NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hillary Rodham Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is the 67th United States Secretary of State, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She was a United States Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. As the wife of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. She was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2008 election. The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... Barack and Obama redirect here. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... This article is about the state. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as President of the United States following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect in 1789. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... First Lady Laura Bush and former first ladies (from left to right) Rosalynn Carter, Sen. ... New York junior Senator and former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton had expressed interest in the 2008 United States presidential election[1] since at least October 2002, drawing media speculation on whether she would become a candidate. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas Politics Portal Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... This article provides an overview of the nomination process. ... Presidential electoral votes by state The United States Presidential election of 2008 will be held on November 4, 2008. ...

A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham first attracted national attention in 1969 for her remarks as the first student to deliver the commencement address at Wellesley College. She embarked on a career in law after graduating from Yale Law School in 1973. Following a stint as a Congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas in 1974 and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, Rodham co-founded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. In 1978, she became the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation. She was named the first female partner at Rose Law Firm in 1979, and was twice listed as one of the one hundred most influential lawyers in America. She was the First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992 and successfully led a task force to reform Arkansas's education system. She sat on the boards of Wal-Mart and several other corporations. This article is about the U.S. State. ... Kent Beck giving a commencement speech George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton speaking at the University of New Hampshire commencement. ... For other uses, see Wellesley College (disambiguation). ... The Sterling Law Building Sculptural ornamentation on the Sterling Law Building Yale Law School, or YLS, is the law school of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... This article is about the U.S. State. ... The Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families is an organization whose mission is to protect and promote through research, education and advocacy the rights and well-being of Arkansas children and their families, to assure that they have the opportunity to lead healthy and productive lives. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Rose Law Firm is a law firm headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas. ... Chairman of the Board redirects here. ... Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ...

When she was First Lady of the United States, her major initiative, the Clinton health care plan, failed to gain approval from the U.S. Congress in 1994. In 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a role in advocating for the establishment of the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the Adoption and Safe Families Act, and the Foster Care Independence Act. Her time as First Lady drew a polarized response from the American public. She became the only First Lady to be subpoenaed, testifying before a federal grand jury as a consequence of the Whitewater controversy in 1996. She was never charged with any wrongdoing in this or any of the several other investigations during her husband's administration. The state of her marriage to Bill Clinton was the subject of considerable public discussion following the Lewinsky scandal in 1998. The Clinton health care plan was a 1993 healthcare reform package proposed by the administration of Bill Clinton, then sitting President of the United States. ... The State Childrenâ€™s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) is a national program in the United States designed for families who earn too much money to qualify for Medicaid, yet cannot afford to buy private insurance. ... CWLA Summary Categories: Statute stubs | United States federal legislation ... The Foster Care Independence Act (H.R. 3443) was passed by the United States Congress in November 1999[1] and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on December 17, 1999. ... In politics, polarization is the process by which the public opinion divides and goes to the extremes. ... A subpoena is a command to appear at a certain time and place to give testimony upon a certain matter. ... In the American common law legal system, a grand jury is a type of jury which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... President Clintons Cabinet, circa 1993 The Presidency of Bill Clinton, also known as the Clinton Administration, was the executive branch of the federal government of the United States from 1993 to 2001 while Bill Clinton served as President of the United States. ... The Monica Lewinsky scandal was a political-sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a then 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. ...

After moving to New York, Clinton was elected as senator for New York State in 2000. That election marked the first time an American First Lady had run for public office; Clinton was also the first female senator to represent New York. In the Senate, she initially supported the George W. Bush administration on some foreign policy issues, which included voting for the Iraq War Resolution. She subsequently opposed the administration on its conduct of the war in Iraq, and opposed it on most domestic issues. She was re-elected by a wide margin in 2006. In the 2008 presidential nomination race, Clinton won more primaries and delegates than any other female candidate in American history, but she narrowly lost to Senator Barack Obama. As Obama's Secretary of State, Clinton is the first former First Lady to serve in a president's cabinet. The New York United States Senate election in 2000 featured an historic race in which Hillary Rodham Clinton became the first First Lady of the United States to run (and win) an election for public office. ... The Bush administration includes President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard Cheney, Bushs Cabinet, and other select officials and advisors. ... The Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq (H.J.Res. ... There have been three conflicts in the late 20th century and early 21st century called Gulf War, all of which refer to conflicts in the Persian Gulf region: Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) (aka First Gulf War). ... The New York 2006 U.S. Senate election held November 7, 2006 determined that incumbent Democratic Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton would continue to represent New York in the United States Senate, for a six-year term ending January 2013. ... This article provides an overview of the nomination process. ... Barack and Obama redirect here. ... The Cabinet meets in the Cabinet Room on May 16, 2001. ...

Early life and education

Early life

Hillary^[1] Diane Rodham was born at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.^[2]^[3] She was raised in a United Methodist family, first in Chicago, and then, from the age of three, in suburban Park Ridge, Illinois.^[4] Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was a child of Welsh and English immigrants;^[5] he managed a successful small business in the textile industry.^[6] Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, of English, Scottish, French, French Canadian, and Welsh descent,^[5] was a homemaker.^[7] She has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... The United Methodist Church is the largest Methodist denomination, and the second-largest Protestant one, in the United States. ... The City of Park Ridge The city of Park Ridge is an affluent suburb of Chicago in Cook County in the United States. ... Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (born April 2, 1911 in Scranton, Pennsylvania, died April 7, 1993 in Little Rock, Arkansas) was Hillary Rodham Clintonâ€™s father. ... This article is about the country. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Dorothy Emma Howell Rodham (born June 1919)[1] is an American homemaker and mother of New York Senator and former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. ... This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. ... French Canadian is a term that has several different connotations. ... This article is about Welsh people who are considered to be an ethnic group and a nation. ... Hugh Rodham was Hillary Clinton’s father and a lifelong Republican. ... Tony Rodham is the youngest brother of New York Senator and Former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. ...

As a child, Hillary Rodham was a teacher's favorite at her public schools in Park Ridge.^[8]^[9] She participated in swimming, baseball, and other sports.^[9]^[8] She also earned many awards as a Brownie and Girl Scout.^[9] She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for National Honor Society.^[10]^[2] For her senior year she was redistricted to Maine South High School, where she was a National Merit Finalist and graduated in the top five percent of her class of 1965.^[10]^[11] Her mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career,^[7] and her father, otherwise a traditionalist, held the modern notion that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender.^[12] The William J. Clinton Presidential Center is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States. ... A Brownie is a young person, aged between seven and ten, who is a member of a Guide Association. ... The Girl Scouts of the United States of America (GSUSA) is a youth organization for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad. ... Maine East High School, or Maine East, and officially Maine Township High School East, is a public four-year high school located at the corner of Dempster Street and Potter Road in Park Ridge, Illinois, a north-west suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. ... A students union, student government, or student council is a student organization present at many colleges and universities, often with its own building on the campus, dedicated to social and organizational activities of the student body. ... Established in 1921, the National Honor Society (NHS) is recognition program for middle and high school students who show achievement in scholarship, leadership, service, and character. ... Maine South High School, or MSHS, is a public four-year high school located in Park Ridge, Illinois, a north-west suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. ... A National Merit Finalist is a recipient of an award from the National Merit Scholarship Corporation. ...

Raised in a politically conservative household,^[7] at age thirteen Rodham helped canvass South Side Chicago following the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election, where she found evidence of electoral fraud against Republican candidate Richard Nixon.^[13] She then volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the U.S. presidential election of 1964.^[14] Rodham's early political development was shaped most by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fervent anti-communist), who introduced her to Goldwater's classic The Conscience of a Conservative,^[15] and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of social justice), with whom she saw and met civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. in Chicago in 1962.^[16] Conservatism in the United States comprises a constellation of political ideologies including fiscal conservatism, free market or economic liberalism, social conservatism,[1] bioconservatism and religious conservatism,[2][3] as well as support for a strong military,[4] small government and promotion of states rights. ... The Victory Monument in the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. ... The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D. Eisenhowers two terms as President. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. ... GOP redirects here. ... Nixon redirects here. ... Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 â€“ May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953â€“1965, 1969â€“87) and the Republican Partys nominee for president in the 1964 election. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Anti-communism is opposition to communist ideology, organization, or government, on either a theoretical or practical level. ... The Conscience of a Conservative (Library of Congress Catalogue Card #60-12269) is a book published under the name of Arizona Senator and 1964 Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater in 1960. ... For other uses, see Methodism (disambiguation). ... Social justice refers to the concept of an unjust society that refers to more than just the administration of laws. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Martin Luther King redirects here. ...

