NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hip hop

Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the early 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latin Americans.^[1]^[2] Hip hop's four main elements are MCing (often called rapping), DJing, graffiti writing, and breakdancing. Other elements include beatboxing, hip hop fashion, and slang. Since first emerging in the Bronx, the lifestyle of hip hop culture has spread around the world.^[3] Look up hip hop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, including related musical genres, see Funk (disambiguation). ... This article is about the music genre. ... For other uses, see Soul music (disambiguation). ... R&B redirects here. ... For other uses, see Dub. ... Grandmaster Flash, a pioneer of hip hop deejaying A disc jockey (also called DJ, or deejay) is an individual who selects and plays prerecorded music for an intended audience. ... Performance poetry is poetry that is specifically composed for or during performance before an audience. ... Spoken word is a form of music or artistic performance in which lyrics, poetry, or stories are spoken rather than sung. ... Signifyin(g) (Gates) or signifyin (slang) is an African-American rhetorical device featuring indirect communication or persuasion and the creating of new meanings for old words and signs. ... Your father redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Talking blues is a sub genre of the blues music genre. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... DJ Mixer. ... Synth redirects here. ... Rap redirects here. ... A Boss DR-202 Drum Machine A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums and/or other percussion instruments. ... An AKAI MPC2000 sampler Playing a Yamaha SU10 Sampler A sampler is an electronic music instrument closely related to a synthesizer. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A boy hitting (holding) a pike Breakdance (media coined phrase), also known as breaking, b-girling or b-boying, is a street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement that originated among African American youths in the South Bronx of New York City during the early... For other uses, see Graffiti (disambiguation). ... See also: Category:Hip hop genres Hip hop music can be subdivided into subgenres, fusions with other genres and regional hip hop scenes. ... This is a list of influential albums in the history of hip hop music. ... Hip hop music was primarily limited to its country of origin, the United States, until the mid 1980s, at which point it reached into other countries and continents until its presence was worldwide. ... KRS-One (born Lawrence Krisna Parker on August 20, 1965 in Brooklyn, New York. ... A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979; it is commonly called The Seventies. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Rap redirects here. ... For other meanings of DJ, see DJ (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Graffiti (disambiguation). ... A breakdancer performing a one-handed freeze (also known as a pike) in the streets of Paris. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Slang (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bronx (disambiguation). ...

When hip hop music began to emerge, it was based around disc jockeys who created rhythmic beats by looping breaks (small portions of songs emphasizing a percussive pattern) on two turntables. This was later accompanied by "rapping" (a rhythmic style of chanting). An original form of dancing, and particular styles of dress, arose among followers of this new music. These elements experienced considerable refinement and development over the course of the history of the culture.

The relationship between graffiti and hip hop culture arises from the appearance of new and increasingly elaborate and pervasive forms of the practice in areas where other elements of hip hop were evolving as art forms, with a heavy overlap between those who wrote graffiti and those who practiced other elements of the culture. Beatboxing is a vocal technique mainly used to imitate percussive elements of the music and various technical effects of hip hop DJs.

Etymology

The word "hip" was used as African American Vernacular English (AAVE) as early as 1898. The colloquial language meant "informed" or "current," and was likely derived from the earlier form hep^[4]. The term "hip hop" also followed logically the previous African-American music culture of "Bebop".^{[citation needed]} Hip is a slang term, an adjective meaning fashionably current, referring to someone who is conversant with or deeply involved in a particular trend or subject. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... This article is about the genre of music, for the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles character see Bebop and Rocksteady. ...

Keith "Cowboy" Wiggins, a rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five has been credited with the coining of the term hip hop in 1978 while teasing a friend who had just joined the US Army, by scat singing the words "hip/hop/hip/hop" in a way that mimicked the rhythmic cadence of marching soldiers. Cowboy later worked the "hip hop" cadence into a part of his stage performance.^[5] The group frequently performed with disco artists who would refer to this new type of MC/DJ produced music by calling them "those hip-hoppers". The name was originally meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon come to identify this new music and culture. Other artists quickly copied the Furious Five and began using the term in their music; for example the opening of the song "Rapper's Delight" by The Sugarhill Gang in addition the verse found on Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five's own "Superrappin'", both released in 1979. Lovebug Starski, a Bronx DJ who put out a single called "The Positive Life" in 1981, and DJ Hollywood then began using the term when referring to this new disco rap music. Hip hop pioneer and South Bronx community leader Afrika Bambaataa also credits Lovebug Starski as the first to use the term "Hip Hop," as it relates to the culture. Bambaataa, a former Black Spades gang member also did much to further popularize the term.^[5]^[6]^[7] DJ Grandmaster Flash was one of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing. ... The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Rhythm (disambiguation). ... Rappers Delight is a 1979 single by American hip hop trio The Sugarhill Gang; it was one of the first hip hop hit singles. ... The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip hop and funk group, known mostly for their biggest hit, Rappers Delight, the first hip hop single to become a Top 40 hit. ... Lovebug Starski is an American hip hop artist and one of the pioneers of the form. ... DJ Hollywood (born December 10, 1954) is an American old school hip hop DJ and rapper. ... This article is about the music genre. ... Afrika Bambaataa is a DJ and community leader from the South Bronx, who was instrumental in the early development of hip hop throughout the 1970s. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

History

Jamaican born DJ Clive "Kool Herc" Campbell is credited as being highly influential in the pioneering stage of hip hop music^[8], in the Bronx, New York, after moving to New York at the age of thirteen. Herc created the blueprint for hip hop music and culture by building upon the Jamaican tradition of toasting, or boasting impromptu poetry and sayings over music, which he witnessed as a youth in Jamaica.^[9] The roots of hip hop can be found in 1970s block parties in New York City, specifically The Bronx[1]. Hip hop culture, including rapping, scratching, graffiti, and breakdancing. ... Jamaica is a country in the Caribbean Sea, located south of Cuba and to the west of Hispaniola, on which Haiti and the Dominican Republic are situated. ... DJ or dj may stand for Disc jockey, dinner jacket The DeadJournal website, or Djibouti. ... Categories: People stubs | Hip hop musicians | Hip hop DJs | 1955 births ... The Bronx is one of the five boroughs of United States. ...

