate to secure Henry's desired end, given his scruples about the suit and his loyalty to Rome. Anne Boleyn, Queen Consort of England, 1st Marchioness of Pembroke[1] (ca. ... January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ... Anne Boleyn, Queen Consort of England, 1st Marchioness of Pembroke[1] (ca. ... Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, (c. ... For the antipope (1378–1394) see antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII (May 26, 1478 – September 25, 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de Medici, was a cardinal from 1513 to 1523 and was Pope from 1523 to 1534. ... For the Carlist claimant King Carlos V, see Infante Carlos, Count of Molina. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor and prior to the Union the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor states. ... Events April 22 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297. ... For the Elizabethan play, see Sir Thomas More (play). ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ...

At the same time, Henry discovered and promoted other men of a different temper. Foremost among these were Thomas Cromwell, a lawyer, and Thomas Cranmer, a priest and gifted theologian who had worked for both Stephen Gardiner, the Bishop of Winchester, and Edward Foxe, Bishop of Hereford and had been the family chaplain of the Boleyns. It was Cranmer who first suggested that Henry should consult the "theology faculties of the continental universities" for an opinion about the validity of his marriage. The project, abetted by apparent bribes and favours, achieved the hoped-for success, with favourable opinions offered to the English Parliament in 1530. Cranmer's support of the King's efforts to put aside Catherine of Aragon were rewarded with a position as ambassador to the imperial court, and shortly thereafter, he was appointed to replace William Warham as Archbishop of Canterbury upon the latter's death. Cromwell, meanwhile, earned a position as chief adviser to the king with his even more daring proposal that Henry consider abolishing papal supremacy and declare himself head of the Church in England. Both Cromwell and Cranmer were protégés of Boleyn, who shared her growing sympathies with Protestant doctrines taking shape on the continent. Threats of withheld papal tithes having failed to move Clement VII to action, Henry finally took matters into his own hands: he secretly married the already-pregnant Boleyn in January 1533 and shortly thereafter had his allies in Parliament pass a statute forbidding further appeals to Rome. Archbishop Cranmer quickly moved to declare Henry's marriage to Catherine invalid and his new one to Anne Boleyn valid. Boleyn was crowned Queen of England on June 1st and gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I of England), three months later. Thomas Cromwell: detail from a portrait by Hans Holbein, 1532-3 Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex ( 1485 - July 28, 1540) was an English statesman, one of the most important political figures of the reign of Henry VIII of England. ... Thomas Cranmer (July 2, 1489 – March 21, 1556) was the Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of the English kings Henry VIII and Edward VI. He is credited with writing and compiling the first two Books of Common Prayer which established the basic structure of Anglican liturgy for centuries and... Stephen Gardiner (c. ... Arms of the Bishop of Winchester The diocese of Winchester is one of the oldest and most important in England. ... Edward Foxe (c. ... The Bishop of Hereford is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Hereford in the Province of Canterbury. ... A body now called the English Parliament first arose during the thirteenth century, referred to variously as colloquium and parliamentum. It shared most of the powers typical of representative institutions in medieval and early modern Europe, and was arranged from the fourteenth century in a bicameral manner, with a House... Walliam Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1527 (Louvre Museum) William Warham (c. ... The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader and senior clergyman of the Church of England, recognized by convention as the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... Referring to the doctrine of Papal Supremacy the Catechism of the Catholic Church notes in paragraph 882, “the Roman Pontiff, by reason of his office as Vicar of Christ, and as pastor of the entire Church has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ...

