NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Herbert Hoover

Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). Besides his political career, Hoover was a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted government intervention under the rubric "economic modernization". In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no previous elected office experience. To date, Hoover is the last cabinet secretary to be directly elected President of the United States. The nation was prosperous and optimistic at the time, leading to a landslide victory for Hoover over Democrat Al Smith. This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as President of the United States following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect in 1789. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... FDR redirects here. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Warren Harding redirects here. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... Joshua Willis Alexander Joshua Willis Alexander (January 22, 1852 February 27, 1936) was United States Secretary of Commerce from December 16, 1919 - March 4, 1921 in the administration of President Woodrow Wilson. ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1864 births | 1936 deaths ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... GOP redirects here. ... Lou Henry Hoover (1874-1944) Lou Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 â€“ January 7, 1944) was the wife of President Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States. ... For other uses, see Alma mater (disambiguation). ... Stanford redirects here. ... Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Mining Engineering is a field that involves many of the other engineering disciplines as applied to extracting and processing minerals from a naturally occurring environment. ... The Petronas Twin Towers, designed by Thornton-Tomasetti and Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd engineers, and Cesar Pelli, were the worlds tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004. ... A businessperson is a generic term for someone who is employed at a profit-oriented enterprise, or more specifically, someone who is involved in the management (at any level) of a company. ... There are a number of meanings for humanitarianism: humanitarianism, humanism, the doctrine that peoples duty is to promote human welfare. ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as President of the United States following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect in 1789. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... Mining Engineering is a field that involves many of the other engineering disciplines as applied to extracting and processing minerals from a naturally occurring environment. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 - August 2, 1923) was the 29th (1921-1923) President of the United States and the sixth President to die in office. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. ... The Republican Party of the United States was established in 1854 and is one of the two dominant parties today. ... For other uses, see Al Smith (disambiguation). ...

Hoover deeply believed in the Efficiency Movement (a major component of the Progressive Era), arguing that a technical solution existed for every social and economic problem. That position was challenged by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 that took place less than eight months after his taking office, and the Great Depression that followed it which gained momentum in 1930. Hoover tried to combat the Depression with volunteer efforts and government action, none of which produced economic recovery during his term. The consensus among historians is that Hoover's defeat in the 1932 election was caused primarily by failure to end the downward economic spiral, compounded by popular opposition to prohibition. Other electoral liabilities were Hoover's lack of charisma in relating to voters, and his poor skills in working with politicians. As a result of these factors, Hoover is typically ranked very poorly among former U.S. presidents. The Efficiency Movement was a major dimension of the Progressive Era in the United States. ... In the United States, the Progressive Era was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s. ... Crowd gathering on Wall Street. ... For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine underground brewery during the prohibition era. ... Sculptor Gutzon Borglum and Presidents Calvin Coolidge selected Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Lincoln to appear on Mount Rushmore. ...

Family background and early life

Hoover was born on August 10, 1874 in the town of West Branch, Iowa. He was the first president to be born west of the Mississippi, and remains the only Iowan president. His father, Jesse Hoover, was a blacksmith and farm implement store owner, of German (Pfautz, Wehmeyer) and German-Swiss (Huber, Burkhart) descent. His mother, Hulda (Minthorn) Hoover, was born in Norwich, Ontario, Canada of English and Irish (probably Scots-Irish) descent. Both were Quakers. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... For other uses, see Blacksmith (disambiguation). ... A stereotypical German The Germans (German: die Deutschen), or the German people, are a nation in the meaning an ethnos (in German: Volk), defined more by a sense of sharing a common German culture and having a German mother tongue, than by citizenship or by being subjects to any particular... The Township of Norwich is a South-western Ontario municipality located in Oxford County. ... Quaker redirects here. ...

His father died in 1880, and his mother in 1884, leaving Hoover an orphan at the age of nine. After a brief stay with one of his grandmothers in Kingsley, Iowa, Herbert lived for the next 18 months with his uncle Allen Hoover in West Branch. In November 1885, he went to live in Newberg, Oregon with his uncle John Minthorn, whose own son had died the year before. For two and a half years, Herbert attended Friends Pacific Academy (now George Fox University), then subsequently worked as office boy in his uncle's real estate office in Salem. Though he did not attend high school, the young Hoover attended night school and learned bookkeeping, typing, and math.^[1] Kingsley is a city in Plymouth County, Iowa, United States. ... Newberg is a city located in Yamhill County, Oregon. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Nickname: Location in Marion and Polk Counties, state of Oregon Coordinates: , Country State Counties Marion, Polk Founded 1842 Government - Mayor Janet Taylor Area - City 46. ... Bookkeeping (also book-keeping or book keeping) is the recording of all financial transactions undertaken by an individual or organization. ...

Hoover entered Stanford University in 1891, the first year of the New California College. None of the first students were required to pay tuition.^[1] Hoover claimed to be the first student ever at Stanford, by virtue of having been the first person in the first class to sleep in the dormitory.^[2] While at the university, he was the student manager of both the baseball and football teams, and was a part of the inaugural Big Game versus rival California (Stanford won).^[2] Hoover graduated in 1895 with a degree in geology.^[3] Stanford redirects here. ... This article is about the annual football game between California and Stanford. ... Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Mining engineer

Hoover went to Australia in 1897 as an employee of Bewick, Moreing & Co., a London-based mining company. He served as a geologist/mining engineer while searching the Western Australian goldfields for investments. After being appointed as mine manager at the age of 23, he led a major program of expansion for the Sons of Gwalia gold mine at Gwalia, Western Australia, and brought in many Italian immigrants to cut costs and counter the union militancy of the Australian miners.^[4]^[5] He believed "the rivalry between [the Italians] and the other men [was] of no small benefit."^[4] He also described Italians as "fully 20 per cent superior"^[4] to other miners. Sons of Gwalia is a Western Australian mining company who mine Tantalum, Spodumene, Lithium and Tin. ... Leonora-Gwalia area by satellite. ... Italian Australian is the third largest ethnic group in Australia, numbering 800,256 or 3. ... Eight-hour day banner, Melbourne, 1856 University of Melbourne site where Stonemasons won the 8 hour day in 1856 The history of the Australian labour movement reaches back to the 19th century and the movement has a long tradition of organised unions of workers and links to political activity. ...

Hoover worked at gold mines in Big Bell, Cue, Leonora, Menzies and Coolgardie.^[6]^[7] Big Bell, Western Australia Location: 27Â° 19 S 117Â° 39 E Ghost town, with a current flyin/flyout mining community, and former railway branch terminus in Western Australias Murchison Region. ... Cue is a small town in the Mid West region of Western Australia, located 650 km north east of Perth. ... Leonora is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. ... Menzies is a townsite located 725 km east of Perth and 105 km south of Leonora in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. ... Coolgardie Town Hall Coolgardie (30Â°57â€² S 121Â°09â€² E) is a small town in the Australian state of Western Australia, 558 km east of the state capital, Perth. ...

Hoover married his Stanford sweetheart, Lou Henry, in 1899. The Hoovers had two sons, Herbert Clark (1903–1969) and Allan Henry (1907–1993). They went to China, where Hoover worked for a private corporation as China's leading engineer. Hoover and his wife picked up Mandarin Chinese while he worked in China and used it during his tenure at the White House when they did not want to be overheard.^[8] The Boxer Rebellion trapped the Hoovers in Tianjin in June 1900. For almost a month, the settlement was under heavy fire. Hoover himself guided international troops through Tianjin during the battle, due to his extensive knowledge of the bad terrain.^{[citation needed]} Lou Henry Hoover (1874-1944) Lou Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 â€“ January 7, 1944) was the wife of President Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States. ... This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... Combatants Eight-Nation Alliance (ordered by contribution): Empire of Japan Russian Empire British Empire French Third Republic United States German Empire Kingdom of Italy Austro-Hungarian Empire Righteous Harmony Society Qing Dynasty (China) Commanders Edward Seymour Alfred Graf von Waldersee Ci Xi Strength 20,000 initially 49,000 total 50... (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of China. ...

Hoover was made a partner in Bewick, Moreing & Co. in 1901 and assumed responsibility for various Australian operations. In August–September 1905, Hoover came up with a technological innovation. When visiting the mines at Broken Hill, New South Wales, he noticed considerable zinc in the Broken Hill lead-silver ore, which could not be recovered and was lost as tailings. Hoover devised a practical and profitable method to use the then-new froth flotation process to treat these tailings and recover the zinc.^[9] With William Baillieu and others, he founded the Zinc Corporation (later, following various mergers, a part of Rio Tinto Group). Broken Hill Post Office Broken Hill is an isolated mining city and Local Government Area (see City of Broken Hill) in the far west of outback New South Wales, Australia, with a population of 21,000. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... Tailings (also known as slickens[1]) are the waste left over[2] after removing the gangue from ore. ... Modern DAF units using parallel plate technology are quite compact. ... William Lawrence Baillieu (April 22, 1859-1936) was an Australian financier and politician. ... Rio Tinto is a multinational mining and resources group founded originally in 1873. ...

In 1908, he became an independent mining consultant, traveling worldwide until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. His lectures at Columbia and Stanford universities were published in 1909 as Principles of Mining,^[10] which became a standard textbook. Hoover and his wife also published their English translation of the 1556 mining classic De re metallica in 1912. This translation from the Latin of Renaissance author Georgius Agricola is still the most important scholarly version and provides its historical context.^[11] It is still in print and published by Dover Publications. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Georg Agricola the father of mineralogy De re metallica (Latin for On the Nature of Metals (Minerals)) is a book cataloging the state of the art of mining, refining, and smelting metals, published in 1556. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Georg Agricola Georg (or Georgius) Agricola (March 24, 1490 - November 21, 1555) was a German scholar and man of science. ... Dover Publications is a book publisher founded in 1941. ...

Humanitarian

When World War I started in August 1914, he helped organize the return of 120,000 Americans from Europe: tourists, students, businessmen, and others. Hoover led five hundred volunteers to distribute food, clothing, steamship tickets, and cash. "I did not realize it at the moment, but on August 3, 1914, my career was over forever. I was on the slippery road of public life." Hoover liked to say that the difference between dictatorship and democracy was simple: dictators organize from the top down, democracies from the bottom up. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...

Belgium faced a food crisis in fall 1914 after being invaded by Germany. Hoover undertook an unprecedented relief effort with the Committee for Relief in Belgium (CRB). The official chairman was Emile Francqui, but Hoover was the real head of operations. The CRB became, in effect, an independent republic of relief, with its own flag, navy, factories, mills, and railroads. Private donations and government grants supplied an $11-million-a-month budget. The United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare was the head of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. ... Arthur S. Flemming (1905 - 1996) was Secretary of Health, Education & Welfare in the Eisenhower Administration and an important force in the shaping of Social Security policy for more than four decades. ... â€œOWUâ€ redirects here. ... The Belgian American Educational Foundation or BAEF is an independent philanthropy which supports the exchange of university students, scientists and scholars between the United States and Belgium. ... Emile Francqui ( Brussels, 25 June 1863 - Brussels, 1 November 1935) was a Belgian soldier, diplomat and business man. ...