Herc and other DJs would tap into the power lines to connect their equipment and perform, at venues such as public basketball courts and the historic building "where hip hop was born," 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Bronx, New York.^[10] Their equipment was composed of numerous speakers, turntables, and one or more microphones.^[11] In late 1979, Debbie Harry of Blondie took Chic co-founder and lead guitarist Nile Rodgers to such an event, as the main backing track used was the break from Chic's Good Times.^[12] Deborah Ann Harry (born July 1, 1945, in Miami, Florida) is a singer-songwriter and actress most famous for being the lead singer for the punk rock/new wave band Blondie. ... For other uses, see Blondie. ... For other uses, see Chic. ... Nile Gregory Rodgers (born September 19, 1952 in New York City) is a prolific and influential musician, composer, arranger, guitarist and music producer, and co-founding member of the seminal multi-platinum hit R&B band Chic, with influential bassist, the late Bernard Edwards. ... Good Times is a song by the band CHIC, recorded for their 1979 album RisquÃ©. Takeoffs Rappers Delight by The Sugarhill Gang was recorded with an in-house band playing the instrumental melody of the Good Times break. ...

Herc was also the developer of break-beat deejaying, where the breaks of funk songs—the part most suited to dance, usually percussion-based—were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties. This breakbeat DJing, using hard funk, rock, and records with Latin percussion, formed the basis of hip hop music. Campbell's announcements and exhortations to dancers would lead to the syncopated, rhymed spoken accompaniment we now know as rapping. He dubbed his dancers break-boys and break-girls, or simply b-boys and b-girls. According to Herc, "breaking" was also street slang for "getting excited" and "acting energetically".^[13] Herc's terms b-boy, b-girl and breaking became part of the lexicon of hip hop culture, before that culture itself had developed a name. DJ Kool Herc was the originator of break-beat DJing, where the breaks of funk songsâ€”being the most danceable part, often featuring percussionâ€”were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties (AMG [1]). Later DJs such as Grandmaster Flash refined and developed the use of... For other uses, see Break. ... DJ or dj may stand for Disc jockey, dinner jacket The DeadJournal website, or Djibouti. ... For other uses, including related musical genres, see Funk (disambiguation). ... Percussion redirects here. ... This article is about breakbeat, the electronic dance music genre. ... Rap redirects here. ... A boy hitting (holding) a pike Breakdance (media coined phrase), also known as breaking, b-girling or b-boying, is a street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement that originated among African American youths in the South Bronx of New York City during the early...

Later DJs such as Grand Wizard Theodore, Grandmaster Flash and Jazzy Jay refined and developed the use of breakbeats, including cutting and scratching.^[14] The approach used by Herc was soon widely copied, and by the late 1970s DJs were releasing 12" records where they would rap to the beat. Popular tunes included Kurtis Blow's "The Breaks", and The Sugar Hill Gang's "Rapper's Delight".^[12] Grand Wizard Theodore (left). ... Grandmaster Flash (born Joseph Saddler on January 1, 1958 in Barbados) is a hip hop musician and DJ; one of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing. ... Jazzy Jay (b. ... Scratching is a DJ or turntablist technique used to produce sounds for some types of music. ... For the record label, see 12 Inch Records. ... Kurtis Blow (born Curtis Walker, 9 August 1959, Harlem, New York) is one of the first commercially successful rappers and the first to sign with a major label. ... The Breaks is a critically acclaimed 1980 hit single for Kurtis Blow and one the earliest hip-hop hits. ... The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip hop group, known mostly for one hit, Rappers Delight, the first hip hop single to become a Top 40 hit. ... Rappers Delight is a 1979 single by American hip hop trio The Sugarhill Gang; it was one of the first hip hop hit singles. ...

Emceeing is the rhythmic spoken delivery of rhymes and wordplay, delivered over a beat or without accompaniment. Rapping is derived from the griots (folk poets) of West Africa, and Jamaican-style toasting. Rap developed both inside and outside of hip hop culture, and began with the street parties thrown in the Bronx neighborhood of New York in the 1970s by Kool Herc and others. It originated as MCs would talk over the music to promote their DJ, promote other dance parties, take light-hearted jabs at other lyricists, or talk about problems in their areas and issues facing the community as a whole. Rapping is one of the elements of hip hop and the distinguishing feature of hip hop music; it is a form of rhyming lyrics spoken rhythmically over musical instruments, with a musical backdrop of sampling, scratching and mixing by DJs. ... For other uses, see Rhythm (disambiguation). ... A rhyme is a repetition of identical or similar sounds in two or more different words and is most often used in poetry and song. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Rap redirects here. ... This page is about the West African poets. ... Africa is a large and diverse continent, consisting of dozens of countries, hundreds of languages and thousands of races, tribes and ethnic groups. ... Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea, known as the birthplace of many popular musical genres, including reggae, dub, raggamuffin and ska. ... Grandmaster Flash, a pioneer of hip hop deejaying A disc jockey (also called DJ, or deejay) is an individual who selects and plays prerecorded music for an intended audience. ... Categories: People stubs | Hip hop musicians | Hip hop DJs | 1955 births ...

Melle Mel, a rapper/lyricist with The Furious Five, is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an "MC".^[15] Melle Mel (born Melvin Glover on May 15, 1962 in Bronx, New York ) is a hip-hop musician, one of the pioneers of old school hip hop as a lyricist & as lead rapper of Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five. ... Album cover of The Official Adventures of Grandmaster Flash DJ Grandmaster Flash (born Joseph Saddler on January 1, 1958 in Barbados) is a hip hop musician and DJ; one of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing. ...