College

In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in political science.^[17] During her freshman year, she served as president of the Wellesley Young Republicans;^[18]^[19] with this Rockefeller Republican-oriented group,^[20] she supported the elections of John Lindsay and Edward Brooke.^[21] She later stepped down from this position, as her views changed regarding the American Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War.^[18] In a letter to her youth minister at this time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal."^[22] In contrast to the 1960s current that believed in radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it.^[23] In her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the anti-war presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy.^[24] Following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty.^[24] In early 1968, she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association and served through early 1969;^[23]^[25] she was instrumental in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges.^[23] A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become the first woman President of the United States.^[23] So she could better understand her changing political views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference, and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program.^[24] Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican Representative Charles Goodell to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller’s late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.^[24] Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami. However, she was upset by how Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and left the Republican Party for good.^[24] For other uses, see Wellesley College (disambiguation). ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ... The Young Republicans is an organization for members of the Republican Party of the United States between the ages of 18 and 40. ... In the United States, the term Rockefeller Republican refers to a faction of Republicans who hold liberal views similar to those of the late Nelson Rockefeller (1908-1979), governor of New York from 1959 to 1974 and Vice President of the United States under President Gerald Ford from 1974 to... This article is about the American politician. ... Edward William Brooke III (born October 26, 1919) is an American politician and was the first African American to be elected by popular vote to the United States Senate when he was elected as a Republican from Massachusetts in 1966, defeating his Democratic opponent, Endicott Peabody, 58%â€“42%. He was... Prominent figures of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience, and included the assassination of Democratic candidate Robert F. Kennedy, the violence at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, and widespread demonstrations against the Vietnam War across American university and college campuses. ... Not to be confused with the anti-Communist senator Joseph Raymond McCarthy. ... Martin Luther King, Jr. ... Alan Schechter is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. ... The House Republican Conference, sometimes known as the House Republican Leadership Conference, is an organization for Republicans in the United States House of Representatives. ... Charles Ellsworth Goodell (March 16, 1926 â€“ January 21, 1987) was a U.S. Representative and a Senator from New York, notable for coming into both offices under special circumstances following the deaths of his predecessors. ... Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 â€“ January 26, 1979) was an American Vice President, governor of New York State, philanthropist and businessman. ... The 1968 Republican National Convention was held in Miami Beach, Miami-Dade County, Florida, August 5-8, 1968. ...

Returning to Wellesley for her final year, Rodham wrote her senior thesis about the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky under Professor Schechter (years later while she was First Lady, access to the thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the subject of some speculation).^[26] In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts,^[27] with departmental honors in political science.^[26] Following pressure from some fellow students,^[28] she became the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver their commencement address.^[25] Her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven minutes.^[23]^[29]^[30] She was featured in an article published in Life magazine,^[31] due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Edward Brooke, who had spoken before her at the commencement.^[28] She also appeared on Irv Kupcinet's nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers.^[32] That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).^[33] Saul Alinsky off the cover of Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky, His Life and Legacy by Sanford D. Horwitt. ... In 1969, Hillary Rodham wrote a 92-page senior thesis for Wellesley College entitled There Is Only The Fight. ... B. A. redirects here. ... Philippe Halsmans famous portrait of Marilyn Monroe Life generally refers to two American magazines: A humor and general interest magazine published from 1883 to 1936; A publication created by Time founder Henry Luce in 1936, with a strong emphasis on photojournalism. ... Edward William Brooke III (born October 26, 1919) is an American politician and was the first African American to be elected by popular vote to the United States Senate when he was elected as a Republican from Massachusetts in 1966, defeating his Democratic opponent, Endicott Peabody, 58%â€“42%. He was... Irv Kupcinet (July 31, 1912-November 10, 2003) was a Chicago Sun-Times columnist and broadcast personality based in Chicago, Illinois. ... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... Denali National Park Denali National Park and Preserve is located in Interior Alaska and contains Mount McKinley, the tallest mountain in North America. ... Egyptians bringing in fish, and splitting for salting In fishing industry, fish processing or fish products industry refers to processing fish delivered by fisheries, which are the supplier of the fish products industry. ... Valdez (IPA: ) is a city in Valdez-Cordova Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. ...

Law school

Rodham then entered Yale Law School, where she served on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action.^[34] During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center,^[35] learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973).^[36]^[37] She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale-New Haven Hospital,^[36] and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for the poor.^[35] In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor. There she researched migrant workers' problems in housing, sanitation, health and education.^[38] Edelman later became a significant mentor.^[39] The Sterling Law Building Sculptural ornamentation on the Sterling Law Building Yale Law School, or YLS, is the law school of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. ... The Yale Review of Law and Social Action is a student-edited quarterly that was published by Yale University from 1970 to 1973. ... The Yale Child Study Center is a department at Yale University School of Medicine that brings together multiple disciplines to further the understanding of the problems of children and families. ... Child abuse is the physical, psychological or sexual abuse or neglect of children. ... Yale-New Haven Hospital (abbreviated YNHH) is a world-renowned 944-bed hospital located in downtown New Haven, Connecticut. ... Marian Wright Edelman (born June 6, 1939) is the president and founder of the Childrens Defense Fund. ... Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (largely established by former Vice President Hubert Humphrey). ... The United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) generally considers matters relating to health, education, labor, and pensions. ... A foreign worker (cf expatriate), is a person who works in a country other than the one of which he or she is a citizen. ...

In the late spring of 1971, she began dating Bill Clinton, also a law student at Yale. That summer, she interned at the Oakland, California, law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein.^[40] The firm was well-known for its support of constitutional rights, civil liberties, and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or former Communist Party members);^[40] Rodham worked on child custody and other cases.^[41] Clinton canceled his original summer plans, in order to live with her in California;^[42] the couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school.^[41] The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern.^[43] She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973,^[27] having stayed on an extra year in order to be with Clinton.^[44] Clinton first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined.^[44] She began a year of post-graduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.^[45] Her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review in late 1973.^[46] Discussing the new children's rights movement, it stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"^[47] and argued that children should not be considered equally incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but that rather courts should presume competence except when there is evidence otherwise, on a case-by-case basis.^[48] The article became frequently cited in the field.^[49] William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Oakland redirects here. ... Robert Edward Treuhaft (born August 8, 1912 - died November 11, 2001) was an American lawyer and the second husband of Jessica Mitford. ... A constitutional right is a right granted by a governments constitution (on the national or sub-national level), and cannot be legally denied by that government. ... Civil liberties is the name given to freedoms that protect the individual from government. ... The term far left refers to the relative position a person or group occupies within the political spectrum. ... The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... George McGovern on May 8, 1972 cover of Time Magazine George Stanley McGovern, (born July 19, 1922) is a former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. ... J.D. redirects here. ... Degree ceremony at Cambridge. ... The Harvard Educational Review is an interdisciplinary scholarly journal of opinion and research dealing with education, published by the Harvard Education Publishing Group. ... Manifestations Slavery Â· Racial profiling Â· Lynching Hate speech Â· Hate crime Â· Hate groups Genocide Â· Holocaust Â· Pogrom Ethnocide Â· Ethnic cleansing Â· Race war Religious persecution Â· Gay bashing Movements Discriminatory Aryanism Â· Neo-Nazism Â· Supremacism Fundamentalism Â· Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Â· Civil rights Â· Gay rights Womens/Universal suffrage Â· Mens rights Childrens rights Â· Youth rights... In law, competence is conerns the mental capacity of a individual to participate in legal proceedings. ...

Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas

From the East Coast to Arkansas

During her post-graduate study, Rodham served as staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts,^[50] and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children.^[51] During 1974 she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., advising the House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal.^[52] Under the guidance of Chief Counsel John Doar and senior member Bernard Nussbaum,^[36] Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for impeachment.^[52] The committee's work culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.^[52] The Childrens Defense Fund is a child advocacy group. ... Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Middlesex Settled 1630 Incorporated 1636 Government - Type Mayor-City Council - Mayor Kenneth Reeves (D) Area - Total 7. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, or (more commonly) the House Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. ... Watergate redirects here. ... John Michael Doar (born December 3, 1921 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is a American lawyer and currently senior counsel with the law firm Doar Rieck & Mack in New York. ... Bernard W. Nussbaum was White House Counsel under Bill Clinton, and during his tenure was accused of being involved in Filegate. ...

By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future; Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright had moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide her career;^[53] Wright thought Rodham had the potential to become a future senator or president.^[54] Meanwhile, Clinton had repeatedly asked her to marry him, and she had continued to demur.^[55] However, after failing the District of Columbia bar exam^[56] and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head".^[57] She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington where career prospects were brighter. Clinton was at the time teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, she moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and became one of only two female faculty members in the School of Law at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,^[58]^[59] where Bill Clinton also was. She gave classes in criminal law, where she was considered a rigorous teacher and tough grader, and was the first director of the school's legal aid clinic.^[60] She still harbored doubts about marriage, concerned that her separate identity would be lost and that her accomplishments would be viewed in the light of someone else's.^[61] Betsey Wright is a nationally respected political adviser who worked more than a decade for Bill Clinton in Arkansas. ... ... A bar examination is an series of tests conducted at regular intervals to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given American examination usually consists of the following: complicated essay questions concerning that jurisdictions law; the Multistate Bar Examination, a standardized, nationwide examination containing generalized... The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ... Fayetteville is a college town in Washington County, Arkansas, USA and home to the University of Arkansas. ... The University of Arkansas School of Law was established in 1924 at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas. ... The University of Arkansas is a public co-educational land-grant university. ...

Early Arkansas years

Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975, and Hillary finally agreed to marriage.^[63] Their wedding took place on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.^[64] She announced she was keeping the name Hillary Rodham,^[64] to keep their professional lives separate and avoid seeming conflicts of interest and because "it showed that I was still me,"^[65] although her decision upset both their mothers.^[66] Bill Clinton had lost the Congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected Arkansas Attorney General, and so the couple moved to the state capital of Little Rock.^[67] There, in February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence.^[68] She specialized in patent infringement and intellectual property law,^[34] while also working pro bono in child advocacy;^[69] she rarely performed litigation work in court.^[70] There is also a Littlerock, California. ... The Arkansas Attorney General is an executive position and constitutional officer within the Arkansas government. ... Fayetteville is a college town in Washington County, Arkansas, USA and home to the University of Arkansas. ... The Arkansas Attorney General is an executive position and constitutional officer within the Arkansas government. ... There is also a Littlerock, California. ... Rose Law Firm is a law firm headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (film). ... Pro bono is a phrase derived from Latin meaning for the good. The complete phrase is pro bono publico, for the public good. It is used to designate legal or other professional work undertaken voluntarily and without payment, as a public service. ...