[edit] Religious upheaval

The Pope reacted by moving to excommunicate Henry in July 1533.^[4] Considerable religious upheaval followed. Urged by Cromwell, Parliament passed several acts that enforced the breach with Rome in the spring of 1534. The Statute in Restraint of Appeals prohibited appeals from English ecclesiastical courts to the Pope. It also prevented the Church from making any regulations without the King's consent. The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534 required the clergy to elect bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The Act of Supremacy 1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England"; the Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as such. The Pope was also denied sources of revenue such as Peter's Pence. However, it is important to note that while Henry's marriage to Anne was one of the catalysts which sparked much of the church reform, there were many, who influenced by Martin Luther on the continent, sought similar reforms in England. In fact, many would-be reformers used the monarch's disagreement with Rome to push their own reformation agenda.^[5] Excommunication is religious censure which is used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... The House of Representatives Chamber of the Parliament of Australia in Canberra. ... 1534 (MDXXXIV) was a common year in the 16th century. ... The Statute in Restraint of Appeals (citation ) was an English parliamentary Act of 1533, considered by many historians to be the key legal foundation of the English Reformation. ... Also known as the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534 (c. ... First Act of Supremacy 1534 The Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen. ... Treasons Act 1534 was an Act passed by English Parliament during the reign of King Henry VIII of England in 1534. ... {{main|Treason}} High treason, broadly defined, is an action which is grossly disloyal to ones country or sovereign. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... Peters Pence is the practice of lay members of the Roman Catholic Church providing material support to the clergy and other preachers of the Gospel. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ...

Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage between Henry and Anne with the Act of Succession 1533. Catherine's daughter, the Lady Mary, was declared illegitimate, and Anne's issue were declared next in the line of succession. Included in this declaration was, most notably, a clause repudiating "any foreign authority, prince or potentate". All adults in the Kingdom were required to acknowledge the Act's provisions by oath and those who refused to do so were subject to imprisonment for life. The publisher or printer of any literature alleging that Henry's marriage to Anne was invalid was automatically guilty of high treason and could be punished by death. The First Succession Act of Henry VIIIs reign was passed by the Parliament of England in March 1534, and removed Mary from the line of the succession, leaving Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. ... In law, issue can mean several things: In wills and trusts, a persons issue are the group of people composed of his lineal descendants. ...

Opposition to Henry's religious policies was quickly suppressed in England. A number of dissenting monks were tortured and executed. The most prominent resisters included John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More, Henry's former Lord Chancellor, both of whom refused to take the oath and were subsequently convicted of high treason and beheaded at Tyburn. For other persons named John Fisher, see John Fisher (disambiguation). ... The Bishop of Rochester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Rochester in the Province of Canterbury. ... For the Elizabethan play, see Sir Thomas More (play). ... The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor and prior to the Union the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor states. ... {{main|Treason}} High treason, broadly defined, is an action which is grossly disloyal to ones country or sovereign. ... Tyburn may refer to: Tyburn, London, a former village in London, United Kingdom Tyburn (stream), London, UK Tyburn, West Midlands, a ward in Birmingham, UK Category: ...

These suppressions in turn contributed to further resistance among the English people, most notably in the Pilgrimage of Grace, a large uprising in northern England in October of the same year. Henry VIII promised the rebels he would pardon them and thanked them for raising the issues to his attention, then invited the rebel leader, Robert Aske to a royal banquet. At the banquet, Henry asked Aske to write down what had happened so he could have a better idea of the problems he would 'change'. Aske did what the King asked, although what he had written would later be used against him as a confession. The King's word could not be questioned (as he was held as God's chosen, and second only to God himself) so Aske told the rebels they had been successful and they could disperse and go home. However, because Henry saw the rebels as traitors, he did not feel obliged to keep his promises. The rebels realised that the King was not keeping his promises and rebelled again later that year, but their strength was less in the second attempt and the King ordered the rebellion crushed. The leaders, including Aske, were arrested and executed for treason. Dissolution of the remaining, larger monasteries followed a subsequent authorising act by Parliament in May 1539. The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising in Northern England in 1536, in protest against Englands break with Rome and the Dissolution of the Monasteries, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances. ... Robert Aske (died 1537) was an English political leader from York who led the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536. ... In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation. ... Events May 30 - In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold. ...