By the late 1970s, the culture had gained media attention, with Billboard magazine printing an article titled "B Beats Bombarding Bronx", commenting on the local phenomenon and mentioning influential figures such as Kool Herc^[16]. Categories: People stubs | Hip hop musicians | Hip hop DJs | 1955 births ...

Hip hop as a culture was further defined in 1982, when Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force released the seminal electro-funk track "Planet Rock." Instead of simply rapping over disco beats, Bambaataa created an electronic sound, taking advantage of the rapidly improving drum machine, synthesizer technology as well as sampling from Kraftwerk^[17]. The appearance of music videos changed entertainment: they often glorified urban neighborhoods.^[18] The music video for "Planet Rock" showcased the subculture of hip hop musicians, graffiti artists and breakdancers. Many hip hop-related films were released between 1982 and 1985, among them Wild Style, Beat Street, Krush Groove, Breakin, and the documentary Style Wars. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Electro, short for electro funk (also known as robot hip hop and Electro hop) is an electronic style of hip hop directly influenced by Kraftwerk and funk records (unlike earlier rap records which were closer to disco). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Synth redirects here. ... Kraftwerk (pronounced , German for power plant or power station) is an influential electronic-music band from DÃ¼sseldorf, Germany. ... A music video is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a song. ... A music video is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a song. ... For other uses, see Wild Style (disambiguation). ... Beat Street is a 1984 mainstream hip hop dramatic feature film, and the second following Breakin. It is set in New York City during the popularity rise of hip hop culture in the early 1980s. ... Krush Groove (1985) Directed by Michael Schultz In this movie based on the early days of Def Jam Recordings, up-and-coming manager Russell Simmons has all the hottest acts on the record label Krush Groove records, including Run-D.M.C., Dr. Jekyll & Mr. ... This article is about the 1984 movie; for other breakin or breaking references see breaking. ... Style Wars is an early documentary on hip hop culture, made by Tony Silver and Henry Chalfant, made in New York City in the early 1980s. ...

These films expanded the appeal of hip hop beyond the boundaries of New York. By 1985, youth worldwide were embracing the hip hop culture. The hip hop artwork and "slang" of US urban communities quickly found its way to Europe and Asia, as the culture's global appeal took root.

The 1980s also saw many artists make social statements through hip hop. In 1982, Melle Mel and Duke Bootee recorded "The Message" (officially credited to Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five)^[19], a song that foreshadowed the socially conscious statements of Run-DMC's "It's like That" and Public Enemy's "Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos".^[20] Melle Mel (born Melvin Glover on May 15, 1962 in Bronx, New York ) is a hip-hop musician, one of the pioneers of old school hip hop as a lyricist & as lead rapper of Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five. ... For Nas song, see The Message (Nas song). ... Run-DMC is a famous hip hop crew founded by Jason Mizell (Jam Master Jay) and includes Joseph Run Simmons and Darryl DMC McDaniels, all from Hollis, Queens. ... Its Like That (Thats Just The Way It Is) originally debuted in 1983 along with Sucker M.C.s back to back on a cassette. ... Public Enemy, also known as PE, is a hip hop group from Long Island, New York, known for their politically charged lyrics, criticism of the media, and active interest in the concerns of the African American community. ... Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos is a song by the American political rap group Public Enemy from their 1988 sophomore album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back. ...

During the 1980s, hip hop also embraced the creation of rhythm by using the human body, via the vocal percussion technique of beatboxing. Pioneers such as Doug E. Fresh^[21], Biz Markie, and Buffy from the Fat Boys made beats, rhythm, and musical sounds using their mouth, lips, tongue, voice, and other body parts. "Human Beatbox" artists would also sing or imitate turntablism scratching or other instrument sounds. Vocal percussion is the art of creating sounds with ones mouth that approximate, imitate, or otherwise serve the same purpose as a percussion instrument, whether in a group of singers, an instrumental ensemble, or solo. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Doug E. Fresh is the stage name of Douglas E. Davis (born September 17, 1966), an American rapper, record producer, and beatboxerâ€”hes also known as The Human Beatbox. ... Biz Markie (born Marcel Hall April 8, 1964 in Harlem, New York) is a rapper and DJ, best known for humorous singles such as Just a Friend. He has been labeled The Clown Prince of Hip-Hop. ... The Fat Boys were a hip hop trio of rappers from Brooklyn who emerged in the early 1980s. ... Look up sing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... DJ Mixer. ...

American society

Early hip hop has often been credited with helping to reduce inner-city gang violence by replacing physical violence with dance and artwork battles. In the early 1970s, Kool DJ Herc began organizing dance parties in his home in the Bronx. The parties became so popular they were moved to outdoor venues to accommodate more people. City teenagers, after years of gang violence, were looking for new ways to express themselves.^[22] These outdoor parties, hosted in parks, became a means of expression and an outlet for teenagers, where "Instead of getting into trouble on the streets, teens now had a place to expend their pent-up energy."^[23]

Tony Tone, a member of the pioneering rap group the Cold Crush Brothers, noted that "Hip-hop saved a lot of lives."^[23] Hip hop culture became an outlet and a way of dealing with the hardships of life as minorities within America, and an outlet to deal with violence and gang culture. MC Kid Lucky mentions that “people used to break-dance against each other instead of fighting.”^[24]^{[broken citation]} Inspired by Kool DJ Herc, once-gang leader of the Black Spades, Afrika Bambaataa created a street organization called Universal Zulu Nation, centered around hip hop, as a means to draw teenagers out of gang life and violence.^[23] Afrika Bambaataa is a DJ and community leader from the South Bronx, who was instrumental in the early development of hip hop throughout the 1970s. ... The Universal Zulu Nation, originally known simply as The Organization, is an international hip hop awareness group, which arose among reformed street gang members in New York City in the 1970s, formed and headed by hip hop music pioneer Afrika Bambaataa. ... Cold Crush Brothers are a hip hop group that formed in 1979 in the Bronx, New York during hip hops infancy alongside artist such as Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five, Afrika Bambaataa & The Soulsonic Force, The Fantastic Five, and The Funky Four Plus One More. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Universal Zulu Nation, originally known simply as The Organization, is an international hip hop awareness group, which arose among reformed street gang members in New York City in the 1970s, formed and headed by hip hop music pioneer Afrika Bambaataa. ...