Rodham maintained her interest in children's law and family policy, publishing the scholarly articles "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect" in 1977^[71] and "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective" in 1979.^[72] The latter continued her argument that children's legal competence depended upon their age and other circumstances, and that serious medical rights cases, judicial intervention was sometimes warranted.^[48] An American Bar Association chair later said, "Her articles were important, not because they were radically new but because they helped formulate something that had been inchoate."^[48] Historian Garry Wills would later describe her as "one of the more important scholar-activists of the last two decades",^[73] while conservatives said her theories would usurp traditional parental authority,^[74] allow children to file frivolous lawsuits against their parents,^[48] and argued that her work was legal "crit" theory run amok.^[75] American Bar Associations Washington, DC office The American Bar Association (ABA) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. ... Garry Wills (born May 22, 1934 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an author and historian, and a frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books. ... Critical legal studies refers to a movement in legal thought that applied methods similar to those of critical theory (the Frankfurt School) to law. ...

Also in 1977, Rodham co-founded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund.^[34]^[76] And later that same year, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 campaign director of field operations in Indiana)^[77] appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation,^[78] and she served in that capacity from 1978 until the end of 1981.^[79] From mid-1978 to mid-1980^[80] she served as the chair of that board, the first woman to do so.^[81] During her time as chair, funding for the Corporation was expanded from $90 million to $300 million; subsequently she successfully fought President Ronald Reagan's attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization.^[69] The Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families is an organization whose mission is to protect and promote through research, education and advocacy the rights and well-being of Arkansas children and their families, to assure that they have the opportunity to lead healthy and productive lives. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Indiana (disambiguation). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Reagan redirects here. ...

Following her husband's November 1978 election as Governor of Arkansas, Rodham became First Lady of Arkansas in January 1979, her title for a total of twelve years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed her chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year,^[82] where she successfully secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees.^[83] This is a list of governors of Arkansas. ...

In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm.^[84] From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than her husband.^[85] During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham made a spectacular profit from trading cattle futures contracts;^[86] an initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months.^[87] The couple also began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal at this time.^[86] In 1978 and 1979, lawyer and First Lady of Arkansas Hillary Rodham engaged in a series of trades of cattle futures contracts. ... A corporation under investigation related to Bill Clintons White Water scandal. ... James B. (Jim) McDougal (August 25, 1940 â€“ March 8, 1998), a native of White County, Arkansas, and his wife, Susan McDougal (the former Susan Carol Hendley), were financial partners with Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton in the real estate venture that led to the Whitewater political scandal of the... Susan McDougal is one of the few people who served prison time as a result of the Whitewater controversy in the United States, though fifteen individuals were convicted of federal charges. ...

On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to a daughter, Chelsea, her only child. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for re-election. Chelsea Victoria Clinton (born February 27, 1980) is the daughter and only child of former U.S. President Bill Clinton and current New York Senator and 2008 Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Rodham Clinton. ...

Later Arkansas years

Bill Clinton returned to the governor's office two years later by winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, Rodham began to use the name Hillary Clinton, or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters;^[88] she also took a leave of absence from Rose Law in order to campaign for him full-time.^[89] As First Lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton was named chair of the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee in 1983, where she sought to reform the state's court-sanctioned public education system.^[90]^[91] In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association, to establish mandatory teacher testing as well as state standards for curriculum and classroom size.^[90]^[82] In 1985, she also introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.^[92] She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984.^[93]^[94] Reagan redirects here. ... Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) is the widow of the former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... The National Education Association (NEA) is the largest professional employee organization in the United States, representing public school teachers and other support personnel (membership is mandatory in various school districts), faculty and staffers at colleges and universities, retired educators, and college students preparing to become teachers. ...

Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was First Lady of Arkansas. She earned less than the other partners, as she billed fewer hours,^[95] but still made more than $200,000 in her final year there.^[96] She seldom did trial work,^[96] but the firm considered her a "rainmaker" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent the firm and to her corporate board connections.^[96] She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.^[96] Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial re-election campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest, because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons deflected the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.^[97]

From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foundation,^[98] which funded a variety of New Left interest groups.^[99] From 1987 to 1991, she chaired the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession,^[100] which addressed gender bias in the law profession and induced the association to adopt measures to combat it.^[100] She was twice named by the National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America: in 1988 and in 1991.^[101] When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary considered running herself, but private polls were unfavorable and in the end he ran and was re-elected for the final time.^[102] The New Left were the left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that, unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism, instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activism. ... This article is about political advocates. ... The National Law Journal, a periodical founded in 1980, provides timely legal information of national importance to attorneys, including federal circuit court decisions, verdicts, practitioners columns, coverage of legislative issues, and legal news for the business and private sectors. ...

Clinton served on the boards of the Arkansas Children's Hospital Legal Services (1988–1992)^[103] and the Children's Defense Fund (as chair, 1986–1992).^[104]^[2] In addition to her positions with non-profit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–1992),^[105] Wal-Mart Stores (1986–1992)^[106] and Lafarge (1990–1992).^[107] TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.^[96]^[108] Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman to the board.^[108] Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices, was largely unsuccessful in a campaign for more women to be added to the company's management, and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.^[108]^[109]^[106] Arkansas Childrens Hospital, an affiliate of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, is the only pediatric medical center in Arkansas and one of the largest in the United States, serving children from birth to age 21. ... The Childrens Defense Fund is a child advocacy group. ... The exterior of a generic TCBY store. ... Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ... Lafarge (Euronext: LG, NYSE: LR) is a French industrial company specializing in five major products: Cement, construction aggregates, concrete, gypsum wallboard, and roofing tile. ... Samuel Moore Walton (March 29, 1918 â€“ April 5, 1992), was an American businessman and entrepreneur born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma who founded two American retailers Wal-Mart and Sams Club. ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers...

1992 Bill Clinton presidential campaign

Hillary Clinton received sustained national attention for the first time when her husband became a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination of 1992. Before the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed claims that Bill Clinton had had an extramarital affair with Arkansas lounge singer Gennifer Flowers.^[110] In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes, where Bill Clinton denied the affair but acknowledged "causing pain in my marriage."^[111] This joint appearance was credited with rescuing his campaign.^[112] During the campaign, Hillary Clinton made culturally dismissive remarks about Tammy Wynette and her outlook on marriage,^[113] and about women staying home and baking cookies and having teas,^[114] that were ill-considered by her own admission. Bill Clinton said that electing him would get "two for the price of one" or "buy one, get one free", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.^[115] Beginning with Daniel Wattenberg's August 1992 The American Spectator article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary Clinton's own past ideological and ethical record came under conservative attack.^[74] At least twenty other articles in major publications also drew some kind of comparison between her and Lady Macbeth.^[116] The 1992 Democratic presidential primary chose the Democratic nominee for the general election. ... The New Hampshire primary is the first in a series of nationwide political party primary elections held in the United States every four years, as part of the process of choosing the Democratic and Republican nominees for the presidential elections to be held the subsequent November. ... This article is about the newspaper size. ... Gennifer Flowers (born January 24, 1950) is one of three women who have claimed to have had affairs with U.S. President Bill Clinton. ... This article is about the CBS news magazine. ... Tammy Wynette (May 5, 1942 â€“ April 6, 1998) was an American country singer and songwriter. ... Daniel Eli Wattenberg is an American journalist and musician. ... The American Spectator magazine. ... Lady Macbeth was the title of Queen Gruoch of Scotland (queen consort to King Macbeth of Scotland) before her husband ascended to the throne of Scotland. ...

First Lady of the United States

Role as First Lady

When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name.^[117] She was the first First Lady to hold a post-graduate degree^[118] and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House.^[118] She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual First Lady offices in the East Wing.^[45]^[119] She was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration, and her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones.^[120] She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history, save for Eleanor Roosevelt.^[121]^[122] Degree ceremony at Cambridge. ... The West Wing (in foreground) The West Wing is the part of the White House Complex in which the Oval Office, the Cabinet Room, and the Situation Room are located. ... The East Wing is the part of the White House Complex. ... Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (IPA: ; October 11, 1884 â€“ November 7, 1962) was First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. ...

Some critics called it inappropriate for the First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's presidency.^[123] Bill Clinton's campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as "co-presidents",^[124] or sometimes the Arkansas label "Billary".^[125]^[82] The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a First Lady were enough to send Clinton into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt;^[126] from the time she came to Washington, she also found refuge in a prayer group of The Fellowship that featured many wives of conservative Washington figures.^[127]^[128] Triggered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teachings, liberal religious political philosophy, and Tikkun editor Michael Lerner's "politics of meaning" to overcome what she saw as America's "sleeping sickness of the soul" and that would lead to a willingness "to remold society by redefining what it means to be a human being in the twentieth century, moving into a new millennium."^[129]^[130] Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion during her days in Arkansas,^[131] to a popular site in the early days of the World Wide Web devoted to showing her many different, and much analyzed, hairstyles as First Lady,^[132]^[133] to an appearance on the cover of Vogue magazine in 1998.^[134] For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... Marine One lifting off of the White House south lawn. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... January/February 2007 issue Tikkun is a bi-monthly English-language magazine, published in the United States, that analyzes American and Israeli culture, politics, religion and history from a leftist-progressive Jewish viewpoint, and provides commentary about Israeli politics and Jewish life in North America. ... CLEAN THIS UP! Most of the content is a personal attack on Lerner, Jewish Renewal, and his political and spiritual views. ... The World Wide Web and WWW redirect here. ... For other meanings, see vogue. ...