[edit] Execution of Anne Boleyn

Though she was instrumental in helping to bring about these radical religious changes, the King's relationship with his queen quickly soured. After the Princess Elizabeth's birth, Queen Anne had at least two pregnancies that ended in either miscarriage or stillbirth; Anne blamed the stillbirth on Henry, saying that he scared her by falling off a horse in a tournament and badly injuring himself.^{[citation needed]} It is speculated that Anne Boleyn may have had Rh-negative blood, which if Henry were Rh-positive, would have had the effect of a healthy first child and a subsequent failure of further pregnancies.^{[citation needed]} She was later arrested on charges of adultery (as Queen, this amounted to treason), and sentenced to die by burning at the stake or by decapitation, whichever the king pleased. The men she was accused of having an affair with were Francis Weston, Henry Norris, William Bereton, Mark Smeaton and her own brother, George Boleyn, Viscount of Rochfort. Four of them were to be hanged, drawn and quartered; thankfully however, their sentences were ultimately commuted to mere decapitation. Anne and her brother George were beheaded soon after. At her final Mass, the Queen publicly swore her innocence in the presence of a priest and various witnesses. Henry also accused her of the attempted poisoning of his daughter, Mary Tudor and Henry Fitzroy, his illegitimate son. Jan Hus burned at the stake Execution by burning has a long history as a method of punishment for crimes such as treason, heresy and witchcraft (burning, however, was actually less common than hanging, pressing, or drowning as a punishment for witchcraft). ... Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head), or beheading, is the removal of a living organisms head. ... Sir Francis Weston (?1515 - 1536) Wealthy gentleman-in-waiting to King Henry VIII of England. ... Sir Henry Norris (1525-1601) was a trusted early member of the circle of Elizabeth I, having been assigned to her household when she was at Woodstock. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford (c. ... To be hanged, drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for treason. ... There have been three monarchs named Mary I: Mary I of England a. ... Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (June 15, 1519 – June 18, 1536) was the son of Henry VIII and his teenaged mistress, Elizabeth Blount, the only bastard that Henry acknowledged. ...

[edit] Birth of a prince and death of his third wife, Queen Jane

One day after Anne's execution in 1536 Henry became engaged to Jane Seymour, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting to whom the king had been showing favour for some time. They were married 10 days later. The Act of Succession 1536 declared Henry's children by Queen Jane to be next in the line of succession and declared both the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth illegitimate, thus excluding them from the throne. The king was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will. Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward the future Edward VI, in 1537; Jane died at Greenwich Palace on 24 October 1537 from an infection during childbirth. After Jane's death, the entire court mourned with Henry for an extended period. Henry considered Jane to be his "true" wife, being the only one who had given him the male heir he so desperately sought. He was buried next to her at his death. For the actress, see Jane Seymour (actress). ... The Second Succession Act of Henry VIIIs reign was passed by the Parliament of England in 1536, removing both Mary and Elizabeth from the line of the succession. ... In the common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the testator) regulates the rights of others over his property or family after death. ... Edward Tudor redirects here. ... On a site lying to the south of the river Thames, can be found an ancient royal palace acquired by King Henry V in 1414 when he confiscated the endowments of the alien priories. ... is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ...

[edit] Major acts in the kingdom

Silver groat of Henry VIII, minted c. 1540. The reverse depicts the quartered arms of England and France

At about the same time as his marriage to Jane Seymour, Henry granted his assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1535, which legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into one unified nation. The act provided for the sole use of English in official proceedings in Wales, inconveniencing the numerous speakers of the Welsh language. Image File history File links Henry_VIII_Coin. ... Image File history File links Henry_VIII_Coin. ... Groat is the traditional name of an English silver coin worth four English pennies, and also a Scottish coin originally worth fourpence, with later issues being valued at eightpence and a shilling. ... The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 were a series of parliamentary measures by which the legal system of Wales was annexed to England and the norms of English administration introduced in order to create a single state and a single legal jurisdiction, which is frequently referred to as England... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...

Henry demanded the surrender of Otford Palace from the archbishop of Canterbury in 1537. Later, in 1540, Henry sanctioned the destruction of shrines to saints. In 1542, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown. As a reward for his role, Thomas Cromwell was created Earl of Essex. Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords; only archbishops and bishops came to comprise the ecclesiastical element of the body. The Lords Spiritual, as members of the clergy with seats in the House of Lords were known, were for the first time outnumbered by the Lords Temporal. Otford Palace, remains of the North-West Tower From Anglo-Saxon times till 1537 the palace was one of the chain of houses belonging to the archbishops of Canterbury. ... The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader and senior clergyman of the Church of England, recognized by convention as the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ... Earl of Essex is a title that has been held by several families and individuals, of which the best-known and most closely associated with the title was Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1566 - 1601). ... For other uses, see Abbot (disambiguation). ... Prior is a title, derived from the Latin adjective for earlier, first, with several notable uses. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... The Lords Spiritual of the United Kingdom, also called Spiritual Peers, consist of the 26 clergymen of the established Church of England who serve in the House of Lords along with the Lords Temporal. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... For other uses, see Peerage (disambiguation). ...