Contrary to popular belief, the hip hop movement was not centered around violence, drugs, and weapons in the early days. Many people used hip hop in positive ways. The lyrical content of many early rap groups concentrated on social issues, most notably in the seminal track "The Message", which discussed the realities of life in the housing projects.^[25] "Young black Americans coming out of the civil rights movement have used hip hop culture in the 1980s and 1990s to show the limitations of the movement."^[26]. Hip hop gave young African Americans a voice to let their issues be noticed. It also gave young blacks a chance for financial gain by "reducing the rest of the world to consumers of its social concerns."^[26] An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Hip hop's social impacts on the country have not been all negative. It has positively affected many youth and encouraged them to voice their opinions on world and personal issues. "Like rock-and-roll, hip hop is vigorously opposed by conservatives because it romanticises violence, law-breaking, and gangs".^[26] Both hip hop and rock-and-roll were musical movements used by teens in order to express how they felt about certain issues.^[25] Now hip hop and rock-and-roll are combined in many ways including rewriting songs where a rapper or rock band play with the other.

With the emergence of commercial and crime-related rap during the early 1990s, however, an emphasis on violence was incorporated, with many rappers boasting about drugs, weapons, misogyny, and violence. While hip hop music now appeals to a broader demographic, media critics argue that socially and politically conscious hip hop has long been disregarded by mainstream America in favor of gangsta rap.^[27] For the Ice T album, see Gangsta Rap (album). ...

Though created in the United States by African Americans and Latinos, hip hop culture and music is now global in scope. Youth culture and opinion is meted out in both Israeli hip hop and Palestinian hip hop, while France, Germany, the U.K., Brazil, Japan, Africa, Australia and the Caribbean have long-established hip hop followings. According to the U.S. Department of State, hip hop is "now the center of a mega music and fashion industry around the world," that crosses social barriers and cuts across racial lines.^[28] National Geographic recognizes hip hop as "the world's favorite youth culture" in which "just about every country on the planet seems to have developed its own local rap scene."^[29] Through its international travels, hip hop is now considered a “global musical epidemic,”^[30] and has diverged from its ethnic roots by way of globalization and localization. There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Palestinian hip hop supposedly started in 1998 with Tamer Nafars group DAM[1]. These Palestinian youth forged the new Palestinian musical sub-genre, which blends Arabic melodies and hip hop beats. ... British Hip Hop is a genre of music, and a culture that covers a variety of styles of rap music made in the United Kingdom. ... Hip hop music has been popular in Africa since the early 1980s due to widespread American influence. ... Songo-salsa is a style of music that blends Spanish rapping and hip hop beats with salsa music and songo. ... The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. ...

Although some non-American rappers may still relate with young black Americans, hip hop now transcends its original culture, and is appealing because it is “custom-made to combat the anomie that preys on adolescents wherever nobody knows their name.”^[31] Hip hop is attractive in its ability to give a voice to disenfranchised youth in any country, and as music with a message it is a form available to all societies worldwide.

Even in the face of growing global popularity, or perhaps because of it, hip hop has come under fire for being too commercial, too commodified. Artist Nas said it himself in his 2006 album Hip Hop is Dead. While this of course stirs up controversy, a documentary called The Commodification of Hip Hop directed by Brooke Daniel interviews students at Satellite Academy in New York City. For other uses, see Nas (disambiguation). ... Hip Hop Is Dead is a 2006 album by American hip-hop artist Nas that was released on December 19, 2006. ...

One girl talks about the epidemic of crime that she sees in urban black and Latino communities, relating it directly to the hip hop industry saying “When they can’t afford these kind of things, these things that celebrities have like jewelry and clothes and all that, they’ll go and sell drugs, some people will steal it…”^[32] Many students see this as a negative side effect of the hip hop industry, and indeed, hip hop has been widely criticized for inciting notions of crime, violence, and American ideals of consumerism although much of the hip-hop dancing community still chooses to refer back to more "oldschool" types of hip-hop music that does not preach violence and drugs. Old school hip hop is a term used to describe the very earliest hip hop music to come out of the block parties of New York City in the 1970s and 1980s. ...

In an article for Village Voice, Greg Tate argues that the commercialization of hip hop is a negative and pervasive phenomenon, writing that "what we call hiphop is now inseparable from what we call the hiphop industry, in which the nouveau riche and the super-rich employers get richer".^[26] Ironically, this commercialization coincides with a decline in rap sales and pressure from critics of the genre.^[33] However, in his book In Search Of Africa, Manthia Diawara explains that hip hop is really a voice of people who are down and out in modern society. He argues that the "worldwide spread of hip-hop as a market revolution" is actually global "expression of poor people’s desire for the good life," and that this struggle aligns with "the nationalist struggle for citizenship and belonging, but also reveals the need to go beyond such struggles and celebrate the redemption of the black individual through tradition."^[34]

This connection to "tradition" however, is something that may be lacking according to one Satellite Academy staff member who says that in all of the focus on materialism, the hip hop community is “not leaving anything for the next generation, we’re not building.”^[35]

As the hip hop genre turns 30, a deeper analysis of the music’s impact is taking place. It has been viewed as a cultural sensation which changed the music industry around the world, but some believe commercialization and mass production have given it a darker side. Tate has described its recent manifestations as a marriage of “New World African ingenuity and that trick of the devil known as global-hypercapitalism”^[36], arguing it has joined the “mainstream that had once excluded its originators.” ^[36] While hip hop's values may have changed over time, the music continues to offer its followers and originators a shared identity which is instantly recognizable and much imitated around the world.