For the next two years, Hoover worked 14-hour days from London, administering the distribution of over two and half million tons of food to nine million war victims. In an early form of shuttle diplomacy, he crossed the North Sea forty times to meet with German authorities and persuade them to allow food shipments. He was an international hero. The Belgian city of Leuven named a prominent square Hooverplein after him. In diplomacy and international relations, shuttle diplomacy is the use of a third party to serve as an intermediary or mediator between two parties who do not talk directly. ... The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... Geography Country Belgium Community Flemish Community Region Flemish Region Province Flemish Brabant Arrondissement Leuven Coordinates , , Area 56. ...

After the United States entered the war in April 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover head of the U.S. Food Administration. Hoover believed "food will win the war." He established set days to encourage people to avoid eating particular foods in order to save them for soldiers' rations: meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, eat potatoes." This program helped reduce consumption of foodstuffs needed overseas and avoided rationing at home. It was dubbed "Hooverizing" by government publicists, in spite of Hoover's continual orders that publicity should not mention him by name. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856â€”February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ...

After the war, as a member of the Supreme Economic Council and head of the American Relief Administration, Hoover organized shipments of food for millions of starving people in Central Europe. He used a newly formed Quaker organization, the American Friends Service Committee, to carry out much of the logistical work in Europe. American Relief Administration was an American relief mission to Europe and later Soviet Russia after World War I. Herbert Hoover, future president of the United States, was the program director. ... Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... American Friends Service Committee logo The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) is a Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) affiliated organization which works for social justice, peace and reconciliation, abolition of the death penalty, and human rights, and provides humanitarian relief. ...

Hoover provided food aid to the post-war German people. He also got relief to famine-stricken Bolshevik-controlled areas in Russia in 1921, despite the opposition of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans. When asked if he was not thus helping Bolshevism, Hoover retorted, "Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!" At war's end, the New York Times named Hoover one of the "Ten Most Important Living Americans". This article is about the Bolshevik faction in the RSDLP 1903-1912. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

Hoover confronted a world of political possibilities when he returned home in 1919. Democratic Party leaders looked on him as a potential candidate for President. (President Wilson privately preferred Hoover as his successor.) "There could not be a finer one," asserted Franklin D. Roosevelt, then a rising star from New York. Hoover briefly considered becoming a Democrat. But he believed that 1920 would be a Republican year, and didn't want to join a losing team. Also, Hoover confessed that he could not run for a party whose only member in his boyhood home had been the town drunk. Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... FDR redirects here. ...

Hoover realized that he was in a unique position to collect information about the Great War and its aftermath. In 1919, he established the Hoover War Collection at Stanford University. He donated all the files of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the U.S. Food Administration, and the American Relief Administration, and pledged $50,000 as an endowment. Scholars were sent to Europe to collect pamphlets, society publications, government documents, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and other ephemeral materials related to the war and the revolutions that followed it. The collection was later renamed the Hoover War Library and is now known as the Hoover Institution. The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, within Stanford University, is a Republican public policy research center devoted to advanced study of politics, economics, and political economy—both domestic and foreign—as well as international affairs. ...

Secretary of Commerce

Hoover rejected Democratic overtures in 1920. He had been a registered Republican before the war, though in 1912 he had supported Theodore Roosevelt's "Bull Moose" Progressive Party. Now he declared himself a Republican, and a candidate for the Presidency. For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... The United States Progressive Party refers to three distinct political parties in 20th-century United States politics. ... The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created by a split in the Republican Party in the presidential election 1912. ...

He placed his name on the ballot in the California state primary, where he came close to beating popular Senator Hiram Johnson. But having lost in his home state, Hoover was only a dark horse contender at the convention. Even when it deadlocked for several ballots between Illinois Governor Frank Lowden and General Leonard Wood, few delegates seriously considered Hoover as a compromise choice. Although he had personal misgivings about the capability of the nominee, Warren G. Harding, Hoover publicly endorsed him, and made two speeches on Harding's behalf. This article is about the U.S state. ... For other uses, see Primary. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Frank Orren Lowden (1861 - 1943) was a U.S. political figure. ... Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 â€“ August 7, 1927) was a physician who served as the US Army Chief of Staff and Governor General of the Philippines. ... Warren Harding redirects here. ...

After being elected, Harding rewarded Hoover for his support, offering to appoint him either Secretary of the Interior or Secretary of Commerce. Hoover ultimately chose Commerce. Commerce had existed for just eight years, since the division of the earlier Department of Commerce and Labor. Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet post, with limited and somewhat vaguely defined responsibilities. The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, concerned with such matters as national parks and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... The United States Department of Commerce is a Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting economic growth. ...

But Hoover aimed to change that, envisioning the Commerce Department as the hub of the nation's growth and stability. He demanded from Harding, and received, authority to help coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He created a great many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics, the census, and radio to air travel. In some instances, he "seized" control of responsibilities from other Cabinet departments when he deemed that they were not carrying out their responsibilities well enough. Hoover became one of the most visible men in the country, often overshadowing Presidents Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Washington wags were soon referring to Hoover as "the Secretary of Commerce... and Under-Secretary of Everything Else!" John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ...

As secretary and later as President, Hoover revolutionized the relations between business and government. Rejecting the adversarial stance of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson, he sought to make the Commerce Department a powerful service organization, empowered to forge cooperative voluntary partnerships between government and business. This philosophy is often called "associationalism." For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... For other persons named William Howard Taft, see William Howard Taft (disambiguation). ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856â€”February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ... Associationalism is a political project where human welfare and liberty are both best served when as many of the affairs of a society as possible are managed by voluntary and democratically self-governing associations.[1] Associationalism gives priority to freedom in its scale of values, but it contends that such...

Many of Hoover's efforts as Commerce Secretary centered on the elimination of waste and the increase of efficiency in business and industry. This included reducing labor losses from trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing industrial losses from accident and injury, and reducing the amount of crude oil spilled during extraction and shipping. One major achievement was to promote progressive ideals in the areas of the standardization of products and designs. He energetically promoted international trade by opening offices overseas that gave advice and practical help to businessmen. Hoover was especially eager to promote Hollywood films overseas.^[12] American cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. ...

His "Own Your Own Home" campaign was a collaboration to promote ownership of single-family dwellings, with groups such as the Better Houses in America movement, the Architects' Small House Service Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Bureau. He worked with bankers and the savings and loan industry to promote the new long-term home mortgage, which dramatically stimulated home construction.^[13]

It has been suggested that Herbert Hoover was the best Secretary of Commerce in United States history^[14]^[15]. To date, Hoover was the last President to have held a full cabinet position.^{[citation needed]}

Radio conferences

Hoover's radio conferences played a key role in the early organization, development and regulation of radio broadcasting. Hoover played a key role in major projects for navigation, irrigation of dry lands, electrical power, and flood control. As the new air transport industry developed, Hoover held a conference on aviation to promote codes and regulations. He became president of the American Child Health Organization, and he raised private funds to promote health education in schools and communities.

Although he continued to consider Harding ill-suited to be President, the two men nevertheless became friends. Hoover accompanied Harding on his final trip out West in 1923. It was Hoover who called for a specialist to tend to the ailing Chief Executive, and it was also Hoover who contacted the White House to inform them of the President's death. The Commerce Secretary headed the group of dignitaries accompanying Harding's body back to the capital.

By the end of Hoover's service as Secretary, he had raised the status of the Department of Commerce. This was reflected in its modern headquarters built during the Roosevelt Administration in the 1930s in the Federal Triangle in Washington D.C.

Traffic conferences

As Commerce secretary, Hoover also hosted two national conferences on street traffic, in 1924 and 1926 (a third convened in 1930, during Hoover's presidency). Collectively the meetings were called the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. Hoover's chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of traffic accidents, but the scope grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states, and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets.^[16]

Mississippi flood

The Great Mississippi River flood broke the banks and levees of the lower Mississippi River in early 1927, resulting in flooding of millions of acres and leaving thousands of people homeless. Although such a disaster did not fall under the duties of the Commerce Department, the governors of six states along the Mississippi specifically asked for Herbert Hoover in the emergency. President Calvin Coolidge sent Hoover to mobilize state and local authorities, militia, army engineers, Coast Guard, and the American Red Cross. The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 was the most destructive river flood in United States history. ... A levee, levÃ©e (from the feminine past participle of the French verb lever, to raise), floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial slope or wall, usually earthen and often parallels the course of a river. ... A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort. ...

With a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, Hoover set up health units to work in the flooded regions for a year. These workers stamped out malaria, pellagra, and typhoid fever from many areas. His work during the flood brought Herbert Hoover to the front page of newspapers almost everywhere, and he gained new accolades as a humanitarian. The great victory of his relief work, he stressed, was not that the government rushed in and provided all assistance. Rather, it was that much of the assistance available was provided instead by private citizens and organizations in response to Hoover's appeals. "I suppose I could have called in the Army to help," he said, "but why should I, when I only had to call upon Main Street." The Rockefeller Foundation (RF) is a prominent philanthropic organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by dietary lack of niacin (vitamin B3) and protein, especially proteins containing the essential amino acid tryptophan. ... For a similar disease with a similar name, see typhus. ... For other uses, see Army (disambiguation). ...

His reputation as a humanitarian from this endeavor was endangered by the inhumane treatment of African-Americans during the disaster. Knowing the potential ramifications on his presidential aspirations if such knowledge became public (and having no desire to help the afflicted African-Americans), Hoover struck a deal with Robert Moton, the prominent African-American successor to Booker T. Washington as president of the Tuskegee Institute. In exchange for keeping the suffering of African-Americans out of the public eye, Hoover promised unprecedented influence for African-Americans after he would be elected president. Moton agreed, and consistent with the accommodationist philosophy of Washington, worked actively to suppress information about mistreatment of blacks from being revealed to the media. Following election, Hoover broke his promises. This led to an African-American backlash in the 1932 election that shifted allegiance from the Republican party (the party of Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation) to the Democrats.^[17] Ketil Trout 23:14, 8 September 2005 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 â€“ November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author and leader of the African American community. ... There is also the Tuskegee Airmen, a corps of African-American military pilots trained there during World War II Tuskegee University is an American institution of higher learning located in Tuskegee, Alabama. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Emancipation Proclamation Reproduction of the Emancipation Proclamation at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. ...

Presidential election of 1928

The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. ...

Republican primaries

When Calvin Coolidge declined to run for a second full term of office in 1927, Herbert Hoover became the leading Republican candidate for the 1928 election, despite the fact Coolidge was lukewarm on Hoover (Coolidge often derided his ambitious and popular Commerce Secretary as "Wonder Boy").^{[citation needed]} His only real challenger was Frank Lowden. Hoover received much favorable press coverage in the months leading up to the convention. Lowden's campaign manager complained the newspapers were full of "nothing but advertisements for Herbert Hoover and Fletcher's Castoria." Hoover’s reputation, experience, and popularity coalesced to give him the nomination on the first ballot, with Senator Charles Curtis named as his running mate. The Republican Party of the United States was established in 1854 and is one of the two dominant parties today. ... Frank Orren Lowden (1861 - 1943) was a U.S. political figure. ... FletchersÂ® CastoriaÂ®, also known as FletchersÂ® Laxative, is an oral syrup containing a stimulant laxative and ingredients to soothe the stomach. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ...