[edit] Mistresses

Historians are sure of the names of only two of Henry's mistresses: Elizabeth Blount (usually referred to as Bessie) and Mary Boleyn (Anne's sister). Mary was believed to be the elder sister of Anne Boleyn (lady-in waiting to Catherine of Aragon), after she was requested to the Queen's court by the king in hopes to seduce her, and was his mistress at some point between 1519 and 1526. Anne Boleyn became Henry's mistress at some point before their marriage, as they married (25 January 1533) only seven months before Elizabeth's birth (7 September 1533). There is no evidence that Elizabeth was premature. Elizabeth Blount, better known as Bessie Blount (c. ... Mary Boleyn (c. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. ...

Elizabeth Blount gave birth to Henry's illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy. The young boy was made Duke of Richmond in June 1525 in what some thought was one step on the path to legitimatizing him. This never occurred, however, and FitzRoy never acceded to the throne (he was deemed a "bastard"). In 1533, he married Mary Howard, Anne Boleyn's first cousin, but died only three years later without any successors. At the time of FitzRoy's death, the king was trying to get a law passed that would allow his otherwise illegitimate son to become king. Contemporary rumors stated that Mary Boleyn's two children, the first being Catherine, and the second being Henry were fathered by Henry, but their paternity has never been proven. Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (June 15, 1519 – June 18, 1536) was the son of Henry VIII and his teenaged mistress, Elizabeth Blount, the only bastard that Henry acknowledged. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Lady Catherine Carey (c. ... Henry Carey (or Cary), 1st Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon (4 March 1525/1526 – 23 July 1596) was an English nobleman. ...

[edit] Innovative court

Henry was the quintessential Renaissance Man, and his court was a centre of scholarly and artistic innovation. The discovery of America or "The New World" set the stage for Henry's innovative attitude. Henry was among the first European rulers to learn about the true geography of the world, a revolutionary discovery. In 1507, the cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann published the first "modern" map of the world, the first map to accurately depict the American continent and a separate Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, a radical thought for the time.^[6] This discovery developed an atmosphere of exploration and discovery in the arts and sciences of which Henry took full advantage in his court and daily life. Leonardo da Vinci, a polymath, is seen as the epitome of the related term, Renaissance Man A polymath (Greek polymathÄ“s, πολυμαθής, having learned much)[1][2] is a person with encyclopedic, broad, or varied knowledge or learning. ... Martin Waldseemüller (19th century painting). ... Matthias Ringmann (19th century painting) Matthias Ringmann (1482-1511) was a German cartographer and humanist poet. ...

[edit] Later years

Henry was shown the above picture of Anne of Cleves

Henry desired to marry once again to ensure the succession. Thomas Cromwell, promoted to 1st Earl of Essex, suggested Anne, the sister of the Protestant Duke of Cleves, who was seen as an important ally in case of a Roman Catholic attack on England. Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the king. Although it has been said that he painted her in a more flattering light, it is unlikely that the portrait was highly inaccurate, since Holbein remained in favour at court. After regarding Holbein's portrayal, and urged by the complimentary description of Anne given by his courtiers, Henry agreed to wed Anne. On Anne's arrival in England, Henry is said to have found her utterly unattractive, privately calling her a "Flanders Mare." Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x2778, 494 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Henry VIII of England ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x2778, 494 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Henry VIII of England ... Anne of Cleves (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England from 6 January 1540 to 9 July 1540. ... Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (c. ... Anne of Cleves (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England from 6 January 1540 to 9 July 1540. ... The Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia) and the Netherlands (parts of Limburg, Noord-Brabant and Gelderland). ... A 1543 portrait miniature of Hans Holbein the Younger by Lucas Horenbout Holbeins 1533 painting The Ambassadors Hans Holbein the Younger (c. ...