Health care and other policy initiatives

In January 1993, Bill Clinton appointed Hillary Clinton to head and be the chairwoman of the Task Force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform.^[136] The recommendation of the task force became known as the Clinton health care plan, a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. The plan was quickly derided as "Hillarycare" by its opponents; some protesters against it became vitriolic, and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, she was forced to wear a bulletproof vest at times.^[137]^[138] The plan did not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although both chambers were controlled by Democrats, and proposal was abandoned in September 1994.^[137] Clinton later acknowledged in her book, Living History, that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat, but mentioned that many other factors were also responsible. The First Lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50s percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994.^[139] Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections,^[140] which saw a net Republican gain of fifty-three seats in the House election and seven in the Senate election, winning control of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters.^[141] The White House subsequently sought to downplay Hillary Clinton's role in shaping policy.^[142] Opponents of universal health care would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.^[143] A Gallup Poll is an opinion poll conducted by The Gallup Organization and frequently used by the mass media for representing public opinion. ... The Clinton health care plan was a 1993 healthcare reform package proposed by the administration of Bill Clinton, then sitting President of the United States. ... This article is about the term as used among historical reenactors. ... Republican holds Republican pickups Democratic holds Democratic pickups The U.S. Senate election, 1994 was an election in which the Republican Party was able to take control of the Senate from the Democrats by mobilizing voters discontented with congressional incumbents and the early presidency of Bill Clinton. ... Universal health care, or universal healthcare, is health care coverage which is extended to all citizens, and sometimes permanent residents, of a governmental region. ...

Along with Senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch, she was a force behind passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents were unable to provide them with health coverage, and conducted outreach efforts on behalf of enrolling children in the program once it became law.^[144] She promoted nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a mammogram to detect breast cancer, with coverage provided by Medicare.^[145] She successfully sought to increase research funding for prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health.^[45] The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the Gulf War, which became known as the Gulf War syndrome.^[45] Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice.^[45] In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady.^[45]^[146] In 1999, she was instrumental in passage of the Foster Care Independence Act, which doubled federal monies for teenagers aging out of foster care.^[146] As First Lady, Clinton hosted numerous White House conferences, including ones on Child Care (1997),^[147] on Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997),^[148] and on Children and Adolescents (2000).^[149] She also hosted the first-ever White House Conference on Teenagers (2000)^[150] and the first-ever White House Conference on Philanthropy (1999).^[151] For other persons named Ted Kennedy, see Ted Kennedy (disambiguation). ... Orrin Grant Hatch (born March 22, 1934) is a Republican United States Senator from Utah, serving since 1977. ... The State Childrenâ€™s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) is a national program in the United States designed for families who earn too much money to qualify for Medicaid, yet cannot afford to buy private insurance. ... Mammography. ... President Johnson signing the Medicare amendment. ... HRPC redirects here. ... National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Ministry of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... Gulf War syndrome (GWS) or Gulf War illness (GWI) is the name given to an illness with symptoms including increases in the rate of immune system disorders and birth defects, reported by combat veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War. ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... Janet Reno (born July 21, 1938) was the first and to date only female Attorney General of the United States (1993â€“2001). ... The Office on Violence Against Women (OVW), founded in 1995 as the Violence Against Women Office, is a part of the United States Department of Justice that deals with violence against women, specifically implementing the mandates of the Violence Against Women Act and subsequent legislation[1]. Office of Violence Against... Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, Washington, D.C. For animal rights group, see Justice Department (JD) The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the... CWLA Summary Categories: Statute stubs | United States federal legislation ... The Foster Care Independence Act (H.R. 3443) was passed by the United States Congress in November 1999[1] and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on December 17, 1999. ... Aging out is popular culture vernacular used to describe anytime a youth leaves a formal system of care designed to provide services below a certain age level. ... This article is about the modern child welfare system of placing children in state custody in the homes of temporary caregivers. ...

Clinton traveled to 79 countries during this time,^[152] breaking the mark for most-traveled First Lady held by Pat Nixon.^[153] She did not hold a security clearance or attend National Security Council meetings, but played a soft power role in U.S. diplomacy.^[154] A March 1995 five-nation trip to South Asia, on behest of the U.S. State Department and without her husband, sought to improve relations with India and Pakistan.^[155] Clinton was troubled by the plight of women she encountered, but found a warm response from the people of the countries she visited and a gained better relationship with the American press corps.^[155]^[156] In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People's Republic of China itself,^[157] declaring "that it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights"^[157] and resisting Chinese pressure to soften her remarks.^[152] She was one of the most prominent international figures during the late 1990s to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Islamist fundamentalist Taliban.^[158]^[159] She helped create Vital Voices, an international initiative sponsored by the United States to promote the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.^[160] It and Clinton's own visits encouraged women to make themselves heard in the Northern Ireland peace process.^[161] Thelma Catherine Pat Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 â€“ June 22, 1993) was the wife of former President Richard Nixon and the First Lady of the United States of America from 1969 to 1974. ... For use by the United Nations, see Security Clearance (UN) A security clearance is a status granted to individuals allowing them access to classified information, i. ... The National Security Council (NSC) of the United States is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. ... Soft power is a term used in international relations theory to describe the ability of a political body, such as a state, to indirectly influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies through cultural or ideological means. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women on September 4-15, 1995 in Beijing, China. ... Peking redirects here. ... An Afghan or an Afghani is the name used to describe a person from the country of Afghanistan. ... Islamic fundamentalism is a term used to describe religious ideologies seen as advocating a return to the fundamentals of Islam: the Quran and the Sunnah. ... The Taliban (Pashto: - , also anglicised as Taleban) are a Sunni Islamist and Pashtun nationalist movement[2] that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the Northern Alliance and NATO countries. ... The Vital Voices Global Partnership is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization which promotes and advocates the participation of women in leadership roles in the political processes of their societies and countries. ... When discussing the history of Northern Ireland, the peace process is generally considered to cover the events leading up to the 1994 Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) ceasefire, the end of most of the violence of the Troubles, the Belfast (or Good Friday) Agreement, and subsequent political developments. ...

Whitewater and other investigations

The Whitewater controversy was the focus of media attention from the publication of a New York Times report during the 1992 presidential campaign,^[162] and throughout her time as First Lady. The Clintons had lost their late-1970s investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation;^[163] at the same time, their partners in that investment, Jim and Susan McDougal, operated Madison Guaranty, a savings and loan institution that retained the legal services of Rose Law Firm^[163] and may have been improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses.^[162] Madison Guaranty later failed, and Clinton's work at Rose was scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in representing the bank before state regulators that her husband had appointed;^[162] she claimed she had done minimal work for the bank.^[164] Independent counsels Robert Fiske and Kenneth Starr subpoenaed Clinton's legal billing records; she said she did not know where they were.^[165]^[166] The records were found in the First Lady's White House book room after a two-year search, and delivered to investigators in early 1996.^[166] The delayed appearance of the records sparked intense interest and another investigation about how they surfaced and where they had been;^[166] Clinton's staff attributed the problem to continual changes in White House storage areas since the move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion.^[167] After the discovery of the records, on January 26, 1996, Clinton made history by becoming the first First Lady to be subpoenaed to testify before a Federal grand jury.^[165] After several Independent Counsels investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 which stated that there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.^[168] â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... A corporation under investigation related to Bill Clintons White Water scandal. ... James B. (Jim) McDougal (August 25, 1940 â€“ March 8, 1998), a native of White County, Arkansas, and his wife, Susan McDougal (the former Susan Carol Hendley), were financial partners with Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton in the real estate venture that led to the Whitewater political scandal of the... Susan McDougal is one of the few people who served prison time as a result of the Whitewater controversy in the United States, though fifteen individuals were convicted of federal charges. ... Madison Guaranty is an Arkansas financial trust company. ... A savings and loan association is a financial institution which specializes in accepting savings deposits and making mortgage loans. ... Rose Law Firm is a law firm headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas. ... United States Office of the Independent Counsel was an independent prosecutor — distinct from the Attorney General of the United States Department of Justice — that provided reports to the Congress under Title 28 of the United States Code, Article 595. ... Robert Bishop Fiske, Jr. ... Kenneth Winston Starr Kenneth Winston Starr (born July 21, 1946) is an American lawyer and former judge who was appointed to the Office of the Independent Counsel to investigate the death of the deputy White House counsel Vince Foster and the Whitewater land transactions by President Bill Clinton. ... A subpoena is a command to appear at a certain time and place to give testimony upon a certain matter. ... In the American common law legal system, a grand jury is a type of jury which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. ...

Other investigations took place during Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that became known as "Travelgate", began with charges that the White House had used audited financial irregularities in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the staff with friends from Arkansas.^[169] The 1996 discovery of a two-year-old White House memo caused the investigation to focus more on whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigators regarding her role in the firings were true.^[170]^[171] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report concluded she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence that she knew the statements were false, or knew that her actions would lead to firings, to prosecute her.^[172] Following deputy White House counsel Vince Foster's July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damaging files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from Foster's office on the night of his death.^[173] Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and by 1999 Starr was reported to be holding the investigation open, despite his staff having told him there was no case to be made.^[174] When Starr's successor Robert Ray issued his final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made against Hillary Clinton regarding this.^[168] In March 1994 newspaper reports revealed her spectacular profits from cattle futures trading in 1978–1979;^[175] allegations were made in the press of conflict of interest and disguised bribery,^[176] and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no official investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.^[176] An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "Filegate";^[177] accusations were made that Hillary Clinton had requested these files and that she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office.^[178] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.^[177] Inauguration Day 2005 of President George W. Bush on the west steps of the U.S. Capitol. ... Pennsylvania Avenue street sign, 2004. ... On May 19, 1993, several longtime employees of the White House Travel Office were fired. ... Vincent Walker Foster, Jr. ... Robert W. Ray is an American lawyer who from 1999 to 2002 served as the last head of the Office of the Independent Counsel, investigating and issuing the final reports on the Whitewater scandal, the White House travel office controversy, and the White House personnel file controversy. ... In 1978 and 1979, lawyer and First Lady of Arkansas Hillary Rodham engaged in a series of trades of cattle futures contracts. ... Filegate is a White House scandal in June of 1996. ...