Global innovations

From its early spread to Europe and Japan to an almost worldwide acceptance through Asia and South American countries such as Brazil, the musical influence has been global. Hip hop sounds and styles differ from region to region, but there is also a lot of crossbreeding. In each separate hip hop scene there is also constant struggle between "old school" hip hop and more localized, newer sounds.^[37] Regardless of where it is found, the music often targets local disaffected youth.^[38] European hip hop is hip hop music created by European musicians. ... Asian Hip Hop is a heterogeneous musical genre that covers all hip hop music as recorded and produced by artists of Asian origin. ...

Hip hop has given people a voice to express themselves, from the "Bronx to Beirut, Kazakhstan to Cali, Hokkaido to Harare, Hip Hop is the new sound of a disaffected global youth culture."^[38] Though on the global scale there is a heavy influence from US culture, different cultures worldwide have transformed hip hop with their own traditions and beliefs. "Global Hip Hop succeeds best when it showcases ... cultures that reside outside the main arteries of the African Diaspora."^[38] Not all countries have embraced hip hop, where "as can be expected in countries with strong local culture, the interloping wildstyle of hip hop is not always welcomed".^[39] The African diaspora was the movement of Africans and their descendants to places throughout the world - predominantly to the Americas, then later to Europe, the Middle East and other corners of the globe. ...

As hip hop becomes globally-available, it is not a one-sided process that eradicates local cultures. Instead, global hip hop styles are often synthesized with local styles. Hartwig Vens argues that hip hop can also be viewed as a global learning experience.^[40] Hip hop from countries outside the United States is often labeled "world music" for the American consumer. Author Jeff Chang argues that "the essence of hip hop is the cipher, born in the Bronx, where competition and community feed each other."^[41] World music is, most generally, all the music in the world. ... Jeff Chang is an American journalist and music critic on hip-hop music and culture. ...

Hip hop has impacted many different countries culturally and socially in positive ways. "Thousands of organizers from Cape Town to Paris use hip hop in their communities to address environmental justice, policing and prisons, media justice, and education."^[42]

While hip hop music has been criticized as a music which creates a divide between western music and music from the rest of the world, a musical "cross pollination" has taken place, which strengthens the power of hip hop to influence different communities.^[43] Hip hop's impact as a "world music" is also due to its translatability among different cultures in the world. Hip hop's messages allow the under-privileged and the mistreated to be heard.^[40] These cultural translations cross borders.^[42] While the music may be from a foreign country, the message is something that many people can relate to- something not "foreign" at all.^[44]

Even when hip hop is transplanted to other countries, it often retains its "vital progressive agenda that challenges the status quo."^[42] Global hip hop is the meeting ground for progressive local activism, as many organizers use hip hop in their communities to address environmental injustice, policing and prisons, media justice, and education. In Gothenburg, Sweden, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) incorporate graffiti and dance to engage disaffected immigrant and working class youths. Indigenous youths in countries as disparate as Bolivia,^[45] Chile, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Norway use hip hop to advance new forms of identity.^{[citation needed]}

Cultural pillars

DJing

Turntablism refers to the extended boundaries and techniques of normal DJing innovated by hip hop. One of the few first hip hop DJ's was Kool DJ Herc, who created hip hop through the isolation of "breaks" (the parts of albums that focused solely on the beat). In addition to developing Herc's techniques, DJs Grandmaster Flash, Grand Wizard Theodore, and Grandmaster Caz made further innovations with the introduction of scratching. For other meanings of DJ, see DJ (disambiguation). ... DJ Mixer. ... For other meanings of DJ, see DJ (disambiguation). ... DJ Kool Herc was the originator of break-beat DJing, where the breaks of funk songsâ€”being the most danceable part, often featuring percussionâ€”were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties (AMG [1]). Later DJs such as Grandmaster Flash refined and developed the use of... Joseph Biggie Grand Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown, Barbados), better known as Grandmaster Flash, is a American hip hop musician and DJ; one of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing. ... Grand Wizard Theodore (left). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Scratching is a DJ or turntablist technique used to produce sounds for some types of music. ...

Traditionally, a DJ will use two turntables simultaneously. These are connected to a DJ mixer, an amplifier, speakers, and various other pieces of electronic music equipment. The DJ will then perform various tricks between the two albums currently in rotation using the above listed methods. The result is a unique sound created by the seemingly combined sound of two separate songs into one song. A DJ should not be confused with a producer of a music track (though there is considerable overlap between the two roles). Tonearm redirects here. ... A DJ mixer is a type of audio mixing console used by disc jockeys. ... For the British rock band of the same name, see Amplifier (band). ... An inexpensive low fidelity 3. ... An album or record album is a collection of related audio or music tracks distributed to the public. ... In the music industry, a record producer (or music producer) has many roles, among them controlling the recording sessions, coaching and guiding the musicians, organizing and scheduling production budget and resources, and supervising the recording, mixing and mastering processes. ...