General election

He campaigned on the basis of efficiency and prosperity against Democratic candidate Alfred E. Smith. Smith was the target of anti-Catholicism from some Protestant communities, much to Hoover's advantage. Both Hoover and Smith positioned themselves as pro-business, and each promised to improve conditions for farmers, reform immigration laws, and maintain America's isolationist foreign policy. Where they differed was on the Volstead Act. Smith was a "wet" who called for its repeal, whereas Hoover gave public support for Prohibition, calling it an experiment "noble in purpose."^[18] What few voters knew, however, was Hoover was lukewarm in his support for Volstead in private, and for years after work at the Commerce Department would stop by the Belgian Embassy for a visit with friends. While there, as it was technically foreign soil, he was able to enjoy an alcoholic drink before heading for home. Hoover used to grumble that all Prohibition successfully did was to force him to dispose of his celebrated wine cellar. Alfred Emanuel Smith ( December 30, 1873– October 4, 1944), often known as Al Smith, was Governor of New York and a U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. ... Anti-Catholicism is discrimination, hostility or prejudice directed at Catholics or the Catholic Church. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Volstead Act is the popular name for the National Prohibition Act (1919). ... The term Prohibition, also known as A Dry Law, refers to a law in a certain country by which the manufacture, transportation, import, export, and sale of alcoholic beverages is restricted or illegal. ...

Prohibition provided a means for Hoover's supporters to attack the Democratic candidate Al Smith. This was because the major attacks on Smith relied upon his being a Catholic. Because the First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion these attacks were frowned upon politically. Being labeled as an "anti-Prohibitionist drunkard" was allowed politically. Hoover also relied on the support of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Anti-Saloon League to bolster prohibition.^[19]

Historians agree Hoover's national reputation and the booming economy, combined with the deep splits in the Democratic Party over religion and Prohibition, guaranteed his landslide victory of 58% of the vote. Hoover managed to crack the so-called "Solid South," winning such traditionally Democratic states as Florida, North Carolina, Virginia, Texas and Tennessee from Smith. As advertising executive Bruce Barton put it, "Americans knew they may have more fun with Smith, but that they would make more money with Hoover." This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... Official language(s) English Demonym North Carolinian Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th in the US - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 kmÂ²) - Width 150 miles (340 km) - Length 560[1] miles (900 km) - % water 9. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... Bruce Fairchild Barton (1886-1967) - advertising executive, author. ...

Herbert Hoover's wife, Lou Henry Hoover, came to the White House, unlike her predecessors as First Ladies. She had already carved out a reputation of her own, having graduated from Stanford as the only woman in her class with a degree in geology. Although she had never practiced her profession formally, she remained very much a new woman of the post-World War I era: intelligent, robust, and possessed of a sense of female possibilities. Lou Henry Hoover (1874-1944) Lou Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 â€“ January 7, 1944) was the wife of President Herbert Hoover and First Lady of the United States. ...

On poverty, Hoover promised: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land." Within months, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred, and the nation's economy spiraled downward into what became known as the Great Depression. For the protest against the Communications Decency Act, see Black World Wide Web protest. ... For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ...

Presidency 1929-1933

Hoover held a press conference for reporters on his first day in office, promising a "new phase of press relations."^[20] He told the group to elect a committee of journalists, who could recommend improvements to the White House press conference. Hoover declined to use a spokesman, instead asking reporters to directly quote him and giving them handouts with his statements ahead of time. In his first 120 days in office, he held more regular and frequent press conferences than any other President, before or since. He changed his press policies after the 1929 stock market crash, screening reporters and greatly reducing his availability.^[20]

Hoover invented his own sport to keep fit while in the White House, a combination of volleyball and tennis which he played every morning.^[21] Hoover-ball is a medicine ball game invented by Herbert Hoovers personal physician to help keep then-President Hoover fit. ... For the ball used in this sport, see Volleyball (ball). ... For other uses, see Tennis (disambiguation). ...

Policies

After his successful election in November 1928, Hoover entered office with a plan for reform of the nation's regulatory system. A dedicated Progressive and Reformer, Hoover saw the presidency as a vehicle for improving the conditions of all Americans by regulation and by encouraging volunteerism. Long before he entered politics he denounced laissez-faire thinking.^[22] As Commerce Secretary he had taken an active pro-regulation stance. As President, he helped push tariff and farm subsidy bills through Congress. For other uses, see Progressivism (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ... An agricultural subsidy is a governmental subsidy paid to farmers to supplement their income, help manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and bolster the market price of commodities. ...

Hoover expanded civil service coverage of Federal positions, canceled private oil leases on government lands, and by instructing the Justice Department and the Internal Revenue Service to go after gangsters for tax evasion, he enabled the prosecution of gangster Al Capone. He appointed a commission which set aside 3 million acres (12,000 km²) of national parks and 2.3 million acres (9,000 km²) of national forests; advocated tax reduction for low-income Americans (not enacted); closed certain tax loopholes for the wealthy; doubled the number of veteran's hospital facilities; negotiated a treaty on St. Lawrence Seaway (which failed in the U.S. Senate); wrote a Children's Charter that advocated protection of every child regardless of race or gender; built the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge^{[citation needed]}; created an antitrust division in the Justice Department; required air mail carriers to adopt stricter safety measures and improve service; proposed federal loans for urban slum clearances (not enacted); organized the Federal Bureau of Prisons; reorganized the Bureau of Indian Affairs; instituted prison reform; proposed a federal Department of Education (not enacted); advocated fifty-dollar-per-month pensions for Americans over 65 (not enacted); chaired White House conferences on child health, protection, homebuilding and homeownership; began construction of the Boulder Dam (later renamed Hoover Dam); and signed the Norris-La Guardia Act that limited judicial intervention in labor disputes. The Roman civil service in action. ... Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, Washington, D.C. For animal rights group, see Justice Department (JD) The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the... Seal of the Internal Revenue Service Tax rates around the world Tax revenue as % of GDP Part of the Taxation series IRS redirects here. ... â€œCaponeâ€ redirects here. ... This article is about national parks. ... The Saint Lawrence Seaway in its broadest sense (see Great Lakes Waterway) is the system of canals that permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes as far as Lake Superior. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, Washington, D.C. For animal rights group, see Justice Department (JD) The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the... The Federal Bureau of Prisons is a subdivision of the United States Department of Justice, and is responsible for the administration of the federal prison system. ... The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the Department of the Interior charged with the administration and management of 55. ... The Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building[1]) , ED headquarters in Washington, DC A construction project to repair and update the building facade at the Department of Education Headquarters building in 2002 resulted in the installation of structures at all of the entrances to protect employees and visitors from... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... Hoover Dam is a concrete gravity_arch dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between Arizona and Nevada. ... For the dam near Westerville, Ohio, see Hoover Dam (Ohio). ... The Norris-LaGuardia Act or Anti Injunction Bill of 1932 outlawed yellow dog contracts in which a worker agreed as a condition of employment not to join a labor union. ...

Hoover's humanitarian and Quaker reputation, along with a vice-president of partial Native American descent, gave special meaning to his Indian policies. His Quaker upbringing influenced his views that Native Americans needed to achieve economic self-sufficiency. As President, he appointed Charles J. Rhoads as commissioner of Indian affairs. Hoover supported Rhoads' commitment to Indian assimilation and sought to minimize the federal role in Indian affairs. His goal was to have Indians acting as individuals (not as tribes) and to assume the responsibilities of citizenship granted with the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.^[23] This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted full U.S. citizenship to Americas indigenous peoples. ...

On November 19, 1928, Hoover embarked on a seven-week goodwill tour of several Latin American nations to explain his economic and trade policies to other nations in the Western hemisphere. While in Argentina, he escaped an assassination attempt by Argentine anarchists led by Severino Di Giovanni, who attempted to blow up the railroad car in which he was traveling.^[24] The plotters had an itinerary of Hoover's rail journey, complete with dates and times of arrival, but the bomber was arrested before he could place the explosives on the rails.^[24] Hoover himself never mentioned the incident, and his complimentary remarks on Argentina were well-received in both the host country and in the press.^[25] A Goodwill Tour is a term used to indicate a tour by someone or something famous to a series of places, with the purpose of (1) showing friendship for the places on the tour and (2) exhibiting the item or person to places visited. ...

In foreign relations, Hoover began formulating what would later become Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy following the 1930 release of the Clark Memorandum, by withdrawing American troops from Nicaragua and Haiti; he also proposed an arms embargo on Latin America and a one-third reduction of the world's naval power, which was called the Hoover Plan. The Roosevelt Corollary ceased being part of U.S. foreign policy. In response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, he and Secretary of State Henry Stimson outlined the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine that said the United States would not recognize territories gained by force. The Good Neighbor policy was the policy of the United States Administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in relation to Latin America and Europe during 1933-45. ... The Clark Memorandum written in 1928 by Calvin Coolidge’s undersecretary of state J. Reuben Clark stated that the United States has no right to use military force to intervene in Latin American nations. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... A political cartoonists commentary on Roosevelts big stick policy The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was a substantial alteration (called an amendment) of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

During his presidency, Hoover mediated between Chile and Peru to solve a conflict on the sovereignty of Arica and Tacna that in 1883 by the Treaty of Ancón had been awarded to Chile for ten years, to be followed by a plebiscite that had never happened. By the Tacna-Arica compromise at the Treaty of Lima in 1929, Chile kept Arica, and Peru regained Tacna. Arica, Chile 2005 Arica is a port city in northern Chile, located only 18 km (11 miles) south of the border with Peru. ... Tacna is a city in southern Peru, located only 35 km (21 mi) north from the border with Chile. ... Postal Stamp that picture the Treaty The Treaty of AncÃ³n was signed by Peru and Chile on 20 October 1883, in the district of AncÃ³n, Lima, Peru. ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... The Tacna Arica compromise was a series of documents that settled the territorial dispute of both Tacna and Arica provinces. ...

Great Depression

Hoover's stance on the economy was based largely on volunteerism. From before his entry to the presidency, he was a proponent of the concept that public-private cooperation was the way to achieve high long-term growth. Hoover feared that too much intervention or coercion by the government would destroy individuality and self-reliance, which he considered to be important American values. Both his ideals and the economy were put to the test with the onset of The Great Depression. At the outset of the Depression, Hoover claims in his memoirs that he rejected Treasury Secretary Mellon's suggested "leave-it-alone" approach.^[26] Critics, such as liberal economist Paul Krugman,^[27]^[28] on the other hand, accuse Hoover of sharing Mellon's laissez-faire viewpoint. President Hoover made attempts to stop "the downward spiral" of the Great Depression.^[29] His policies, however, had little or no effect. As the economy quickly deteriorated in the early years of the Great Depression, Hoover declined to pursue legislative relief, believing that it would make people dependent on the federal government. Instead, he organized a number of voluntary measures with businesses, encouraged state and local government responses, and accelerated federal building projects. Only toward the end of his term did he support a series of legislative solutions. For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... Children cart dirt and debris away during a community clean-up day in YaoundÃ©, Cameroon. ... The Great Depression was a decade of unemployment, low profits, low prices, high poverty and stagnant trade that affected the entire world in the 1930s. ... Mellon portrait Andrew William Mellon (March 24, 1855–August 27, 1937) was an American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932. ... Paul Krugman Paul Robin Krugman (born February 28, 1953) is an American economist. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ...