Lewinsky scandal

In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation when it was revealed that the President had had extramarital sexual activities with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.^[179] Events surrounding the Lewinsky scandal eventually led to the impeachment of Bill Clinton. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that they were the result of a "vast right-wing conspiracy",^[180] characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Clinton political enemies,^[181] rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said that she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place.^[182] After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage,^[183] but privately was reported to be furious at him^[184] and was unsure if she wanted to stay in the marriage.^[185] A Gallup Poll is an opinion poll conducted by The Gallup Organization and frequently used by the mass media for representing public opinion. ... Monica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973) is an American woman with whom the former United States President Bill Clinton admitted to having had an inappropriate relationship[1] while Lewinsky worked at the White House in 1995 and 1996. ... The Monica Lewinsky scandal was a political-sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a then 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. ... The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist presiding. ... Vast Right-Wing Conspiracy was a phrase used by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton in 1998 in defense of her husband President Bill Clinton and his administration during the Lewinsky scandal, characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Clintons political...

There was a mix of public reactions to Hillary Clinton after this: some women admired her strength and poise in private matters made public, some sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence.^[186] Overall, her public approval ratings in the wake of the revelations shot upward to around 70 percent, the highest they had ever been.^[187] In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to "a love that has persisted for decades" and add: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."^[188] Codependence (or codependency) is a popular psychology concept popularized by Twelve-Step program advocates. ...

Traditional duties

Clinton initiated and was Founding Chair of the Save America's Treasures program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations for the purpose of preserving and restoring historic items and sites,^[189] including the flag that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the First Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio.^[45] She was head of the White House Millennium Council,^[190] and hosted Millennium Evenings,^[191] a series of lectures that discussed futures studies, one of which became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House.^[45] Clinton also created the first Sculpture Garden there, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden.^[192] The Star Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States. ... Canton is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Stark CountyGR6. ... The White House Millennium Council was an American organization established in 1998 by President Bill Clinton to commemorate the millennium. ... Future studies reflects on how todayâ€™s changes (or the lack thereof) become tomorrowâ€™s reality. ... A webcast is a media file distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology. ... Spring in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden. ...

In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms.^[45] She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room to be historically authentic to the period of James Monroe,^[193] the redecoration of the Treaty Room into the presidential study along nineteenth century lines,^[194] and the redecoration of the Map Room to how it looked during World War II.^[194] Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, such as a St. Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public schools, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the twenty-first century, and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November 2000.^[45] A State Room in a large European mansion, is usually one of a suite of very grand rooms which were designed to impress, they were the most luxurious in the house and contained the finest works of art. ... The Blue Room, looking toward the southeast. ... James Monroe (April 28, 1758 â€“ July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). ... The Treaty Room as decorated by Ken Blasingame during the administration of George W. Bush. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... An anniversary (from the Latin anniversarius, from the words for year and to turn, meaning (re)turning yearly; known in English since c. ...

Senate election of 2000

The long-serving United States Senator from New York, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, announced his retirement in November 1998. Several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles B. Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the United States Senate election of 2000.^[195] When she decided to run, Clinton and her husband purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City in September 1999.^[196] She became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office.^[197] At first, Clinton was expected to face Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, as her Republican opponent in the election. However, Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and having developments in his personal life become very public, and Clinton instead faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing New York's 2nd congressional district. Throughout the campaign, Clinton was accused of carpetbagging by her opponents, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state's politics prior to this race. Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.^[198] During the campaign, she devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Upstate New York regions.^[199] Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included specific tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.^[199] The United States Senate election in New York in 2000 featured an historic race in which Hillary Rodham Clinton became the first First Lady of the United States to run (and win) an election for public office. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... Daniel Patrick â€œPatâ€ Moynihan (March 16, 1927 â€“ March 26, 2003) was a United States Senator, Ambassador, and eminent sociologist. ... Charles Bernard Charlie Rangel (born June 11, 1930) is an American politician. ... Republican hold in light red, Republican pickup in dark red, Democratic hold in light blue, Democratic pickup in dark blue. ... This article is about the hamlet; for the film, see Chappaqua (film). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Rudolph William Louis Rudy Giuliani (pronounced ;[1] born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from the state of New York who was Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. ... For a list of the Dutch Director-Generals who governed New Amsterdam (as New York City was called when it was a Dutch-run settlement) between 1624 and 1664, see: Director-General of New Netherland. ... HRPC redirects here. ... Enrico Anthony Rick Lazio (born March 13, 1958) is a former U.S. Representative from the state of New York. ... The 2nd Congressional District of New York is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in central Long Island. ... A parachute candidate, also known as a carpetbagger in the United States, is a political term for an election candidate who does not live in the area he is running to represent. ... The areas highlighted in YELLOW and GREEN are those which are considered to be a bona fide part of Upstate New York from the perspective of New York City. ...

The contest drew national attention. Lazio blundered during a September debate by seeming to invade Clinton's personal space trying to get her to sign a fundraising agreement.^[200] The campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giuliani's initial effort, spent a record combined $90 million.^[201] Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.^[200] She was sworn in as United States Senator on January 3, 2001. Personal space, an updated form of Edward T. Halls 1966 proxemics, is the region surrounding each person, or that area which a person considers their domain or territory. ...

United States Senator

Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... The restored Old Senate Chamber The Old Senate Chamber refers to a semi-circular and half-domed ceiling two story chamber on the second floor of the north wing of the United States Capitol in the Senate side of the building. ...

First term

Upon entering the Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile and built relationships with senators from both parties.^[202] She forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast.^[127]^[203]

Clinton has served on five Senate committees: Committee on Budget (2001–2002),^[204] Committee on Armed Services (since 2003),^[205] Committee on Environment and Public Works (since 2001),^[204] Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (since 2001)^[204] and Special Committee on Aging.^[206] She is also a Commissioner of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe^[207] (since 2001).^[208] The United States Senate Committee on Budget was established in 1974 by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act. ... The Committee on Armed Services is a committee of the United States Senate empowered with legislative oversight of the nations military, including the Department of Defense, military research and development, nuclear energy (as pertaining to national security), benefits for members of the military, the Selective Service System and other... The United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works is responsible for dealing with matters related to the environment and infrastructure. ... The United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions has jurisdiction over matters relating to health, education, labor, and pensions. ... The United States Senate Special Committee on Aging was initially established in 1961 as a temporary committee; it became a permanent committee in 1977. ... The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ...

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, Charles Schumer, she was instrumental in quickly securing $21 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment.^[209]^[203] She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders.^[210] Clinton voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it,^[211] before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.^[212] A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11â€”pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... Charles Ellis Chuck Schumer (born November 23, 1950) is a Jewish American politician. ... For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ... There has been growing concern over the health effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the Financial District of lower Manhattan. ... In the United States, the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-56), known as the USA PATRIOT Act or simply the Patriot Act, is an Act of Congress which President George W. Bush signed into law...

Clinton strongly supported the 2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.^[213] Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 Iraq War Resolution, which authorized United States President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq, should such action be required to enforce a United Nations Security Council Resolution after pursuing with diplomatic efforts. For other uses of War in Afghanistan, see War in Afghanistan. ... The Taliban (Pashto: - , also anglicised as Taleban) are a Sunni Islamist and Pashtun nationalist movement[2] that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the Northern Alliance and NATO countries. ... The Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq (H.J.Res. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... A United Nations Security Council Resolution is voted on by the fifteen members of the United Nations Security Council, the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ...

After the Iraq War began, Clinton made trips to both Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well.^[214] Noting that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular United States Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.^[215] In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves."^[216] Her stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic party who favored immediate withdrawal.^[217] Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans, and lobbied against the closure of several military bases.^[218] A Gallup Poll is an opinion poll conducted by The Gallup Organization and frequently used by the mass media for representing public opinion. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... The United States Army is the largest, and by some standards oldest, established branch of the armed forces of the United States and is one of seven uniformed services. ...

Senator Clinton voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.^[219] Clinton voted against both the 2005 confirmation of John G. Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States and the 2006 confirmation of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court.^[220] The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 was a sweeping piece of tax legislation in the United States. ... The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 was passed by the United States Congress on May 23, 2003 and signed by President Bush five days later. ... [edit] John G. Roberts, Jr. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial... Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States...

In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.^[221] Along with Senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, Clinton voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.^[219]^[222] | logo_caption = | seal = US-FederalTradeCommission-Seal. ... Wikinews has news related to: Video games secret sex scenes spark outrage The Hot Coffee mod is a mod created for the 2005 personal computer port of the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas by Rockstar North. ... This article is about the British magazine covering computer and video games. ... Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is the fifth video game in the Grand Theft Auto series. ... Joseph Isadore Joe Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is a United States Senator from Connecticut. ... Birch Evans Bayh III (commonly known as Evan Bayh) (pronounced like bye; IPA pronunciation: ) (born December 26, 1955) is an American politician who has served as the junior U.S. Senator from Indiana since 1999 and a former Governor of Indiana. ... The United States Family Entertainment Protection Act (FEPA) is a bill introduced by Senators Hillary Clinton, Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh on November 29, 2005. ... The United States Federal Marriage Amendment (FMA) is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution which would define marriage in the United States as a union of one man and one woman. ...

Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of American conservatism,^[223] Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff John Podesta's Center for American Progress;^[224] shared aides with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, founded in 2003;^[225] advised and nurtured the Clintons' former antagonist David Brock's Media Matters for America, created in 2004;^[225] and following the 2004 Senate elections, successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader Harry Reid to create a Senate war room to handle daily political messaging.^[225] American conservatism is a constellation of political ideologies within the United States under the blanket heading of conservative. ... John Podesta John David Podesta (b. ... The Center for American Progress is a progressive American political policy research and advocacy organization. ... Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) is a Washington, DC-based advocacy organization which professes to fight corruption by U.S. government officials. ... David Brock b. ... Screenshot from Media Matters for America (Jan 6, 2006) Media Matters for America (or MMfA) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in 2004 by journalist and author David Brock. ... Republican holds Republican pickups Democratic holds Democratic pickups The United States Senate election, 2004 was an election for one-third of the seats in the United States Senate which coincided with the re-election of George W. Bush as president and the United States House election, as well as many... Harry Mason Reid (born December 2, 1939) is the senior United States Senator from Nevada and a member of the Democratic Party. ... This page is about the video game; for the documentary film, see The War Room. ...

Re-election campaign of 2006

In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would seek a second Senate term. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.^[226] Clinton easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from anti-war activist Jonathan Tasini.^[227] Clinton's eventual opponents in the general election were Republican candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers, along with several third-party candidates. She won the election on November 7, 2006 with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent,^[228] carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties.^[229] Clinton spent $36 million for her re-election, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections. She was criticized by some Democrats for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.^[230] In the following months she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds toward her presidential campaign.^[231] The New York 2006 U.S. Senate election held November 7, 2006 determined that incumbent Democratic Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton would continue to represent New York in the United States Senate, for a six-year term ending January 2013. ... Westchester County is a primarily suburban county located in the U.S. state of New York with about 950,000 residents. ... A district attorney is, in some U.S. jurisdictions, the title of the local public official who represents the government in the prosecution of criminals. ... Jeanine Pirro Jeanine Ferris Pirro (born June 2, 1951) is an American lawyer, prosecutor, and politician from the state of New York. ... Jonathan Tasini (born 1956) in Houston, Texas, is the current president of the Economic Future Group, a national consulting group in the United States. ... For other persons named John Spencer, see John Spencer (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Location in the State of New York Coordinates: , Country State County Westchester Founded 1646 Incorporated 1872 Government - Mayor Philip A. Amicone Area - Total 20. ...

Second term

Clinton opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007.^[232] In March 2007 she voted in favor of a war spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq within a certain deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines^[233] but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007 a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80-14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.^[234] Clinton responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."^[235] The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is the senior military officer in the United States Navy. ... Admiral Michael Glenn Mullen (born October 4, 1946) became the 28th Chief of Naval Operations of the United States Navy, relieving Admiral Vern Clark on 22 July 2005. ... The Committee on Armed Services is a committee of the United States Senate empowered with legislative oversight of the nations military, including the Department of Defense, military research and development, nuclear energy (as pertaining to national security), benefits for members of the military, the Selective Service System and other... â€œThe New Way Forwardâ€ redirects here. ... David Howell Petraeus (born November 7, 1952) is a general in the United States Army and commander of Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I), the four-star post that oversees all U.S. forces in the country. ... The decline in attacks after surge operations fully commenced. ...

In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, Clinton called on Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign.^[236] In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Clinton cast a number of votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain cloture.^[237] The dismissal of U.S. Attorneys controversy is an ongoing political dispute initiated by the unprecedented dismissal of seven United States Attorneys by the George W. Bush administrations Department of Justice (DOJ) on December 7, 2006, and their replacement by interim appointees under provisions of the 2005 Patriot Act... Alberto Gonzales (born August 4, 1955), is the 80th and current Attorney General of the United States. ... The Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, or, in its full name, the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007 (S. 1348) is a bill pending in the 110th United States Congress that would provide a path to legal citizenship for the approximately 12 million (by some... In parliamentary procedure, cloture (pr: KLO-cher) (also called closure, and sometimes a guillotine) is a motion or process aimed at bringing debate to a quick end. ...

Presidential campaign of 2008

Clinton had been preparing for a potential candidacy for United States President since at least early 2003.^[239] On January 20, 2007, Clinton announced via her web site the formation of a presidential exploratory committee for the United States presidential election of 2008; she stated, "I'm in, and I'm in to win."^[240] No woman has ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States. In April 2007, the Clintons liquidated a blind trust that had been established when Bill Clinton became president in 1993, in order to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments in the trust as Hillary Clinton undertook her presidential race.^[241] Later disclosure statements revealed that the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million,^[241] and that they had earned over $100 million since 2000, with most of it coming from Bill Clinton's books, speaking engagements, and other activities.^[242] New York Senator and former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton had expressed interest in the 2008 United States presidential race[1] since at least October 2002, drawing media speculation on whether or not she would become a candidate. ... In the election politics of the United States, an exploratory committee is an organization established to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office. ... The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled to be held on November 4, 2008, will be the 55th consecutive quadrennial president and vice president of the United States. ... A Blind trust is a trust in which the executors or those who have been given power of attorney have full discretion over the assets, and the trust beneficiaries have no knowledge of the holdings of the trust. ...

Clinton led the field of candidates competing for the Democratic nomination in opinion polls for the election throughout the first half of 2007. Most polls placed Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former Senator John Edwards of North Carolina as Clinton's closest competitors.^[243] Clinton and Obama both set records for early fundraising, swapping the money lead each quarter.^[244] By September 2007, polling in the first six states holding Democratic primaries or caucuses showed that Clinton was leading in all of them, with the races being closest in Iowa and South Carolina. By the following month, national polls showed Clinton far ahead of any Democratic competitor.^[245] At the end of October, Clinton suffered a rare poor debate performance against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.^[246]^[247]^[248] Obama's overall message of "change" began to resonate with the Democratic electorate better than Clinton's message of "experience".^[249] The race tightened considerably, especially in the early caucus and primary states of Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina, with Clinton losing her lead in some polls by December.^[250] For other uses, see New Hampshire (disambiguation). ... Main article: Opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008 For state-by state numbers see Statewide opinion polling for the Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008 This is a collection of scientific, public nationwide opinion polls that have been conducted relating to the 2008 Democratic presidential candidates. ... Barack and Obama redirect here. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the American attorney and politician. ... Official language(s) English Demonym North Carolinian Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th in the US - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 kmÂ²) - Width 150 miles (340 km) - Length 560[1] miles (900 km) - % water 9. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area Ranked 40th - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 kmÂ²) - Width 200 miles (320 km) - Length 260 miles (420 km) - % water 6 - Latitude 32Â° 2â€² N to 35Â° 13â€² N - Longitude 78Â° 32â€² W to 83... This article is about the U.S. state. ... For other uses, see New Hampshire (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area Ranked 40th - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 kmÂ²) - Width 200 miles (320 km) - Length 260 miles (420 km) - % water 6 - Latitude 32Â° 2â€² N to 35Â° 13â€² N - Longitude 78Â° 32â€² W to 83...

In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the January 3 Iowa Democratic caucus to Obama and Edwards.^[251] Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a victory for him in the New Hampshire primary.^[252]^[253] However, Clinton gained a surprise win there on January 8, defeating Obama narrowly.^[254] Explanations for her New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.^[254]^[255] The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days, when several remarks by Bill Clinton and other surrogates,^[256] and one remark by Hillary Clinton concerning Martin Luther King, Jr. and Lyndon B. Johnson,^[257] were perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially-oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign.^[258] Despite attempts by both Hillary Clinton and Obama to downplay the issue, Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with Clinton losing much of her support among African Americans.^[256]^[259] She lost by a two-to-one margin to Obama in the January 26 South Carolina primary,^[260] setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two February 5 Super Tuesday states. Bill Clinton had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign, and his role was seen as damaging enough to her that a wave of supporters within and outside of the campaign said the former President "needs to stop."^[261] On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as California, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts, while Obama won more states; they almost evenly split the total popular vote.^[262]^[263] But Obama was gaining more pledged delegates for his share of the popular vote due to better exploitation of the Democratic proportional allocation rules.^[264] Augsburg College is a liberal arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. ... Minneapolis redirects here. ... Twenty-four states held caucuses or primary elections on Super Tuesday, 2008. ... The 2008 Iowa Democratic caucuses occurred on January 3, 2008, and were the state caucuses of the Democratic Party in Iowa. ... The 2008 New Hampshire Democratic primary on January 8, 2008 was the first primary in the United States in 2008. ... Martin Luther King redirects here. ... LBJ redirects here. ... The 2008 South Carolina Democratic presidential primary took place on January 26, 2008. ... Twenty-four states held caucuses or primary elections on Super Tuesday, 2008. ... The 2008 California Democratic Primary took place on February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. ... The 2008 New York Democratic primary took place on February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. ... The 2008 New Jersey Democratic primary took place February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. ... The 2008 Massachusetts Democratic primary took place on February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. ...