In the early years of hip hop, the DJs were the stars, but their limelight has been taken by MCs since 1978, thanks largely to Melle Mel of Grandmaster Flash's crew, the Furious Five. However, a number of DJs have gained stardom nonetheless in recent years. Famous DJs include Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa, Mr. Magic, DJ Jazzy Jeff, DJ Scratch from EPMD, DJ Premier from Gang Starr, DJ Scott La Rock from Boogie Down Productions, DJ Pete Rock of Pete Rock & CL Smooth, DJ Muggs from Cypress Hill, Jam Master Jay from Run-DMC, Eric B., DJ Screw, Funkmaster Flex, Tony Touch, DJ Clue, and DJ Q-Bert. The underground movement of turntablism has also emerged to focus on the skills of the DJ. Melle Mel (born Melvin Glover on May 15, 1962 in Bronx, New York ) is a hip-hop musician, one of the pioneers of old school hip hop as a lyricist & as lead rapper of Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five. ... Album cover of The Official Adventures of Grandmaster Flash DJ Grandmaster Flash (born Joseph Saddler on January 1, 1958 in Barbados) is a hip hop musician and DJ; one of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing. ... Joseph Biggie Grand Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown, Barbados), better known as Grandmaster Flash, is a American hip hop musician and DJ; one of the pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing. ... Afrika Bambaataa is a DJ and community leader from the South Bronx, who was instrumental in the early development of hip hop throughout the 1970s. ... This article is about the Rap and Hip-Hop pioneer. ... DJ Jazzy Jeff (born Jeffrey A. Townes on January 22, 1965 in Philadelphia) is an American hip hop and R&B record producer and turntablist. ... DJ Scratch (born George Spivey) was introduced to EPMD by Jam Master Jay at the Runs House Tour after DJ K LA Boss left Erick Sermon and PMD. Impressed by his skills, the two designated DJ Scratch as their official D.J. by their second album Unfinished Business in... EPMD is an American rap group from Brentwood, New York, active from 1987 to 1999; one of the prominent acts in East coast hip hop. ... This biographical article or section needs additional references for verification. ... Gang Starr is an influential East Coast rap group that consists of Guru and DJ Premier. ... Scott Sterling (March 2, 1962â€“August 27, 1987), better known by his stage name Scott La Rock, was the original DJ for the hip hop group Boogie Down Productions. ... Boogie Down Productions (1989) Boogie Down Productions was originally composed of KRS One, D Nice, and DJ Scott La Rock. ... Pete Rock (born Peter Phillips, June 21, 1970[1] in Bronx, New York) is an American hip hop DJ, producer and rapper. ... Pete Rock & CL Smooth is a rap group from the 1990s. ... Lawrence Muggerud (born January 28, 1968 in Queens, New York), and better known as DJ Muggs (or simply Muggs), is Cypress Hills DJ and producer. ... Cypress Hill is a mostly-Latin American hip hop group from South Gate, California, who are quite possibly most known for their song Insane in the Brain. Their consistent advocacy around the legalization of cannabis consumption has contributed to their popularity. ... Jason Mizell (January 21, 1965 â€“ October 30, 2002), known as Jam Master Jay, was the founder and DJ of Run-DMC, a highly influential hip-hop group, based in the Queens borough of New York City. ... Run-DMC is a famous hip hop crew founded by Jason Mizell (Jam Master Jay) and includes Joseph Run Simmons and Darryl DMC McDaniels, all from Hollis, Queens. ... Eric B. & Rakim was an East Coast rap group that popularized the James Brown-sampled funky hip hop of the late 1980s. ... DJ Screw, born Robert Earl Davis, Jr. ... Aston George Taylor Jr. ... Tony Touch, also known as Tony Toca, is an American hip hop DJ MC, B-boy, and producer from New York City, who is of Puerto Rican descent. ... // Ernesto Shaw (born January 8, 1975 in Jamaica, Queens, New York City, New York, USA), better known as DJ Clue?, is a Mixtape DJ known for his involvement in the Mixtape circuit and for being one of the first DJs not to mix songs in his mixtapes. ... Q-bert (born 1969) is the performing name of Richard Quitevis, a Filipino-American DJ and music-writer. ... DJ Mixer. ...

Mixtape DJs have also emerged creating mixtapes with different artist and getting exclusive songs and putting them on one disc, djs such as DJ White Owl, DJ Skee, DJ Drama, and DJ Whoo Kid This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... DJ Drama (Dramatic) (born Tyree Cinque Simmons on April 22, 1978 in Philadelphia) is the official DJ for Grand Hustle/Atlantic recording artist T.I., but he is most well-known for his achievements in the mixtape game, producing the popular Gangsta Grillz mix tape series. ... DJ Whoo Kid (born Yves Mondesir in West Orange, New Jersey) is a former hip hop DJ. He is best known for being the official DJ of the hip hop group G-Unit. ...

Rapping

Rapping, also known as Emceeing, MCing, Rhyme spitting, Spitting, or just Rhyming, is the rhythmic delivery of rhymes, one of the central elements of hip hop music and culture. Although the word rap has sometimes been claimed to be a backronym of the phrase "Rhythmic American Poetry", "Rhythm and Poetry", "Rhythmically Applied Poetry", or "Rhythmically Associated Poetry", use of the word to describe quick and slangy speech or repartee long predates the musical form.^[46] One early example includes the spoken word group The Last Poets.^[47] Rapping can be delivered over a beat or without accompaniment. Trevor Smith, Jr. ... Bet may refer to: Look up bet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Rap redirects here. ... For other uses, see Rhythm (disambiguation). ... A rhyme is a repetition of identical or similar sounds in two or more different words and is most often used in poetry and song. ... Hip hop is a subculture, which is said to have begun with the work of DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, and Afrika Bambaattaa. ... A backronym (or bacronym) is a phrase that is constructed after the fact from a previously existing word or abbreviation, the abbreviation being an initialism or an acronym. ... The Last Poets is a group of poets and musicians who arose from the late 1960s African American civil rights movements black nationalist thread. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Graffiti

In America around the late 1960s, graffiti was used as a form of expression by political activists, and also by gangs such as the Savage Skulls, La Familia, and Savage Nomads to mark territory. Towards the end of the 1960s, the signatures—tags—of Philadelphia graffiti writers Top Cat,^[48] Cool Earl and Cornbread started to appear.^[49] Around 1970-71, the centre of graffiti innovation moved to New York City where writers following in the wake of TAKI 183 and Tracy 168 would add their street number to their nickname, "bomb" a train with their work, and let the subway take it—and their fame, if it was impressive, or simply pervasive, enough—"all city". Bubble lettering held sway initially among writers from the Bronx, though the elaborate Brooklyn style Tracy 168 dubbed "wildstyle" would come to define the art.^[48]^[50] The early trendsetters were joined in the 70s by artists like Dondi, Futura 2000, Daze, Blade, Lee, Zephyr, Rammellzee, Crash, Kel, NOC 167 and Lady Pink.^[48] Aerosol paint can. ... For other uses, see Graffiti (disambiguation). ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as involvement in action to bring about change, be it social, political, environmental, or other change. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area - City 369. ... New York Citys TAKI 183 One of the originators of New York graffiti was TAKI 183 â€“ a foot messenger who would tag his nickname around New York streets that he daily frequented en route in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ... TRACY 168 (b. ... Bronx redirects here. ... This article is about the New York City borough, or Kings County, New York. ... For other uses, see Wildstyle (disambiguation). ... This article is about the graffiti artist. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... Andrew Zephyr Witten is a graffiti artist, lecturer and author from New York City. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... John Crash Matos Crash (b. ... Lady Pink - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