Henry wished to annul the marriage in order to marry another! The Duke of Cleves had become engaged in a dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor, with whom Henry had no desire to quarrel. Queen Anne was intelligent enough not to impede Henry's quest for an annulment. Upon the question of marital sex, she testified that her marriage had never been consummated. Henry was said to have come into the room each night and merely kissed his new bride on the forehead before retiring. All impediments to an annulment were thus removed. The Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia) and the Netherlands (parts of Limburg, Noord-Brabant and Gelderland). ...

The marriage was subsequently dissolved and Anne received the title of "The King's Sister," and was granted Hever Castle, the former residence of Mary Boleyn's family. Cromwell, meanwhile, fell out of favour for his role in arranging the marriage and was subsequently attainted and beheaded. The office of Viceregent in Spirituals, which had been specifically created for him, was not filled. Hever Castle Hever Castle, in Kent, England (in the village of Hever), was the seat of the Boleyn family. ... Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (c. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

On 28 July 1540, (the same day Cromwell was executed) Henry married the young Catherine Howard (also found as Katherine), Anne Boleyn's first cousin. He was absolutely delighted with his new queen. Soon after her marriage, however, Queen Catherine had an affair with the courtier, Thomas Culpeper. She also employed Francis Dereham, who was previously informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. Thomas Cranmer, who was opposed to the powerful Catholic Howard family, brought evidence of Queen Catherine's activities to the king's notice. Though Henry originally refused to believe the allegations, he allowed Cranmer to conduct an investigation, which resulted in Queen Catherine's implication. When questioned, the queen could have admitted a prior contract to marry Dereham, which would have made her subsequent marriage to Henry invalid, but she instead claimed that Dereham had forced her to enter into an adulterous relationship. Dereham, meanwhile, exposed Queen Catherine's relationship with Thomas Culpeper. As was the case with Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard could not technically have been guilty of adultery, as the marriage was officially null and void from the beginning. Again, this point was ignored, and Catherine was executed on 13 February 1542. She was only about eighteen years old at the time. is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Cathrine Howard (between 1520 and 1525 – 13 February 1542), also called Katherine Howard[1] was the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England (1540-1542), and sometimes known by his reference to her as the rose without a thorn. Her birth date and place of birth is unknown, (occasionally cited... Thomas Culpeper (executed December 10, 1541) was a young courtier in Henry VIIIs time. ... Francis Dereham was most famous for his affair with Queen Catherine Howard, Fifth wife of Henry VIII of England. ... Thomas Cranmer (July 2, 1489 – March 21, 1556) was the Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of the English kings Henry VIII and Edward VI. He is credited with writing and compiling the first two Books of Common Prayer which established the basic structure of Anglican liturgy for centuries and... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ...

Henry married his last wife, the wealthy widow Catherine Parr, in 1543. She argued with Henry over religion; she was a radical, but Henry remained a conservative. This behaviour nearly proved her undoing, but she saved herself by a show of submissiveness. She helped reconcile Henry with his first two daughters, the Princess Mary and the Lady Elizabeth. In 1544, an Act of Parliament put the daughters back in the line of succession after Edward, Prince of Wales, though they were still deemed illegitimate. The same act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will. Catherine Parr or Jane Grey Catherine Parr (c. ...

A mnemonic for the fates of Henry's wives is "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived". An alternative version is "King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded". (Or, more succinctly, "Two beheaded, one died, two divorced, one survived.") The phrase may be misleading. Firstly, Henry was never divorced from any of his wives; rather, his marriages to them were annulled. Secondly, four marriages—not two—ended in annulments. The marriages to Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard were annulled shortly before their executions and, although her marriage to Henry was annulled, Anne of Cleves survived him, as did Catherine Parr. For other uses, see Mnemonic (disambiguation). ... Anne of Cleves (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England from 6 January 1540 to 9 July 1540. ...

The cruelty and tyrannical egoism of Henry became more apparent as he advanced in years and his health began to fail. A wave of political executions, which had commenced with that of Edmund de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk in 1513, ended with Henry Earl of Surrey, in January, 1547, underlined it. According to Holinshed, the number of executions in this reign amounted to 72,000—higher figures are given by some authorities. Arms of the 3rd Duke of Suffolk Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, 6th Earl of Suffolk (1471/1472 - 1513), Duke of Suffolk was a son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and his wife Elizabeth of York. ... Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517 – January 19, 1547) was an English aristocrat, and one of the founders of English Renaissance poetry. ...