The Clinton campaign had counted on winning the nomination by Super Tuesday, and was unprepared financially and logistically for a prolonged effort; lagging in Internet fundraising, Clinton began loaning her campaign money.^[249]^[265] There was continuous turmoil within the campaign staff and she made several top-level personnel changes.^[266]^[265] Obama won the next eleven February caucuses and primaries across the country, often by large margins, and took a significant pledged delegate lead over Clinton.^[265]^[264] On March 4, Clinton broke the string of losses by winning in Ohio among other places.^[265] Throughout the campaign, Obama dominated caucuses, which the Clinton campaign largely ignored organizing for.^[249]^[264]^[267] Obama did well in primaries where African Americans or younger, college-educated, or more affluent voters were heavily represented; Clinton did well in primaries where Hispanics or older, non-college-educated, or working-class white voters predominated.^[268]^[269] Some Democratic party leaders expressed concern that the drawn-out campaign between the two could damage the winner in the general election contest against Republican presumptive nominee John McCain, especially if an eventual triumph for Clinton was won via party-appointed superdelegates.^[270] Clinton's admission in late March, that her repeated campaign statements about having been under hostile fire from snipers during a 1996 visit to U.S. troops at Tuzla Air Base in Bosnia-Herzegovina were not true, attracted considerable media attention and risked undermining both her credibility and her claims of foreign policy expertise as First Lady.^[271] On April 22 she won the Pennsylvania primary, keeping her campaign alive.^[272] However, on May 6, a narrower-than-expected win in the Indiana primary coupled with a large loss in the North Carolina primary ended any realistic chance she had of winning the nomination.^[272] She vowed to stay on through the remaining primaries, but stopped attacks against Obama; as one advisor stated, "She could accept losing. She could not accept quitting."^[272] She won some of the remaining contests, and indeed over the last three months of the campaign she won more delegates, states, and votes than Obama, but it was not enough to overcome Obama's lead.^[265] This article is about the U.S. State. ... The 2008 Ohio Democratic primary took place on March 4, 2008 and was open to registered Democrats and Independents. ... This article is about the U.S. Senator. ... Superdelegate is an informal term commonly used for some of the delegates to the Democratic National Convention, the presidential nominating convention of the United States Democratic Party. ... Tuzla Air Base is a United States Air Force base in Bosnia-Herzegovina. ... Bosnia and Herzegovina (also variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... The 2008 Pennsylvania Democratic primary was an election held on April 22 by the Pennsylvania Department of State in which voters chose their preference for the Democratic Partys candidate for the 2008 U.S. Presidential election. ... Barack Obama campaigning in Plainfield, Indiana. ... The 2008 North Carolina Democratic presidential primary took place on May 6, 2008. ...

Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama had gained enough delegates to become the presumptive nominee.^[273] In a speech before her supporters on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama, declaring, "The way to continue our fight now to accomplish the goals for which we stand is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama."^[274] By campaign's end, Clinton had won 1,640 pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763;^[275] at the time of the clinching, Clinton had 286 superdelegates to Obama's 395,^[276] with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.^[275] Clinton and Obama each received over 17 million votes during the nomination process,^[277] with both breaking the previous record.^[278] Clinton also eclipsed, by a very large margin, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm's 1972 mark for most primaries and delegates won by a woman.^[279] Clinton gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention and campaigned frequently for him in Fall 2008, which concluded with his victory over McCain in the general election on November 4.^[280] Clinton's campaign ended up severely in debt; she owed millions of dollars to outside vendors and wrote off the $13 million that she lent it herself.^[281] The 2008 Democratic National Convention will be held from August 25 to August 28 at the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado. ... Nickname: Location of Denver in the State of Colorado Location of Colorado in the United States Coordinates: , Country United States State State of Colorado City and County Denver[1] Founded 1858-11-22, as Denver City, K.T.[2] Incorporated 1861-11-07, as Denver City, C.T.[3] Consolidated... Official language(s) English Demonym Coloradan Capital Denver Largest city Denver Largest metro area Denver-Aurora Metro Area Area Ranked 8th in the US - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 kmÂ²) - Width 280 miles (451 km) - Length 380 miles (612 km) - % water 0. ... -1... Shirley Anita St. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The 2008 Democratic National Convention will be held from August 25 to August 28 at the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado. ...

Secretary of State

Nomination and confirmation

In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and Clinton discussed the possibility of her serving as U.S. Secretary of State in his administration,^[282] and on November 21, reports indicated that she had accepted the position.^[283] On December 1, President-elect Obama formally announced that Clinton would be his nominee for Secretary of State.^[284] Clinton said she was reluctant to leave the Senate, but that the new position represented a "difficult and exciting adventure".^[284] As part of the nomination, Bill Clinton agreed to accept a number of conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the Clinton Presidential Center and Clinton Global Initiative.^[285] Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... For other uses, see Bible (disambiguation). ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... William J. Clinton Presidential Library, Little Rock, AR Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park includes the Clinton presidential library and the offices of the Clinton Foundation and the Clinton School of Public Service, established by Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States. ... The Clinton Global Initiative is a project of the non-profit William J. Clinton Foundation and was inaugurated on 15 September 2005 in New York, United States, under the chairmanship of former president Bill Clinton. ...

The appointment required a Saxbe fix, passed and signed into law in December 2008.^[286] Confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the Committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.^[287] By this time, Clinton's public approval rating had reached 65 percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal.^[288] On January 21, 2009, Clinton was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.^[289] Clinton took the oath of office of Secretary of State and resigned from the Senate that same day.^[290] She became the first former First Lady to serve in the United States Cabinet.^[291] James Madison envisioned ethical conflict, resulting in the United States Constitutions Ineligibility Clause, which later gave rise to the Saxbe fix. ... U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. ... The Cabinet meets in the Cabinet Room on May 16, 2001. ...

Tenure

Clinton spent her initial days as Secretary of State telephoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that U.S. foreign policy would change direction: "We have a lot of damage to repair."^[292] On January 29, 2009, the constitutionality of her Saxbe fix was challenged in court by Judicial Watch.^[293] In February 2009, Clinton made her first trip as secretary to Asia, visiting Japan, Indonesia, South Korea, and China on what she described as a "listening tour" that was "intended to really find a path forward."^[294] She continued to travel heavily in her first months in office, often getting very enthusiastic responses by engaging with the local populace.^[295]^[296] She kept a low profile when diplomatic necessity or Obama's involvement required it, but maintained an influential relationship with the president and in foreign policy decisions.^[296]^[297] Her first 100 days found her travelling over 70,000 miles (110,000 km), having no trouble adapting to being a team player subordinate to Obama, and gaining skills as an executive.^[297]^[298] The Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration is the foreign policy of the United States from January 20, 2009 onward under the administration of President Barack Obama. ... Judicial Watch is a American government watchdog organization founded in 1994. ...

Political positions

In a Gallup poll conducted during May 2005, 54 percent of respondents considered Clinton a liberal, 30 percent considered her a moderate, and 9 percent considered her a conservative.^[299] These are some of Senator and former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clintons positions, votes, and remarks on various issues. ... The Prime Minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. ... Kevin Michael Rudd (born 21 September 1957), is the leader of the federal Australian Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition in the Australian Parliament. ... A Gallup Poll is an opinion poll conducted by The Gallup Organization and frequently used by the mass media for representing public opinion. ... American liberalismâ€”that is, liberalism in the United States of Americaâ€”is a broad political and philosophical mindset, favoring individual liberty, and opposing restrictions on liberty, whether they come from established religion, from government regulation, from the existing class structure, or from multi-national corporations. ... â€œModeratesâ€ redirects here. ... American conservatism is a constellation of political ideologies within the United States under the blanket heading of conservative. ...

Several organizations attempted to measure Clinton's place on the political spectrum scientifically via her Senate votes. National Journal's 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the then-current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.^[300] National Journal's subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.^[301] A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of Princeton University, Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her to be likely the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal Senator.^[302] The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social, and Foreign; averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative.^[303] Political parties Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A political spectrum is a way of visualizing different political positions. ... National Journal is a weekly magazine that provides Insight for Insiders through nonpartisan reporting on the current political environment as well as emerging political and policy trends. ... Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ... Stanford redirects here. ... The Almanac of American Politics is a reference work published biennially by the National Journal Group. ... Michael Barone Michael Barone is a political expert and commentator. ... Richard E. Cohen is a journalist and author. ...

Interest groups also gave Clinton scores as to how well her Senate votes aligned with the positions of the group. Through 2008, she had an average lifetime 90 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action^[304] and a lifetime 8 percent rating from the American Conservative Union.^[305] This article is about political advocates. ... Americans For Democratic Action (ADA) was formed in January 1947, when Eleanor Roosevelt, John Kenneth Galbraith, Reinhold Niebuhr, Hubert Humphrey and 200 other activists. ... The American Conservative Union (ACU) is a large conservative political lobbying group in the United States. ...

Writings and recordings

As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a weekly syndicated newspaper column titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000, distributed by Creators Syndicate.^[306] It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she encountered during her travels around the world.^[2] Print Syndication is a form of syndication in which news articles, columns, or comic strips are made available to newspapers and magazines. ... Richard S. Newcombe founded Creators Syndicate in 1986 in Los Angeles. ...

In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of America in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. The book was a New York Times Best Seller,^[307] and Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording.^[307] The title refers to an African proverb that states "It takes a village to raise a child". It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us is a book by then-First Lady of the United States Hillary Rodham Clinton, in which she presents her vision for the children of America. ... The New York Times Best Seller List is a weekly chart in The New York Times newspaper that keeps track of the best-selling books of the week. ... The Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album has been awarded since 1959. ...

Other books released by Clinton when she was First Lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote the foreword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat. Beatrices Goat ISBN 978-0689824609 is a 2001 childrens story based on the true account of Beatrice Biira, an impoverished Ugandan girl whose life is transformed by the gift of a goat from the nonprofit world hunger organization Heifer International. ...

In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, Living History. In anticipation of high sales, publisher Simon & Schuster paid Clinton a near-record advance of $8 million.^[308] The book set a first-week sales record for a non-fiction work,^[309] went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,^[310] and was translated into twelve foreign languages.^[311] Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.^[312] This article is about the term as used among historical reenactors. ... Jean-François Millet Le Semeur (The Sower) Simon & Schuster logo, circa 1961. ...