The relationship between graffiti and hip hop culture arises both from early graffiti artists practicing other aspects of hip hop, and its being practiced in areas where other elements of hip hop were evolving as art forms. Graffiti is recognized as a visual expression of rap music, just as breakdancing is viewed as a physical expression. The book Subway Art (New York: Henry Holt & Co, 1984) and the TV program Style Wars (first shown on the PBS channel in 1984) were among the first ways the mainstream public were introduced to hip hop graffiti. A boy hitting (holding) a pike Breakdance (media coined phrase), also known as breaking, b-girling or b-boying, is a street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement that originated among African American youths in the South Bronx of New York City during the early... Style Wars is an early documentary on hip hop culture, made by Tony Silver and Henry Chalfant, made in New York City in the early 1980s. ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ...

Breakdancing

Breakdancing, also breaking or B-boying, is a dynamic style of dance which developed as part of the hip hop culture. Breaking began to take form in the South Bronx alongside the other elements of hip hop. The "B" in B-boy stands for break, as in break-boy (or girl). The term "B-boy" originated from the dancers at DJ Kool Herc's parties, who saved their best dance moves for the break section of the song, getting in front of the audience to dance in a distinctive, frenetic style. According to the documentary film The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy, DJ Kool Herc describes the "B" in B-boy as short for breaking which at the time was slang for "going off", also one of the original names for the dance. However, early on the dance was known as the "boiong" (the sound a spring makes). Breaking was briefly documented for release to a world wide audience for the first time in Style Wars, and was later given a little more focus in the fictional film Beat Street. Early acts include the Rock Steady Crew and New York City Breakers. A breakdancer performing a one-handed freeze (also known as a pike) in the streets of Paris. ... A girl hip hop dancing, a very broad and common category of street dance. ... A breakdancer performing a one-handed freeze (also known as a pike) in the streets of Paris. ... For other uses, see Break. ... Beat Street is a 1984 mainstream hip hop dramatic feature film, and the second following Breakin. It is set in New York City during the popularity rise of hip hop culture in the early 1980s. ... Rock Steady Crew is a breakdancing crew and hip hop group that was established in the Bronx borough of New York City in 1977. ... New York City Breakers is a breakdancing crew and hip hop group that was established in the Bronx borough of New York City . ...

B-boying is one of the major elements of hip hop culture, commonly associated with, but distinct from, "popping", "locking", "hitting", "ticking", "boogaloo", and other funk styles that evolved independently during the late 1960s in California. It was common during the 1980s to see a group of people with a radio on a playground, basketball court, or sidewalk performing a B-boy show for a large audience.^{[citation needed]} Combination playground structure for small children; slides, climbers (stairs in this case), playhouse A playground is an area designed for children to play freely. ... This article is about the sport. ...

Beatboxing

Beatboxing, popularized by Doug E. Fresh, is the vocal percussion of hip hop culture. It is primarily concerned with the art of creating beats, rhythms, and melodies using the human mouth. The term beatboxing is derived from the mimicry of the first generation of drum machines, then known as beatboxes. As it is a way of creating hip-hop music, it can be categorized under the production element of hip-hop, though it does sometimes include a type of rapping intersected with the human-created beat. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Doug E. Fresh is the stage name of Douglas E. Davis (born September 17, 1966), an American rapper, record producer, and beatboxerâ€”hes also known as The Human Beatbox. ... Vocal percussion is the art of creating sounds with ones mouth that approximate, imitate, or otherwise serve the same purpose as a percussion instrument, whether in a group of singers, an instrumental ensemble, or solo. ... A Boss DR-202 Drum Machine Drum machines are sequencers with a synthesizer, sampler, and/or a sample playback (rompler) component that is tailored to imitate the sounds of drums and other percussion instruments. ...

The art form enjoyed a strong presence in the '80s with artists like the Darren "Buffy, the Human Beat Box" Robinson of the Fat Boys and Biz Markie showing their beatboxing skills. Beatboxing declined in popularity along with break dancing in the late '80s, and almost slipped even deeper than the underground. Beatboxing has been enjoying a resurgence since the late '90s, marked by the release of "Make the Music 2000." by Rahzel of The Roots (known for even singing while beatboxing). The Fat Boys were a hip hop trio of rappers from Brooklyn who emerged in the early 1980s. ... Biz Markie (born Marcel Hall April 8, 1964 in Harlem, New York) is a rapper and DJ, best known for humorous singles such as Just a Friend. He has been labeled The Clown Prince of Hip-Hop. ... Rahzel (full name Rahzel M. Brown) is probably best known in the semi-mainstream world as a member of the Roots, Rahzel is an MC that specializes in the fifth element of hip-hop culture -- beatboxing (which comes after graffiti spraying, DJing, MCing, and breakdancing). ... The Roots, a. ...

As it grew and developed into a multi-billion dollar industry, the scope of hip hop culture grew beyond the boundaries of its traditional four elements.^{[citation needed]} KRS-ONE, a rapper from the golden age of hip hop, names nine elements of hip hop culture: the traditional four and beatboxing, plus hip hop fashion, hip hop slang, street knowledge, and street entrepreneurship. He also suggests that hip hop is a cultural movement and that the word itself had to reflect this.^{[citation needed]} He spells it Hiphop (one word, capital "h") and this is reflected in his Temple of Hiphop. KRS-One (born Lawrence Krisna Parker on August 20, 1965 in Brooklyn, New York. ... The Temple of Hiphop is an organization founded by KRS One. ...