In 1929, President Hoover authorized the Mexican Repatriation program. To combat rampant unemployment, the burden on municipal aid services, and remove people seen as usurpers of American jobs, the program was largely a forced migration of an estimated 500,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans to Mexico. The program continued through 1937. The Mexican Repatriation was a largely forced migration mainly taking place between 1931 and 1934, when over 500,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans, more than one third of the United States Mexican population, were deported or voluntarily repatriated to Mexico. ... Forced migration refers to the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region. ... The United Mexican States or Mexico (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México; regarding the use of the variant spelling Méjico, see section The name below) is a country located in North America, bordered to the north by the United States of America, to the southeast by Guatemala and Belize, to... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Congress approved the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in 1930. The legislation, which raised tariffs on thousands of imported items, was signed into law by President Hoover in June 1930. The intent of the Act was to encourage the purchase of American-made products by increasing the cost of imported goods, while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers. However, economic depression now spread through much of the world, and other nations increased tariffs on American-made goods in retaliation, reducing international trade, and worsening the Depression.^[30] Representative W.C. Hawley, and Senator Reed Smoot shake hands in agreement on new tariff bill The Hawley-Smoot Tariff (or Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act)[1] was signed into law on June 17, 1930, and raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels, and, in...

In 1931, Hoover issued the Hoover Moratorium, calling for a one-year halt in reparation payments by Germany to France and in the payment of Allied war debts to the United States. The plan was met with much opposition, especially from France, who saw significant losses to Germany during World War I. The Moratorium did little to ease economic declines. As the moratorium neared its expiration the following year, an attempt to find a permanent solution was made at the Lausanne Conference of 1932. A working compromise was never established, and by the start of World War II, reparations had stopped completely.^[31]^[32] This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... World War I reparations refers to the payments and transfers of property and equipment that the German state was forced to make following its defeat during World War I. Article 231 of the Treaty (the war guilt clause) held Germany solely responsible for all loss and damage suffered by the... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... The Lausanne Conference was a 1932 meeting of representatives from Great Britain, Germany, and France that resulted in an agreement to suspend World War I reparations payments imposed on the defeated countries by the Treaty of Versailles. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

President Hoover, in 1931, urged the major banks in the country to form a consortium known as the National Credit Corporation (NCC).^[33] The NCC was an example of Hoover's belief in volunteerism as a mechanism in aiding the economy. Hoover encouraged NCC member banks to provide loans to smaller banks to prevent them from collapsing. The banks within the NCC were often reluctant to provide loans, usually requiring banks to provide their largest assets as collateral. It quickly became apparent that the NCC would be incapable of fixing the problems it was designed to solve, and it was abandoned in favor of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was an independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. ...

By 1932, the Great Depression had spread across the globe. In the U.S., unemployment had reached 24.9%,^[34] a drought persisted in the agricultural heartland, businesses and families defaulted on record numbers of loans, and more than 5,000 banks had failed.^[35] Tens-of-thousands of Americans found themselves homeless and they began congregating in the numerous Hoovervilles (also known as shanty towns or tent cities) that had begun to appear across the country. The name 'Hooverville' was coined by their residents as a sign of their disappointment and frustration with the perceived lack of assistance from the federal government. In response, President Hoover and Congress approved the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, to spur new home construction, and reduce foreclosures. The plan seemed to work, as foreclosures dropped, but it was seen as too little, too late. Hooverville near Portland, Oregon Hooverville is a term describing a series of villages that appeared during the Great Depression in the United States from 1929 through the 1930s and 1940s. ... Joe Slovo shanty town in Langa on the Cape Flats simmers after a fire (Cape Town, South Africa) Shanty town near Tijuana, Mexico. ... The term tent city covers a wide variety of usually temporary housing made of tents. ... The Federal Home Loan Bank Act is a United States federal law passed in 1932 under President Herbert Hoover in order to lower the cost of home ownership. ...

Prior to the start of the Depression, Hoover's first Treasury Secretary, Andrew Mellon, had proposed, and saw enacted, numerous tax cuts, which cut the top income tax rate from 73% to 24%. When combined with the sharp decline in incomes during the early depression, the result was a serious deficit in the federal budget. Congress, desperate to increase federal revenue, enacted the Revenue Act of 1932. The Act increased taxes across the board, and the percentage increased with income, to near pre-1928 levels for top income earners. It also implemented a 13.75% tax on corporations. Mellon portrait Andrew William Mellon (March 24, 1855–August 27, 1937) was an American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932. ... The Revenue Act of 1932 raised United States tax rates across the board, with the rate on top incomes rising from 25 percent to 63 percent. ...

The final attempt of the Hoover Administration to rescue the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act which included funds for public works programs and the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932. The RFC's initial goal was to provide government-secured loans to financial institutions, railroads and farmers. The RFC had minimal impact at the time, but was adopted by Franklin Delano Roosevelt and greatly expanded as part of his New Deal. In July 1932, Congress passed the countrys first major-relief legislation, the Emergency Relief and Construction Act. ... The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was an independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... This article is about the policy program of US President Franklin D Roosevelt. ...

Economy

To pay for these and other government programs, Hoover agreed to one of the largest tax increases in American history. The Revenue Act of 1932 raised income tax on the highest incomes from 25% to 63%. The estate tax was doubled and corporate taxes were raised by almost 15%. Also, a "check tax" was included that placed a 2-cent tax (over 30 cents in today's dollars) on all bank checks. Economists William D. Lastrapes and George Selgin,^[36] conclude that the check tax was "an important contributing factor to that period's severe monetary contraction." Hoover also encouraged Congress to investigate the New York Stock Exchange, and this pressure resulted in various reforms. The Revenue Act of 1932 raised United States tax rates across the board, with the rate on top incomes rising from 25 percent to 63 percent. ... Tax rates around the world Tax revenue as % of GDP Economic policy Monetary policy Central bank Money supply Fiscal policy Spending Deficit Debt Trade policy Tariff Trade agreement Finance Financial market Financial market participants Corporate Personal Public Banking Regulation An income tax is a tax levied on the financial income... Inheritance tax, also known in some countries outside the United States as a death duty and referred to as an estate tax within the U.S, is a form of tax levied upon the bequest that a person may make in their will to a living person or organisation. ... Corporate tax refers to a direct tax levied by various jurisdictions on the profits made by companies or associations. ... The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), nicknamed the Big Board, is a New York City-based stock exchange. ...

For this reason, years later libertarians argued that Hoover's economics were statist. Franklin D. Roosevelt blasted the Republican incumbent for spending and taxing too much, increasing national debt, raising tariffs and blocking trade, as well as placing millions on the dole of the government. Roosevelt attacked Hoover for "reckless and extravagant" spending, of thinking "that we ought to center control of everything in Washington as rapidly as possible," and of leading "the greatest spending administration in peacetime in all of history."^[37] Roosevelt's running mate, John Nance Garner, accused the Republican of "leading the country down the path of socialism".^[38] This article deals with the libertarianism as defined in America and several other nations. ... Statism (or Etatism) is a term that is used to describe: Specific instances of state intervention in personal, social or economic matters. ... FDR redirects here. ... John Nance Garner IV (November 22, 1868 â€“ November 7, 1967) was a Representative from Texas and the thirty-second Vice President of the United States (1933-41). ...

These policies pale beside the more drastic steps taken later as part of the New Deal. Hoover's opponents charge that his policies came too little, and too late, and did not work. Even as he asked Congress for legislation, he reiterated his view that while people must not suffer from hunger and cold, caring for them must be primarily a local and voluntary responsibility. This article is about the policy program of US President Franklin D Roosevelt. ...

Even so, New Dealer Rexford Tugwell^[39] later remarked that although no one would say so at the time, "practically the whole New Deal was extrapolated from programs that Hoover started." Rexford Guy Tugwell (July 10, 1891 - July 21, 1979) was an agricultural economist who became part of Franklin D. Roosevelts Brains Trust, a group of Columbia academics who helped develop policy recommendations leading up to Roosevelts 1932 election as President. ...

Bonus Army

Thousands of World War I veterans and their families demonstrated and camped out in Washington, D.C., during June 1932, calling for immediate payment of a bonus that had been promised by the Adjusted Service Certificate Law in 1924 for payment in 1945. Although offered money by Congress to return home, some members of the "Bonus army" remained. Washington police attempted to remove the demonstrators from their camp, but they were outnumbered and thereby unsuccessful. Shots were fired by the police in a futile attempt to attain order, and two protesters were killed while many officers were injured. Hoover sent U.S. Army forces led by General Douglas MacArthur and helped by lower ranking officers Dwight D. Eisenhower and George S. Patton to stop a march. MacArthur, believing he was fighting a communist revolution, chose to clear out the camp with military force. In the ensuing clash, hundreds of civilians were injured. Hoover had actually sent orders that the Army was to not move on the encampment, but MacArthur chose to ignore the command. Hoover was incensed, but refused to reprimand MacArthur. The entire incident was another devastating negative for Hoover in the 1932 election. That led New York governor and Democratic presidential candidate Franklin Roosevelt to declare of Hoover: "There is nothing inside the man but jelly!" Shacks, put up by the Bonus Army on the Anacostia flats, Washington, D.C., burning after the battle with the military, 1932. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... A veteran refers to a person who is experienced in a particular area, particularly referring to people in the armed forces. ... The Adjusted Service Certificate Law refers to the law passed in 1924 by the US government that granted World War I veterans bonus certificates that would be redeemable for cash in twenty years. ... Congress in Joint Session. ... Shacks, put up by the Bonus Army on the Anacostia flats, Washington, D.C., burning after the battle with the military, 1932. ... The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... This article is about the American general; for the municipality in the Philippines, see General MacArthur, Eastern Samar. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was a five-star General in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953â€“1961). ... George Patton redirects here. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

1932 campaign

Although Hoover had come to detest the presidency, he agreed to run again in 1932, both as a matter of pride, but also because he feared that no other likely Republican candidate would deal with the depression without resorting to dangerously radical measures. Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

Hoover was nominated by the Republicans for a second term. He had originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, but when polls showed the entire Republican ticket facing a resounding defeat at the polls, Hoover agreed to an expanded schedule of public addresses. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy. The apologetic approach did not allow Hoover to refute Franklin Roosevelt's charge that he was personally responsible for the depression.^[40]

In his campaigns around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds any sitting president had ever faced. In addition to having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to kill Hoover by disgruntled citizens, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another actually already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the President's train. He lost the election by a huge margin, winning only six out of 48 states.^[41] USSS redirects here. ...

Hoover suffered a large defeat at the election, obtaining 39.7% of the popular vote to Roosevelt's 57.4%. Hoover's popular vote was reduced by 26% from his result in the 1928 election. In the electoral college he carried only Pennsylvania, Delaware, and a handful of Northeast states and lost 59 - 472. The Democrats also extended their control over the U.S. House and gained control of the U.S. Senate. This article is about Electoral Colleges in general. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Delaware. ...