[edit] English Reformation

Henry VIII was the force behind the English Reformation. This was a stepwise process by which papal primacy over the Catholic Church in England was replaced by royal primacy over a new, "Anglican" church, separate from the Catholic Church. This began with the Act of Supremacy in 1534. The English Reformation was a political rather than a theological disagreement. In fact, in 1521 Henry had defended Catholicism against Martin Luther's heresies in a book entitled, "The Defence of the Seven Sacraments", for which he was given the title, "Defender of the Faith". However, even after the break with Rome, and his own excommunication, Henry still considered himself to be a Catholic, and his anger was felt not only by Catholics who refused to accept his supremacy over the English church, but by Calvinists who denied Catholic dogmas. Once the course was irreversible he appointed clergymen of his stripe to offices in the new church, and consolidated his authority over it. These events were watched with much interest on the continent, forming a template for some who would follow his example. However, in spite of these great changes, Henry's new church was never accepted as sufficiently "reformed" by the radicals. And, once let out, religious innovation proved to be a genie that refused to go back into its bottle. Indeed, only a century later, the radicals would succeed in dethroning and beheading one of his successors. This box:      King Henry VIII of England. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ...

[edit] Mary Rose

The Mary Rose was one of the many ships used in battle during the time of Henry and it was his favourite ship. The Mary Rose was named after Henry's younger sister. It took a year for her to be completed. She was built in Portsmouth, England. She was one of the earliest purposely-built warships to serve in the English Navy. She was sunk in the Solent. It was thought that she was sunk during the war against the French fleet on July 19, 1545. Mary Rose depicted on the Anthony Roll, a survey of Henry VIIIs navy, completed in 1546 The Mary Rose was an English Tudor warship of the carrack type and one of the first to be able to fire a full broadside of cannons. ... A sketch of Mary during her brief period as Queen of France Mary Tudor (March 18, 1496 – June 25, 1533) was the younger sister of Henry VIII of England and queen consort of France due to her marriage to Louis XII. Mary was the fifth child of Henry VII of... For other places with the same name, see Portsmouth (disambiguation). ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 27 - Battle of Ancrum Moor - Scots victory over superior English forces December 13 - Official opening of the Council of Trent (closed 1563) Battle of Kawagoe - between two branches of Uesugi families and the late Hojo clan in Japan. ...

It is also possible that Henry was flattering his mistress, Mary Boleyn, sister of Anne, when he selected the name of the Mary Rose. Mary Boleyn was a member of the court before the arrival of her sister Anne. She had become Henry's mistress while he was still married to Queen Catherine. Mary Boleyn gave birth to three children, the first two children were often attributed to Henry at the time although they bore the name Carey, the surname of Mary's first husband. However, it is strongly unlikely that they were Henry's progeny, or even accepted as his, seeing as he never recognized them, as he did Henry Fitzroy. Given how important it was to the king to prove that he was able to produce sons, if he had been at all sure that the Carey children were really his, he would have acknowledged them as such.

[edit] Death and succession

King Henry VIII died in the Palace of Whitehall in 1547

Late in life, Henry became grossly overweight (with a waist measurement of 54 inches/137 cm), and had to be moved about with the help of mechanical inventions. He was covered with suppurating boils and possibly suffered from gout. His obesity dates from a jousting accident in 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound. This prevented him from exercising and gradually became ulcerated. It undoubtedly hastened his death at the age of 56, which occurred on 28 January 1547 in the Palace of Whitehall, on what would have been his father's 90th birthday. He expired soon after uttering these last words: "Monks! Monks! Monks!"^[7] Image File history File links The_Old_Palace_of_Whitehall_by_Hendrik_Danckerts. ... Image File history File links The_Old_Palace_of_Whitehall_by_Hendrik_Danckerts. ... Joust redirects here. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1547 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... The Palace of Whitehall by Hendrick Danckerts. ...

The well known theory that Henry suffered from syphilis was first promoted approximately 100 years after his d