Cultural and political image

Hillary Clinton has frequently been featured in the media and popular culture from a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, New York Times writer Todd Purdum labeled Clinton "the First Lady as Rorschach test",^[313] an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society."^[314] The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Todd Purdum is a writer and Los Angeles bureau chief for the New York Times. ... The Rorschach (pronounced roar-shock) inkblot test is a method of psychological evaluation. ... Betty Friedan, 1960 Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921 â€“ February 4, 2006) was an American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the Second Wave of feminism through the writing of her book The Feminine Mystique. ...

Clinton has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure,^[315]^[313]^[316]^[317]^[318]^[319] with some arguing otherwise.^[320]^[319] James Madison University political science professor Valerie Sulfaro's 2007 study used the American National Election Studies' "feeling thermometer" polls, which measure the degree of opinion about a political figure, to find that such polls during Clinton's First Lady years confirm the "conventional wisdom that Hillary Clinton is a polarizing figure", with the added insight that "affect towards Mrs. Clinton as first lady tended to be very positive or very negative, with a fairly constant one fourth of respondents feeling ambivalent or neutral."^[321] University of California, San Diego political science professor Gary Jacobson's 2006 study of partisan polarization found that in a state-by-state survey of job approval ratings of the state's senators, Clinton had the fourth-largest partisan difference of any senator, with a 50 percentage point difference in approval between New York's Democrats and Republicans.^[322] Northern Illinois University political science professor Barbara Burrell's 2000 study found that Clinton's Gallup poll favorability numbers broke sharply along partisan lines throughout her time as First Lady, with 70 to 90 percent of Democrats typically viewing her favorably while 20 to 40 percent of Republicans did.^[323] University of Wisconsin-Madison political science professor Charles Franklin analyzed her record of favorable versus unfavorable ratings in public opinion polls, and found that there was more variation in them during her First Lady years than her Senate years.^[324] The Senate years showed favorable ratings around 50 percent and unfavorable ratings in the mid-40 percent range; Franklin noted that, "This sharp split is, of course, one of the more widely remarked aspects of Sen. Clinton's public image."^[324] McGill University professor of history Gil Troy titled his 2006 biography of her Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady, and wrote that after the 1992 campaign, Clinton "was a polarizing figure, with 42 percent [of the public] saying she came closer to their values and lifestyle than previous first ladies and 41 percent disagreeing."^[325] Troy further wrote that Hillary Clinton "has been uniquely controversial and contradictory since she first appeared on the national radar screen in 1992"^[326] and that she "has alternately fascinated, bedeviled, bewitched, and appalled Americans."^[326] In politics, polarization is the process by which the public opinion divides and goes to the extremes. ... JMU redirects here. ... The American National Election Studies is the leading academically-run national survey of voters in the United States, conducted after every presidential election. ... The University of California, San Diego (popularly known as UCSD, or sometimes UC San Diego) is a highly selective, research-oriented[1] public university located in La Jolla, a seaside resort community of San Diego, California. ... Gary C. Jacobson is a Professor of Politics and the Director of Undergraduate Studies at the University of California, San Diego, where he has been since 1979. ... Northern Illinois University is a public university located in DeKalb, Illinois. ... A Gallup Poll is an opinion poll conducted by The Gallup Organization and frequently used by the mass media for representing public opinion. ... University of Wisconsin redirects here. ... McGill University is a public co-educational research university located in MontrÃ©al, QuÃ©bec, Canada. ... Professor Gilbert Troy is an American academic. ...

Burrell's study found women consistently rating Clinton more favorably than men by about ten percentage points during her First Lady years.^[323] Jacobson's study found a positive correlation across all senators between being women and receiving a partisan-polarized response.^[322] Colorado State University communication studies professor Karrin Vasby Anderson describes the First Lady position as a "site" for American womanhood, one ready made for the symbolic negotiation of female identity.^[327] In particular, Anderson states there has been a cultural bias towards traditional first ladies and a cultural prohibition against modern first ladies; by the time of Clinton, the First Lady position had become a site of heterogeneity and paradox.^[327] Burrell, as well as biographers Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta, Jr., note that Clinton achieved her highest approval ratings as First Lady late in 1998, not for any professional or political achievement of her own but for being seen as the victim of her husband's very public infidelity.^[323]^[187] University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson saw Hillary Clinton as an exemplar of the double bind, who though able to live in a "both-and" world of both career and family, nevertheless "became a surrogate on whom we projected our attitudes about attributes once thought incompatible", leading to her being placed in a variety of no-win situations.^[314] Quinnipiac University media studies professor Lisa Burns found press accounts frequently framing Clinton both as an exemplar of the modern professional working mother and as a political interloper interested in usurping power for herself.^[328] University of Indianapolis English professor Charlotte Templin found political cartoonists using a variety of stereotypes – such as gender reversal, radical feminist as emasculator, and the wife the husband wants to get rid of – to portray Hillary Clinton as violating gender norms.^[329] Rose Law Firm is a law firm headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas. ... Colorado State University is a public institution of higher learning located in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States. ... Jeff Gerth is a former investigative reporter for The New York Times who has written lengthy, probing stories that drew both praise and criticism. ... Don Van Natta Jr. ... The Annenberg School for Communication is the communications school at the University of Pennsylvania. ... Kathleen Hall Jamieson directs the Annenberg Public Policy Center, which runs FactCheck. ... For the type of experiment, see double-blind. ... In general use, a no-win situation is one where a person has choices, but no choice leads to success. ... Quinnipiac University is a private four-year university in Hamden, Connecticut, located on about 500 acres (2 kmÂ²), just north of New Haven. ... In media studies, sociology and psychology, framing is a process of selective control over the individuals perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases. ... The University of Indianapolis is a university located in Indianapolis, Indiana, and affiliated with the United Methodist Church. ... This early political cartoon by Ben Franklin was originally written for the French and Indian War, but was later recycled during the Revolutionary War An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration or comic strip containing a political or social message. ... A bagpiper in Scottish military clan-uniform. ...

Over fifty books and scholarly works have been written about Hillary Clinton, from many different perspectives. A 2006 survey by The New York Observer found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature",^[330] put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints,^[330] with titles such as Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House, and Can She Be Stopped? : Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless .... Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well^[330] (other than the memoirs written by her and her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, a number of fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her.^[331] Van Natta, Jr. found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters,^[332] on a par with Ted Kennedy and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich.^[332] Books are broken out by point of view. ... The New York Observer is a weekly newspaper first published in New York City on September 22, 1987 by Arthur L. Carter, a very successful former investment banker with publishing interests. ... Unfit for Command, published by Regnery Publishing. ... Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House (ISBN 0895260670) is a book by Emmett Tyrrell and Mark Davis comparing Hillary Clintons tenure as first lady to the reign of a French monarch. ... For other uses, see Bogeyman (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Ted Kennedy, see Ted Kennedy (disambiguation). ... Newton Leroy Gingrich, (born June 17, 1943), served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. ...

Going into the early stages of her presidential campaign for 2008, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her, with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her",^[333] while Mother Jones titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary".^[334] Democratic netroots activists consistently rated Clinton very low in polls of their desired candidates,^[335] while some conservative figures such as Bruce Bartlett and Christopher Ruddy were declaring a Hillary Clinton presidency not so bad after all^[336]^[337] and an October 2007 cover of The American Conservative magazine was titled "The Waning Power of Hillary Hate".^[338] By December 2007, communications professor Jamieson observed that there was a large amount of misogyny present about Clinton on the Internet,^[339] up to and including Facebook and other sites devoted to depictions reducing Clinton to sexual humiliation.^[339] She noted that, in response to widespread commenting on the nature of Clinton's laugh,^[340] that "We know that there's language to condemn female speech that doesn't exist for male speech. We call women's speech shrill and strident. And Hillary Clinton's laugh was being described as a cackle."^[339] Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents before the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse.^[341]^[342] Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying that the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics."^[342] TIME redirects here. ... Sample check boxes with two selected In computing, a check box is a graphical user interface element (widget) that permits the user to make multiple selections from a number of options. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Netroots is a recent term coined to describe political activism organized through blogs and other online media, including wikis and social network services. ... Bruce Bartlett (b. ... Christopher Ruddy is a conservative American journalist. ... The American Conservative magazine. ... In Eva Prima Pandora, by Jean Cousin (Louvre Museum), Eve, the equivalent of Pandora embodies Original Sin Misogyny (pronounced ) is hatred or strong prejudice against women; an antonym of philogyny. ... Facebook is a social networking website that was launched on February 4, 2004. ... The Newsweek logo Newsweek is a weekly news magazine published in New York City and distributed throughout the United States and internationally. ... Jon Meacham is the managing editor of Newsweek and is mostly recently the author of the book American Gospel, published in April by Random House. ...

Awards and honors

Clinton has received over a dozen awards and honors during her career, from both American and international organizations, for her activities concerning health, women, and children. Hillary Rodham Clinton has been given many awards and honors. ...

Electoral history

The New York United States Senate election in 2000 featured an historic race in which Hillary Rodham Clinton became the first First Lady of the United States to run (and win) an election for public office. ... The Democratic Party is one of the two major United States political parties. ... The Republican Party (often GOP for Grand Old Party) is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... Enrico Anthony Rick Lazio (born March 13, 1958) is a former U.S. Representative from the state of New York. ... The New York 2006 U.S. Senate election held November 7, 2006 determined that incumbent Democratic Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton would continue to represent New York in the United States Senate, for a six-year term ending January 2013. ... The Democratic Party is one of the two major United States political parties. ... The Republican Party (often GOP for Grand Old Party) is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... For other persons named John Spencer, see John Spencer (disambiguation). ...

Contents