After the defeat, Hoover's attempts to reach out to Roosevelt to help calm investors and begin to resolve the economic problems facing the country were rebuffed; since Roosevelt was not inaugurated until March 1933, this "guaranteed that Roosevelt took the oath of office amid such an atmosphere of crisis that Hoover had become the most hated man in America."^[41]

Administration and cabinet

For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... Detail of Johansens Signing of the Treaty of Versailles. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... The Vice President of the United States[1] (sometimes referred to as VPOTUS,[2] Veep, or VP) is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and, until 2003, some issues of national security and defense. ... Mellon portrait Andrew William Mellon (March 24, 1855–August 27, 1937) was an American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932. ... Ogden Livingston Mills (August 23, 1884–October 11, 1937) was an American businessman and politician. ... The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... James William Good (September 24, 1866 November 18, 1929) was an American politician from the state of Iowa. ... Patrick Jay Hurley (January 8, 1883, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory â€” July 30, 1963, Santa Fe, NM) was an American soldier, statesman, and diplomat. ... The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... William DeWitt Mitchell (September 9, 1874–August 24, 1955) was U.S. Attorney General for the entirety of Herbert Hoovers Presidency. ... The Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. ... Walter Folger Brown (May 31, 1869–January 26, 1961) was Postmaster General of the United States from 1929 through 1933. ... Flag of the United States Secretary of the Navy. ... Charles Francis Adams III (2 August 1866â€“June 10, 1954) was the United States Secretary of the Navy under Herbert Hoover and well-known as a yachtsman. ... The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, concerned with such matters as national parks and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... Ray Lyman Wilbur (April 13, 1875–June 26, 1949) was a medical doctor, President of Stanford University and the 31st United States Secretary of the Interior. ... The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture concerned with land and food as well as agriculture and rural development. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1880 births | 1936 deaths ... Seal of the United States Department of Labor Secretary of Labor redirects here. ... William Nuckles Doak (December 12, 1882â€“October 23, 1933) was an American labor leader who served as United States Secretary of Labor from December 9, 1930 to March 4, 1933 under Herbert Hoover. ...

Supreme Court appointments

Hoover appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:^[42] The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS[1]) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. ...

Hoover broke party lines to appoint the Democrat Cardozo. He explained that he "was one of the ancient believers that the Supreme Court should have a strong minority of the opposition's party and that all appointments should be made from experienced jurists. When the vacancy came... [Hoover] canvassed all the possible Democratic jurists and immediately concluded that Justice Cardozo was the right man and appointed him."^[43] Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial... Owen Josephus Roberts (May 2, 1875 â€“ May 17, 1955) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court for fifteen years. ... Justice Benjamin Nathan Cardozo (May 24, 1870–July 9, 1938) was a distinguished American jurist who is remembered not only for his landmark decisions on negligence but also his modesty and philosophy. ...

Post-presidency

Hoover departed from Washington in March 1933 with some bitterness, disappointed both that he had been repudiated by the voters and unappreciated for his best efforts. The Hoovers went first to New York City, where they stayed for a while in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Later that same spring, the Hoovers returned to California to live at their home in Palo Alto. The hotels name with a single hyphen is engraved and gilded over the entrance. ... This article is about the U.S state. ... Downtown Palo Alto Palo Alto is a city in Santa Clara County, in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, USA. Palo Alto is located at the northern end of the Silicon Valley, and is home to Stanford University (which is technically located in an adjacent area — Stanford, California), and...

Herbert Hoover liked to get behind the wheel of his car, accompanied only by his wife, or a friend (former Presidents did not get Secret Service protection until the 1960s), and drive for hundreds or thousands of miles on wandering journeys, visiting Western mining camps or small towns where he often went unrecognized, or heading up to the mountains, or deep into the woods, to go fishing in relative solitude. A year before his death, his own fishing days behind him, he published Fishing For Fun — And To Wash Your Soul, the last of his more than sixteen books. USSS redirects here. ...

Although many of his friends and supporters called upon Hoover to speak out against Franklin Delano Roosevelt's (FDR) "New Deal" and to assume his place as the voice of the "loyal opposition", he refused to do so for many years after leaving the White House, and he largely kept himself out of the public spotlight until late in 1934. However, that did not stop rumors from springing up about him, often fanned by Democratic politicians who found the former President to be a convenient scapegoat. One rumor had it that he had attempted to flee the country in a yacht with $5 million in gold, another that the Federal Bureau of Investigation had arrested him and placed him in protective custody "for his own safety."^{[citation needed]} Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... This article is about the policy program of US President Franklin D Roosevelt. ... The Scapegoat by William Holman Hunt, 1854. ... F.B.I. and FBI redirect here. ...

The relationship between Hoover and Roosevelt was one of the most severely strained in Presidential history. While Hoover had little good to say about his successor, there was little he could do. FDR, however, supposedly could and did engage in various petty official acts aimed at his predecessor, ranging from dropping him from the White House birthday greetings message list to having Hoover's name struck from the Hoover Dam along the Colorado River border, which would officially be known only as Boulder Dam for many years to come. For the dam near Westerville, Ohio, see Hoover Dam (Ohio). ... The Colorado River from the bottom of Marble Canyon, in the Upper Grand Canyon Colorado River in the Grand Canyon from Desert View The Colorado River from Laughlin Horseshoe Bend is a horseshoe-shaped meander of the Colorado River located near the town of Page, Arizona The Colorado River is...

In 1936, Hoover entertained hopes of receiving the Republican presidential nomination once again, and thus facing Roosevelt in a rematch. However, although he retained strong support among some delegates, there was never much hope of his being selected. He publicly endorsed the nominee, Kansas Governor Alf Landon, although privately he worried that Landon was too willing to accept the New Deal policies.^{[citation needed]} But Hoover might as well have been the nominee, since the Democrats virtually ignored Landon, and they ran against the former President himself, constantly attacking him in speeches and warning that a Landon victory would put Hoover back in the White House as the secret power "behind the throne". Roosevelt won 46 of the 48 states, burying Landon in the Electoral College, and the Republican Party in Congress in another landslide. Presidential electoral votes by state. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Alf Landon Alfred Mossman Alf Landon (September 9, 1887 â€“ October 12, 1987) was an American Republican politician from Kansas, who was defeated in a landslide by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election. ... This article is about Electoral Colleges in general. ... GOP redirects here. ...

Although Hoover's reputation was at its low point, circumstances would now begin to develop that would help rehabilitate his name and restore him to a position of prominence in the life of the nation. Roosevelt overreached on his Supreme Court packing plan, and a further financial recession in 1937 and 1938 tarnished his image of invincibility. The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937, frequently called the Court-packing Bill, was a law proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt. ...

By 1940, Hoover was again being spoken of as the possible nominee of the party. Although he trailed in the polls behind Thomas Dewey, Arthur Vandenberg, and his own former protege, Robert A. Taft, he still had considerable first-ballot delegate strength, and it was believed that if the convention deadlocked between the leading candidates, the party might turn to him as its compromise. However, the convention nominated the utility company president Wendell Willkie, who had supported Roosevelt in 1932 but turned against him after the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority forced him to sell his company. Hoover dutifully supported Willkie, although he despaired that the nominee endorsed a platform that, to Hoover, was little more than the New Deal in all but name. Following 1940, Hoover never again considered holding public office, even when the opportunity to return seemingly presented itself. Thomas Edmund Dewey (b. ... Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg (March 22, 1884–April 18, 1951) was a Republican Senator from the state of Michigan who participated in the creation of the United Nations. ... Robert Alphonso Taft I (September 8, 1889 - July 31, 1953), of the Taft family political dynasty of Ohio, was a United States Senator and Presidential candidate in the United States Republican Party. ... Wendell L. Willkie Wendell Lewis Willkie (February 18, 1892 â€“ October 8, 1944) was a lawyer in the United States and the Republican nominee for the 1940 presidential election. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

The road to war and World War II

With the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, Hoover joined with the majority of Americans to declare for neutrality from the conflict. Like many, he initially believed that the Allies would be able to contain Hitler's Germany. When the Nazis overran France and then had Britain held in a stalemate, many Americans saw Britain as on the verge of collapse. Nonetheless, Hoover declared that it would be folly for the United States to declare war on Germany and to rush to save the United Kingdom. Rather, he held, it was far wiser for this nation to devote itself to building up its own defenses, and to wash its hands of the mess in Europe. He called for a "Fortress America" concept, in which the United States, protected on the East and on the West by vast oceans patrolled by its Navy and its Air Corps (the USAAF), could adequately repel any attack on the Americas. Hoover publicly opposed Roosevelt's peacetime draft of men, the Lend-Lease Program, and the "shoot on sight" command that FDR gave the U.S. Navy should it cross paths with any German U-boats in the shipping lanes between the United States and the U.K., viewing them all as threats to America's official neutrality. The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... USAAF recruitment poster. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas in an equal-area projection The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... Conscription in the United States has been employed several times, usually during war but also during the nominal peace of the Cold War. ... The Lend-Lease program was a program of the United States during World War II that allowed the United States to provide the Allied Powers with war material without becoming directly involved in the war. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... U-boat is also a nickname for some diesel locomotives built by GE; see List of GE locomotives October 1939. ...

During a radio broadcast on June 29, 1941, one week after the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, Hoover disparaged any "tacit alliance" between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. by saying:

With the entry of the United States into the war on December 7, 1941, with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Hoover swept aside all feelings of neutrality, and he called for total victory. He offered himself to the government in any capacity necessary, but the Roosevelt Administration did not call upon him to serve. This article is about the harbor in Hawaii. ...

Post-World War II

Based on Hoover's previous experience with Germany at the end of World War I, in 1946 President Harry S. Truman selected Hoover to tour Germany in order to ascertain the food status of the occupied nation. Hoover toured what was to become West Germany in Field Marshal Hermann Göring's old train coach and produced a number of reports sharply critical of U.S. occupation policy. The economy of Germany had "sunk to the lowest level in a hundred years."^[45] He stated in one report: John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... For other persons named Harry Truman, see Harry Truman (disambiguation). ... (January 12, 1893 â€“ October 15, 1946) was a German politician and military leader, a leading member of the Nazi Party, second in command of the Third Reich, designated successor to Adolf Hitler, and commander of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force). ... The Presidents Economic Mission to Germany and Austria was the title of a series of reports commissioned by U.S. President Harry S. Truman and written by former President Herbert Hoover. ...

As the Cold War approached and deepened, Hoover expressed reservations about some of the activities of the American Friends Service Committee, which he previously had strongly supported.^{[citation needed]} The Morgenthau Plan showing the planned partitioning of Germany into a North State, a South State, and an International zone. ... Extermination is the act of killing with the intention of eradicating a population. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... American Friends Service Committee logo The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) is a Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) affiliated organization which works for social justice, peace and reconciliation, abolition of the death penalty, and human rights, and provides humanitarian relief. ...

On Hoover’s initiative, a school meals program in the American and British occupation zones of Germany was begun on April 14, 1947. The program served 3.5 million children aged six through 18. A total of 40,000 tons of American food was provided during the Hooverspeisung (Hoover meals).

In 1947, President Harry S. Truman appointed Hoover to a commission, which elected him chairman, to reorganize the executive departments. This became known as the Hoover Commission. He was appointed chairman of a similar commission by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. Both found numerous inefficiencies and ways to reduce waste, but Hoover was disappointed that the government did not enact most of the recommendations that the commissions had made. For other persons named Harry Truman, see Harry Truman (disambiguation). ... An agency is a department of a local or national government responsible for the oversight and administration of a specific function, such as a customs agency or a space agency. ... Note: This article is about the two commissions, 1947-1949 and 1953-1955, headed by former President Herbert Hoover to recommend administrative changes to promote efficiency in the United States Government. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was a five-star General in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953â€“1961). ...

In 1949, the New York State Governor Thomas E. Dewey offered Hoover a seat in the U.S. Senate, to fulfill an unexpired term, but Hoover declined it. Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 â€“ March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1954) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ...

Following WW II, Hoover became friends with President Harry S. Truman. Hoover joked that they were for many years the sole members of the "trade union" of former Presidents (since Calvin Coolidge and Roosevelt were dead already). German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ... For other persons named Harry Truman, see Harry Truman (disambiguation). ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ...

Throughout the Cold War, Hoover, always an opponent of Marxism, became even more outspokenly anti-Communist. Despite his advancing years, he continued to work nearly full-time both on his writing (among his literary works is The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, a bestseller, and the first time one former President had ever written a biography about another), as well as overseeing the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, which housed not only his own professional papers, but also those of a number of other former high ranking governmental and military servants. He also threw himself into fund-raising for the Boys Clubs (now the Boys & Girls Clubs of America), which became his pet charity. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... Anti-communism is opposition to communist ideology, organization, or government, on either a theoretical or practical level. ... Hoover Tower at the Hoover Institution The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace is a public policy think tank and library founded by Herbert Hoover at Stanford University, his alma mater. ... Stanford redirects here. ... Boys & Girls Clubs of America (BGCA) is a national non-profit youth organization that links together individual clubs throughout the United States with the aim of providing places to go, activities, health and fitness enhancement, and programs for young people. ...

In 1960, he appeared at his final Republican National Convention. Since the 1948 convention, he had been feted as the guest of "farewell" ceremonies (the unspoken assumption being that the aging former President might not survive until the next convention). Joking to the delegates, he said, "Apparently, my last three good-byes didn't take." Although he lived to see the 1964 convention, ill health prevented him from attending. The Presidential nominee Barry Goldwater acknowledged Hoover's absence in his acceptance speech. Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 â€“ May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953â€“1965, 1969â€“87) and the Republican Partys nominee for president in the 1964 election. ...

Hoover died at the age of 90 in New York City at 11:35 a.m. on October 20, 1964, 31 years and seven months after leaving office. He had outlived by 20 years his wife, Lou Henry Hoover, who had died in 1944, and he was the last living member of both the Harding and Coolidge administrations. By the time of his death, he had rehabilitated his image. His birthplace in Iowa, as well as a home he lived in as a child in Oregon, became National Landmarks during his lifetime. His Rapidan fishing camp in Virginia, which he had donated to the government in 1933, is now a National Historic Landmark within the Shenandoah National Park. As of 2008, he had the longest retirement of any President. Hoover and his wife are buried at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in West Branch, Iowa. Hoover was honored with a state funeral, the last of three in a span of 12 months, coming as it did just after the deaths of President John F. Kennedy and General Douglas MacArthur. Warren Harding redirects here. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... The Brown House was President Hoovers Cabin at Rapid Camp Rapidan Camp (also later known as Camp Hoover) in the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia was selected by U.S. President Herbert Hoover and his wife Lou Henry Hoover to become rustic presidential retreat. ... Shenandoah National Park encompasses part of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Blue Ridge region of Virginia. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... This article is about the American general; for the municipality in the Philippines, see General MacArthur, Eastern Samar. ...

Heritage and memorials

The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library of Herbert Hoover, the 31st President of the United States. Located in West Branch, Iowa next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, the library is one of twelve presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration. The Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House, built in 1919 in Palo Alto, California, is now the official residence of the president of Stanford University, and a National Historic Landmark. Hoover's rustic rural presidential retreat, Rapidan Camp (also known as Camp Hoover) in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, has recently been restored and opened to the public. The Hoover Dam was also firmly named in his honor, eventually. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The National Archives building in Washington, DC The United States National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records. ... The Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House, located on the campus of Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, USA, is a large, rambling house, resembling blocks piled up. ... Location in Santa Clara County and the state of California Coordinates: , Country State County Santa Clara Government - Mayor Yoriko Kishimoto[1] Area - City 25. ... Stanford redirects here. ... This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ... The Brown House was President Hoovers Cabin at Rapid Camp Rapidan Camp (also later known as Camp Hoover) in the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia was selected by U.S. President Herbert Hoover and his wife Lou Henry Hoover to become rustic presidential retreat. ... Shenandoah National Park encompasses part of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Blue Ridge region of Virginia. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... For the dam near Westerville, Ohio, see Hoover Dam (Ohio). ...

On December 10, 2008, Hoover's great-granddaughter Margaret Hoover and Senate of Puerto Rico President Kenneth McClintock unveiled a life-sized bronze statue of the 31st President of the United States at Puerto Rico's Territorial Capitol. The statue is one of seven honoring Presidents who have visited the United States territory during their term of office. Seal of the Senate of Puerto Rico. ... Kenneth McClintock, President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ...

One line in the All in the Family theme song — an ironic exercise in pre-New Deal nostalgia — says "Mister, we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again." For other uses, see All in the Family (disambiguation). ...

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Dwight David Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was a five-star General in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953â€“1961). ... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... LBJ redirects here. ... Nixon redirects here. ... For other persons named Gerald Ford, see Gerald Ford (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... Reagan redirects here. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... 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Clarkson (May 17, 1842 - September 3, 1905) was born in Brookville, Indiana, but raised a native of Polk County, Iowa. ... This article or section needs to be wikified. ... Mark Hanna Mark A. Hanna (September 24, 1837â€“February 15, 1904), born Marcus Alonzo Hanna, was an industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. ... For other people with the same name, see Henry Payne. ... G.B. Cortelyou Brian William Cortelyou (July 26, 1862â€“October 23, 1940) was an American Presidential Cabinet secretary of the early 20th century. ... Harry Stewart New (1858–1937) was a U.S. journalist and political figure. ... Frank H. Hitchcock was Postmaster General of the United States under President William Howard Taft from 1909 to 1913. ... John Fremont Hill (1855-1912) was an American capitalist and public official, born at Eliot, Me. ... Victor Rosewater (February 13, 1871 â€“ 1940) was a Jewish politician from the U. S. state of Nebraska. ... -1... Cover of Time Magazine (September 13, 1926) William Harrison Hays (November 5, 1879â€“March 7, 1954) was the namesake of the Hays Code, chairman of Republican National Committee and U.S. Postmaster General. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article was imported from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and needs to be rewritten and/or reformatted in accordance with Wikipedia styles. ... Hubert Work (July 3, 1860 - December 14, 1942) was a U.S. administrator. ... Claudius Hart Huston (1876 - 1952) was a politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... Simeon Davison Fess (December 11, 1861 - December 23, 1936) was a Republican politician and educator from Ohio. ... Everett Sanders (March 8, 1882 - May 12, 1950) was an American political figure. ... Henry Prather Fletcher (1873â€“1959) was an American diplomat. ... John Hamilton was chair of the Republican National Committee. ... Joseph William Martin, Jr (November 3, 1884 - March 6, 1968) was an American politician from North Attleborough, Massachusetts. ... G. Bailey Walsh (1905 â€“ 1962) was a politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... Harrison Earl Spangler (June 10, 1879 - ?) was a politician from the U. S. state of Iowa. ... Brazilla Carroll Reece (December 22, 1889â€“March 19, 1961) was a U.S. Representative from Tennessee. ... Hugh Scott was a repulsive, single-celled bacterium who served in the United States House of Representatives and Senate during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. ... Guy George Gabrielson (born 1891 or 1892, died May 1, 1976) was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1949 to 1952. ... Arthur Ellsworth Summerfield (17 March 1899, Pinconning, Michigan – 26 April 1972, West Palm Beach, Florida) was a U.S. political figure. ... Charles Wesley Roberts (born December 14, 1902 - 1976) was a Kansas businessman who was Chairman of the Republican National Committee for four months in 1953 under Dwight D. Eisenhower. ... Leonard Wood Hall (October 2, 1900 - June 2, 1979) was a United States Representative from New York. ... Meade Hugh Alcorn (1907 - 1992) was a U.S. lawyer and political figure. ... Thruston Ballard Morton (1907 - 1982), a Republican, represented Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. ... William Edward Miller (March 22, 1914 – June 24, 1983), was an American politician. ... Dean Burch served as Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from October 31, 1969 to March 8, 1974. ... Ray C. Bliss (1907 - 1981) was one of the important national Republican party leaders of the 1960s and served as Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1965 to 1969, during which time Richard M. Nixon was elected to his first term as president. ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1914 births | 1979 deaths | U.S. Secretaries of the Interior ... Â§ Robert Joseph Dole (born July 22, 1923) was a United States Senator from Kansas from 1969-1996, serving part of that time as United States Senate Majority Leader. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... Mary Louise Smith (October 6, 1914â€“August 22, 1997), a U.S. political organizer and womens rights activist, was the second woman to become chairman of a major political party in the United States. ... Peters Grandpa III (born November 23, 1930) was a Republican United States U.S. senator from Tennessee from 1971 to 1977. ... Richard (Dick) Richards was born in Ogden, Utah. ... Frank Fahrenkopf, Jr. ... Harvey Leroy Lee Atwater (February 26, 1951 â€“ March 29, 1991) was an American Republican political consultant and strategist. ... Clayton Keith Yeutter (born December 10, 1930) in Eustis, Nebraska. ... Richard N. Bond is a former chairman of the Republican National Committee, from 1992 to 1993. ... Haley Reeves Barbour (born October 22, 1947) is the current Republican governor of Mississippi. ... Robert James Jim Nicholson (born February 4, 1938[1]) is an attorney, real estate developer, and a former Republican Party chairman. ... James Stuart Jim Gilmore III (born October 6, 1949) is a Republican politician who was Governor of Virginia from 1998 to 2002. ... Marc F. Racicot /pronounced: ROSS-ko/ (born July 24, 1948) is a Republican Party politician. ... Edward Gillespie (born 1962) is an American conservative Republican political lobbyist. ... Kenneth Brian Mehlman (born August 21, 1966, Baltimore, Maryland) is an American attorney who was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 2005 to 2007. ... Mike Duncan is the current chairman of the Republican National Committee. ... Michael S. Steele (born October 19, 1958) is the chairman of GOPAC and a former Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, having been elected on the same ticket as Governor Robert L. Ehrlich in 2002. ... This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the Republican Party of the United States. ... John Charles FrÃ©mont (January 21, 1813 â€“ July 13, 1890), was an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. ... William Lewis Dayton (February 17, 1807 â€“ December 1, 1864) was an American politician. ... For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ... Hannibal Hamlin (August 27, 1809 â€“ July 4, 1891) was the fifteenth Vice President of the United States, serving under President Abraham Lincoln from 1861-1865. ... For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ... For other persons of the same name, see Andrew Johnson (disambiguation). ... Ulysses S. Grant,[2] born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822 â€“ July 23, 1885), was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869â€“1877). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ulysses S. Grant,[2] born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822 â€“ July 23, 1885), was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869â€“1877). ... Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 â€“ January 17, 1893) was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth President of the United States (1877â€“1881). ... William Almon Wheeler (June 30, 1819 â€“ June 4, 1887) was a Representative from New York and the nineteenth Vice President of the United States. ... For his son, also a prominent politician, see James Rudolph Garfield. ... Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 â€“ November 18, 1886) was an American politician who served as the 21st President of the United States. ... James Gillespie Blaine (January 31, 1830 â€“ January 27, 1893) was a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine and a two-time United States Secretary of State. ... For other persons with similar names, see John Logan. ... For other persons named Benjamin Harrison, see Benjamin Harrison (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other persons named Benjamin Harrison, see Benjamin Harrison (disambiguation). ... Whitelaw Reid Whitelaw Reid (October 27, 1837 - December 15, 1912) was a U.S. politician and newspaper editor, as well as the author of a popular history of Ohio in the Civil War. ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ... Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3, 1844–November 21, 1899) was the twenty-fourth Vice President of the United States. ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... Charles Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 â€“ June 4, 1918) was a Senator from Indiana and the twenty-sixth Vice President of the United States. ... For other persons named William Howard Taft, see William Howard Taft (disambiguation). ... James Schoolcraft Sherman (October 24, 1855 â€“ October 30, 1912) was a Representative from New York and the 27th Vice President of the United States. ... Nicholas Murray Butler Nicholas Murray Butler (April 2, 1862 â€“ December 7, 1947) was an American philosopher, diplomat, and educator. ... Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. ... Charles Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 â€“ June 4, 1918) was a Senator from Indiana and the twenty-sixth Vice President of the United States. ... Warren Harding redirects here. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 â€“ April 23, 1951) was an American banker and politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States. ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... Alf Landon Alfred Mossman Alf Landon (September 9, 1887 â€“ October 12, 1987) was an American Republican politician from Kansas, who was defeated in a landslide by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election. ... Frank Knox William Franklin Frank Knox (January 1, 1874â€“April 28, 1944) was the Secretary of the Navy under Franklin D. Roosevelt during most of World War II. He was also the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1936. ... Wendell L. Willkie Wendell Lewis Willkie (February 18, 1892 â€“ October 8, 1944) was a lawyer in the United States and the Republican nominee for the 1940 presidential election. ... Charles L. McNary Charles Linza McNary (June 12, 1874 - February 25, 1944) was a U.S. Republican politician from Oregon, best known for serving as Minority Leader of the United States Senate from 1933 to 1944. ... Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 â€“ March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1954) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. ... John William Bricker (September 6, 1893 â€“ March 22, 1986) was a United States politician from Ohio. ... Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 â€“ March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1954) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. ... For the swing saxophonist and occasional singer, see Earle Warren Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 â€“ July 9, 1974) was a California district attorney of Alameda County, the 20th Attorney General of California, the 30th Governor of California, and the 14th Chief Justice of the United States (from 1953 to 1969). ... Dwight David Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was a five-star General in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953â€“1961). ... Nixon redirects here. ... Nixon redirects here. ... Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 â€“ May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953â€“1965, 1969â€“87) and the Republican Partys nominee for president in the 1964 election. ... William Edward Miller (March 22, 1914 – June 24, 1983), was an American politician. ... Nixon redirects here. ... Spiro Theodore Agnew (November 9, 1918 â€“ September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States serving under President Richard M. Nixon, and the fifty-fifth Governor of Maryland. ... For other persons named Gerald Ford, see Gerald Ford (disambiguation). ... Â§ Robert Joseph Dole (born July 22, 1923) was a United States Senator from Kansas from 1969-1996, serving part of that time as United States Senate Majority Leader. ... Reagan redirects here. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... James Danforth[1][2] Dan Quayle (born February 4, 1947) is an American politician and a former Senator from the state of Indiana. ... Â§ Robert Joseph Dole (born July 22, 1923) was a United States Senator from Kansas from 1969-1996, serving part of that time as United States Senate Majority Leader. ... Jack French Kemp Jr. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... This article is about the U.S. Senator. ... Sarah Heath Palin (nÃ©e Sarah Louise Heath, born February 11, 1964 in Sandpoint, Idaho) is the current Governor of Alaska. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... The Alabama Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Alabama. ... The Republican Party of Alaska is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Alaska. ... The Arizona Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Arizona. ... The Republican Party of Arkansas is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Arkansas. ... The California Republican Party is the California affiliate of the national Republican Party. ... The Colorado Republican Party is the state affiliate of the United States Republican Party in the U.S. state of Colorado. ... The Connecticut Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Connecticut. ... The Republican State Committee of Delaware is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Delaware. ... The Republican Party of Florida is the official organization for Republicans in the state of Florida. ... The Idaho Republican Party, the Idaho state affiliate of the United States Republican Party, is the dominant political party in the state of Idaho. ... The Illinois Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Illinois. ... The Indiana Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Indiana. ... The Republican Party of Iowa is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Iowa. ... The Kansas Republican Party is the Kansas organization of the national Republican Party. ... The Republican Party of Kentucky is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Kentucky. ... The Republican Party of Louisiana is the Louisiana organization of the national Republican Party. ... The Maine Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Maine. ... The Maryland Republican Party of today is compassionate, true to its roots and acting in the vein of Abraham Lincoln and Ronald Reagan. ... Logo of the Massachusetts Republican Party The Massachusetts Republican Party, as its name implies, is the Massachusetts branch of the United States Republican Party. ... The Michigan Republican Party is the state affiliate of the national Republican Party. ... The Republican Party of Minnesota is the Minnesota branch of the United States Republican Party. ... The Mississippi Republican Party is the state affiliate of the national Republican Party. ... The Missouri Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Missouri. ... The Montana Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Montana. ... The Nebraska Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Nebraska. ... The Nevada Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Nevada. ... The New Hampshire Republican State Committee is the affiliate of the Republican Party in New Hampshire. ... The New Jersey Republican State Committee is the affiliate of the Republican Party in New Jersey. ... The Republican Party of New Mexico is the affiliate of the Republican Party in New Mexico. ... The New York Republican State Committee is the affiliate of the Republican Party in New York. ... The North Carolina Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in North Carolina. ... The North Dakota Republican Party is the North Dakota affiliate of the United States Republican Party. ... The Ohio Republican Party, the Ohio state affiliate of the United States Republican Party, controls all the elected statewide offices in Ohio as well as both houses of the Ohio General Assembly, the state legislature. ... The Oklahoma Republican Party is an Oklahoma political party affiliated with the United States Republican Party. ... The Oregon Republican Party is the state affiliate of the national Republican Party in Oregon. ... Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania is based in Harrisburg in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. ... The Rhode Island Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Rhode Island. ... The South Carolina Republican Party is the South Carolina affiliate of the national Republican Party. ... The South Dakota Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in South Dakota. ... The Tennessee Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Tennessee. ... The Republican Party of Texas is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Texas. ... The Utah State Republican Party works to elect Republicans to office in the state ofUtah. ... The Vermont Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Vermont. ... Republican Party of Virginia is based in Richmond in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... The Washington State Republican Party is the state affiliate of the national Republican Party in Washington. ... The West Virginia Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in West Virginia. ... The Republican Party of Wisconsin is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Wisconsin. ... The Wyoming Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Wyoming. ... The District of Columbia Republican Committee (DCRC) is Chaired by Robert J. Kabel and located at 1275 K Street, NW Suite 102 in Washington, D.C.. The DC Republican National Committee man is Anthony W. Parker and the DC Republican National Committee woman is Betsy W. Werronen. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The 1856 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 17. ... The 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, nominated former U.S. Representative Abraham Lincoln for President and Maine Senator Hannibal Hamlin for Vice-President. ... The 1864 Republican National Convention (or 1864 National Union Convention) nominated Republican Abraham Lincoln for the presidency, and nominated War Democrat Andrew Johnson for the vice presidency. ... The 1868 Republican National Convention was held in Crosbys Opera House, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, May 20-21, 1868. ... At the 1872 Republican National Convention the Republicans renominated incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant but nominated a new Vice-Presidential candidate, Henry Wilson. ... The 1876 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at the Exposition Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio on July 14-16, 1876. ... A view inside the Glass Palace during the convention; James Garfield (center, right) is on the podium, waiting to speak. ... The 1884 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at the Exposition Hall in Chicago, Illinois, on June 3-6, 1884. ... // The 1888 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held at the Exposition Hall in Chicago, Illinois, on June 19-25, 1888. ... The 1892 Republican National Convention was held at Industrial Exposition Building, Minneapolis, Minnesota, from June 7 to 10, 1892. ... The 1896 Republican National Convention was held in Exposition Building, Saint Louis, Missouri, June 16-18, 1896. ... 1900 Republican Convention The 1900 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held in June at Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Missouri. ... The 1904 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago Coliseum, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, june 21-23, 1904. ... This history article needs to be wikified. ... The 1912 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held at the Chicago Coliseum, Chicago, Illinois, from June 18 to June 22, 1912. ... The 1916 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois, from June 7 to June 10, 1916. ... The 1920 Republican National Convention nominated Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding for United States President and Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge for United States Vice President. ... The 1924 Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio. ... 1928 Republican National Convention - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... The 1932 Republican National Convention was held at Chicago Stadium in Chicago, Illinois, from June 14 to June 16, 1932. ... The 1936 Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, from June 9 to June 12, 1936. ... The 1940 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from June 24 to June 28, 1940. ... The 1944 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois, from June 26 to June 28, 1944. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... The 1952 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, Cook County, from 7 July to 11 July and nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight David Eisenhower also known as Ike for president and the anti-communist crusading senator from California, Richard Milhous Nixon, for vice president. ... The 1956 Republican National Convention was held at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California, from August 20 to August 23, 1956. ... Mitchell who sits next to Ryan Anderson in computer class at Thunderbolt Middle School is weird. ... The 1964 Republican National Convention took place in Cow Palace, San Francisco, California, July 13 - 16 1964. ... The 1968 Republican National Convention was held in Miami Beach, Miami-Dade County, Florida, August 5-8, 1968. ... The 1972 Republican National Convention was held August 21â€“23, 1972 in Miami Beach, Florida. ... The 1976 Republican National Convention was held in Kansas City, Missouri at Kemper Arena from August 16 to August 19. ... The 1980 Republican National Convention was held in july,1980 in Detroit, Michigan ... The 1984 Republican National Convention convened August 20– 23, 1984 at the Dallas Convention Center in downtown Dallas, Texas, and nominated the incumbent Ronald Reagan of California for President of the United States and incumbent George H. W. Bush of Texas for Vice President. ... Ronald and Nancy Reagan at the podium on August 15, 1988. ... The 1992 National Convention of the Republican Party (GOP) of the United States was held in the Astrodome in Houston, Texas, from August 17 to August 20, 1992. ... The 1996 Republican National Convention convened at the San Diego Convention Center (SDCC) in San Diego, California from August 12 to August 15. ... The 2000 Republican National Convention convened at the Wachovia Center (then the First Union Center) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from July 31 to August 3, 2000. ... 2004 Republican National Convention Logo President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney accepted their partys nomination to run for second terms. ... The 2008 Republican National Convention will take place at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota from September 1 until September 4, 2008. ... The Senate Republican Conference is the formal organization of the (currently) 55 Republican Senators in the United States Senate. ... The House Republican Conference, sometimes known as the House Republican Leadership Conference, is an organization for Republicans in the United States House of Representatives. ... The National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) is the Republican Hill committee for the United States Senate, working to elect Republicans to that body. ... The National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) is the Republican Hill committee for the United States House of Representatives, working to elect Republicans to that body. ... The Republican Governors Association is an association for governors in the United States who belong to the United States Republican Party. ... The College Republicans is an organization for college and university students who support the Republican Party of the United States. ... For other uses, see Log Cabin Republican (disambiguation). ... Category: ... The logo for the Republican Liberty Caucus // The Republican Liberty Caucus is a political action organization dedicated to promoting the ideals of individual rights, limited government and free enterprise within the Republican Party by: A. Promoting these ideals among Party officials and its various organizations; B. Identifying and supporting candidates... The Republican Main Street Partnership is a group of social liberals and moderates in the United States Republican Party. ... The Republican Study Committee is a caucus of conservative members of the Republican Party in the United States House of Representatives. ... The Young Republicans is an organization for members of the Republican Party of the United States between the ages of 18 and 40. ... The Republican Majority for Choice is a moderate Republican organization dedicated to preserving legal access to a full range of reproductive health care options. ... The Wish List is an organization whose acronym for Women In the Senate and House. ... Republicans for Environmental Protection (REP) is a national organization of United States Republican Party voters formed in 1995. ... The Republican Party of the United States was established in 1854 and is one of the two dominant parties today. ... National Prohibition Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1892. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... James Black (1823-1893) became a leader of the temperance movement in the United States after having a bad experience with alcohol intoxication, if not alcohol poisoning. ... Green Clay Smith Green Clay Smith (1826-1895), a Major General in the United States Army, received his law degree from the Lexington Law School and became a member of the state legislature of Kentucky. ... Neal S. Dow (1804-1897) was a prohibitionist mayor of Portland, Maine. ... John Pierce St. ... General Clinton Bowen Fisk (1828-1890), for whom Fisk University is named, was a senior officer in the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. ... John Bidwell John Bidwell (August 5, 1819- April 4, 1900) was known throughout California and across the nation as an important pioneer, farmer, soldier, statesman, politician and philanthropist. ... Joshua Levering (born 1845) was a prominent Baptist leader . ... Donelson Caffery (September 10, 1835 December 30, 1906) was an American politician from the state of Louisiana. ... Silas Comfort Swallow (1839 - 1930) was a United States Methodist preacher and prohibitionist politician. ... Eugene Wilder Chafin (November 1, 1852 â€“ November 30, 1920) was an United States politician from the Prohibition Party. ... James Franklin Hanly (April 4, 1863 â€“ August 1, 1920) was an United States politician who served as the 26th Governor of Indiana from 1905 to 1909. ... Aaron S. Watkins (1863-1941), born in Ohio in 1863, was president of Asbury College in Kentucky. ... Herman P. Faris was born in 1858 and became a banker in Missouri. ... William F. Varney ran on the Prohibition ticket during the 1928 U.S. Presidential election. ... William D. Upshaw (1866-1952) served eight years in Congress (1919-1927), where he was such a strong proponent of the temperance movement that he became known as the driest of the dry. ... David Leigh Colvin, usually known as D. Leigh Colvin (1880 - ?) Was the Prohibition Partys candidate for U.S. Senator from New York in 1916, the partys candidate for mayor of New York City in 1917, its candidate for the vice-presidency of the United States in 1920, candidate... Roger Ward Babson (July 6, 1875 - March 5, 1967), was a fucking asshole. ... Claude A. Watson was a lawyer, businessman, and minister from Hermon ( a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California ), who was nationally active in the temperance movement. ... Carl Stuart Hamblen (1908-1989), often called Stuart Hamblen, became radios firt singing cowboy in 1926. ... Enoch Arden Holtwick, (born 1881 -Â± 1972 in Greenville, Illinois,[1] was an educator with a long record of actively supporting the temperance movement. ... Rutherford L. Decker (May 17, 1904 - September 1972) was an United States politician, a longtime member and a Presidential nominee of Prohibition Party in 1960. ... Earl Harold Munn (1903-1992), Academic Dean of Hillsdale College in Michigan, was an educationalist and temperance campaigner. ... Benjamin Calvin Bubar, Jr. ... Earl Farwell Dodge (b. ... Gene Amondson (b. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... The United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor was the head of the short-lived United States Department of Commerce and Labor, which was concerned with business, industry, and labor. ... G.B. Cortelyou Brian William Cortelyou (July 26, 1862â€“October 23, 1940) was an American Presidential Cabinet secretary of the early 20th century. ... Victor Howard Metcalf (October 10, 1853–February 20, 1936) was an American politician. ... Categories: Stub | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce and Labor ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Wikimedia Commons has multimedia related to: William C. Redfield Categories: Stub | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce ... Joshua Willis Alexander Joshua Willis Alexander (January 22, 1852 February 27, 1936) was United States Secretary of Commerce from December 16, 1919 - March 4, 1921 in the administration of President Woodrow Wilson. ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1864 births | 1936 deaths ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1880 births | 1936 deaths ... Categories: Stub | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1867 births | 1943 deaths ... Harry Lloyd Hopkins Harry Lloyd Hopkins (August 17, 1890 â€“ January 29, 1946) was one of Franklin Delano Roosevelts closest advisors. ... Jesse Holman Jones Jesse Holman Jones (also known as Jesse H. Jones) (April 5, 1874 â€“ June 1, 1956) was a Houston, Texas politician and entrepreneur. ... William Averell Harriman (November 15, 1891 â€“ July 26, 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician, businessman and diplomat. ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1887 births | 1979 deaths ... Categories: U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | People stubs | United States Senators | 1893 births | 1972 deaths ... Lewis Lichtenstein Strauss Lewis Lichtenstein Strauss (pronounced straws, IPA strÉ’z) (b. ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1893 births | 1976 deaths ... Luther Hartwell Hodges Luther Hartwell Hodges (9 March 1898 â€“ 6 October 1974) was the Democratic governor of the state of North Carolina from 1954 to 1961 and United States Secretary of Commerce from 1961 to 1965. ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1914 births | 2000 deaths ... Alexander Buel Trowbridge Alexander Buel Trowbridge (born December 12, 1929) was the United States Secretary of Commerce from June 14, 1967 to March 1, 1968 in the administration of Lyndon Johnson. ... Cyrus Rowlett Smith Cyrus Rowlett Smith (September 9, 1899 – April 4, 1990), known throughout his life as C. R. Smith, was the CEO of American Airlines from 1934 to 1968 and from 1973 to 1974. ... Maurice Stans Maurice Hubert Stans (March 22, 1908 - April 14, 1998) was the finance chairman for the commmittee to re-elect United States President Richard Nixon (CREEP). ... Petersons official portrait as Commerce Secretary Peter George Peterson (born June 5, 1926) is an American businessman, investment banker, fiscal conservative, author, and politician whose most prominent political position was as United States Secretary of Commerce from February 29, 1972 to February 1, 1973. ... Frederick Baily Dent United States Secretary of Commerce from February 2, 1973 to March 26, 1975. ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1914 births | 1979 deaths | U.S. Secretaries of the Interior ... Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920 â€“ December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. ... Juanita M. Kreps Juanita Morris Kreps (b. ... Philip Morris Klutznick Philip Morris Klutznik (born July 9, 1907 died August 14, 1999) was a U.S. administrator who served as U.S. Secretary of Commerce from January 9, 1980 to January 19, 1981. ... Malcolm Baldrige Howard Malcolm Mac Baldrige (October 4, 1922 â€“ July 25, 1987) was the 26th United States Secretary of Commerce. ... Calvin William Verity Jr. ... Robert Adam Mosbacher Robert Adam Mosbacher shaking hands with Boris Yeltsin Robert Adam Mosbacher (born March 11, 1927) is a U.S. businessman. ... External link Barbara Hackman profile, NNDB. Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1940 births ... Ronald Harmon Brown (August 1, 1941 â€“ April 3, 1996), was the United States Secretary of Commerce, serving during the first term of President Bill Clinton. ... Michael Mickey Kantor (born August 7, 1939 in Nashville, Tennessee) is an American politician and lawyer. ... William Daley was United States Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton. ... Norman Yoshio Mineta (born November 12, 1931) is a United States politician of the Democratic Party. ... Donald Evans Donald Louis Evans (born July 27, 1946) was the 35th U.S. Secretary of Commerce. ... Carlos M. Gutierrez (originally GutiÃ©rrez) (born November 4, 1953) is the 35th U.S. Secretary of Commerce, succeeding Donald Evans. ... Former Governor Gary Locke Gary F. Locke (born January 21, 1950 in Seattle, Washington) was the Democratic governor of Washington (1997-2005), and the first Chinese-American governor in United States history. ... The Cabinet meets in the Cabinet Room on May 16, 2001. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... Warren Harding redirects here. ... The Vice President of the United States[1] (sometimes referred to as VPOTUS,[2] Veep, or VP) is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. ... The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and, until 2003, some issues of national security and defense. ... Andrew William Mellon (March 24, 1855 â€” August 27, 1937) was an American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932. ... The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... John Wingate Weeks (April 11, 1860â€“July 12, 1926) was an American politician in the Republican Party. ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... Harry Micajah Daugherty (January 26, 1860â€“October 12, 1941) (daw-GER-tee) was an American politician. ... The Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. ... Cover of Time Magazine (September 13, 1926) William Harrison Hays (November 5, 1879â€“March 7, 1954) was the namesake of the Hays Code, chairman of Republican National Committee and U.S. Postmaster General. ... Hubert Work (July 3, 1860 - December 14, 1942) was a U.S. administrator. ... Harry Stewart New (1858–1937) was a U.S. journalist and political figure. ... Flag of the United States Secretary of the Navy. ... The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, concerned with such matters as national parks and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... Albert Bacon Fall (November 26, 1861 â€“ November 30, 1944) was a Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, notorious for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal. ... Hubert Work (July 3, 1860 - December 14, 1942) was a U.S. administrator. ... The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture concerned with land and food as well as agriculture and rural development. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Seal of the United States Department of Labor Secretary of Labor redirects here. ... The Cabinet meets in the Cabinet Room on May 16, 2001. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... The Vice President of the United States[1] (sometimes referred to as VPOTUS,[2] Veep, or VP) is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. ... Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 â€“ April 23, 1951) was an American banker and politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. ... Frank Billings Kellogg (December 22, 1856 â€“ December 21, 1937) was an American politician and statesman. ... The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... John Wingate Weeks (April 11, 1860â€“July 12, 1926) was an American politician in the Republican Party. ... Cover of Time Magazine (December 15, 1924) Dwight Filley Davis (July 5, 1879 - November 28, 1945) was an American tennis player and politician. ... The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and, until 2003, some issues of national security and defense. ... Andrew William Mellon (March 24, 1855 â€” August 27, 1937) was an American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932. ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... Harry Micajah Daugherty (January 26, 1860â€“October 12, 1941) (daw-GER-tee) was an American politician. ... Harlan Fiske Stone (October 11, 1872–April 22, 1946) was the dean of Columbia Law School, Attorney General of the United States, Associate Justice and later Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. ... John Garibaldi Sargent (October 13, 1860–March 5, 1939) was an American lawyer and statesman. ... The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. ... Harry Stewart New (1858–1937) was a U.S. journalist and political figure. ... Flag of the United States Secretary of the Navy. ... The 43rd Secretary of the Navy, Curtis Dwight Wilbur, (10 May 1867â€“8 September 1954) was born in Boonesboro, Iowa. ... The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, concerned with such matters as national parks and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... Hubert Work (July 3, 1860 - December 14, 1942) was a U.S. administrator. ... Roy Owen West (October 27, 1868â€“November 29, 1958) a Chicagoan and graduate of DePauw University in 1890, was U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1928 until 1929, serving under Calvin Coolidge. ... The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture concerned with land and food as well as agriculture and rural development. ... Howard Mason Gore (born in Harrison County, West Virginia, October 12, 1887; died June 20, 1947) was the United States Secretary of Agriculture during the presidential administration Calvin Coolidge, and later Governor of West Virginia from 1925-1931. ... William Marion Jardine (1879 - 1955) was a U.S. administrator and educator. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1864 births | 1936 deaths ... Seal of the United States Department of Labor Secretary of Labor redirects here. ... 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