Social impact

Effects

Hip hop has made considerable social impacts since its inception in the 1970s. Orlando Patterson, a sociology professor at Harvard University helps describe the phenomenon of how hip hop spread rapidly around the world and diffusion of Global. Professor Patterson argues that mass communication is controlled by the wealthy, government, and businesses in Third World nations and countries around the world.^[51] Professor Patterson believes that mass communication created a global cultural hip hop scene. As a result, the youth absorb and are influenced by the American hip hop scene and start their own form of hip hop. Professor Patterson believes that revitalization of hip hop music will occur around the world as traditional values are mixed with American hip hop musical forms,^[51] and ultimately a global exchange process will develop that brings youth around the world to listen to a common musical form known as hip hop. It has also been argued that rap music formed as a "cultural response to historic oppression and racism, a system for communication among black communities throughout the United States"^[52]. This is due to the fact that the culture reflected the social, economic and political realities of the disenfranchised youth. ^[53]. Orlando Patterson is a preeminent Jamaican sociologist at Harvard University who is recognized for his many scholarly contributions to his study on ethnicity primarily of those people of African descent and is one of the most cited modern writers in his field. ... Harvard redirects here. ... Third World is a term originally used to distinguish those nations that neither aligned with the West nor with the East during the Cold War and most were members of the Non-Aligned Movement. ...

Language

Hip hop has a distinctive slang^[54]. Due to hip hop's commercial success in the late nineties and early 21st century, many of these words have been assimilated into many different dialects across America and the world and even to non-hip hop fans (the word dis for example is remarkably prolific). There are also words like homie which predate hip hop but are often associated with it. For other uses, see Slang (disambiguation). ... Look up dis,dis- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Sometimes, terms like what the dilly, yo are popularized by a single song (in this case, "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" by Busta Rhymes) and are only used briefly. One particular example is the rule-based slang of Snoop Dogg and E-40, who add -izz to the middle of words. This practice, with origins in Frankie Smith's nonsensical language from his 1980 single "Double Dutch Bus", has spread to even non-hip hop fans, who may be unaware of its derivation. As a genre of music popular all over the world, World hip hop, in which African-American English is not the dialect used, is as prevalent as ever. Trevor Smith, Jr. ... Calvin Cordozar Broadus, Jr. ... For other uses, see E40. ... Shizzle is a slang, African American English suffix used for pop-culture hip hop slang. ... Frankie Smith is a funk musician and R&B/soul song writer. ... Hip hop music was primarily limited to its country of origin, the United States, until the mid 1980s, at which point it reached into other countries and continents until its presence was worldwide. ...

Censorship

Hip hop has probably encountered more problems with censorship than any other form of popular music in recent years, due to the frequency of expletives used in lyrics.^{[citation needed]} It also receives flak for being anti-establishment, and many of its songs depict wars and coup d'états that in the end overthrow the government. For example, Public Enemy's "Gotta Give the Peeps What They Need" was edited without their permission, removing the words "free Mumia".^[55] For other uses, see Graffiti (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Censor. ... Not to be confused with antidisestablishmentarianism. ... Coup redirects here. ... Public Enemy, also known as PE, is a hip hop group from Long Island, New York, known for their politically charged lyrics, criticism of the media, and active interest in the concerns of the African American community. ... Mumia Abu-Jamal (IPA: ); (born Wesley Cook on April 24, 1954) is a former Black Panther Party activist, cab driver, author, and journalist from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, convicted for the murder of police officer Daniel Faulkner in 1981. ...

After the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, Oakland, California group The Coup was under fire for the cover art on their Party Music, which featured the group's two members holding a detonator as the Twin Towers exploded behind them. Ironically, this art was created months before the actual event. The group, having politically radical and Marxist lyrical content, said the cover meant to symbolize the destruction of capitalism. Their record label pulled the album until a new cover could be designed. For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ... Oakland redirects here. ... The Coup is a hip-hop group based in Oakland, California. ... Party Music is the fourth studio album by The Coup, an alternative hip hop group based in Oakland, California. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ...

The use of profanity as well as graphic depictions of violence and sex creates challenges in the broadcast of such material both on television stations such as MTV, in music video form, and on radio. As a result, many hip hop recordings are broadcast in censored form, with offending language "bleeped" or blanked out of the soundtrack (though usually leaving the backing music intact), or even replaced with "clean" lyrics. The result – which sometimes renders the remaining lyrics unintelligible or contradictory to the original recording – has become almost as widely identified with the genre as any other aspect of the music, and has been parodied in films such as Austin Powers in Goldmember, in which Mike Myers' character Dr. Evil – performing in a parody of a hip hop music video ("Hard Knock Life" by Jay-Z) – performs an entire verse that is blanked out. In 1995 Roger Ebert wrote:^[56] In cartoons, profanity is often depicted by substituting symbols for words, as a form of non-specific censorship. ... This article is about the original U.S. music television channel. ... A music video is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a song. ... Austin Powers in Goldmember is the third film of the Austin Powers series starring Mike Myers in the title role. ... Michael Myers can refer to: The Rt Hon Sir Michael Myers was the sixth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Zealand. ... Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem) was a 1998 hit single from rapper Jay-Zs third album . ... Jay-Z (aka the Jigga, HOV and Hova, born Shawn Carter on December 4, 1970 in Brooklyn, New York) is an African American rapper/hip hop artist and record label executive; one of the most popular and successful rappers of the late 1990s and early 2000s. ... Roger Joseph Ebert (born June 18, 1942) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American film critic. ...

In a way to circumvent broadcasting regulations BET has created a late-night segment called "Uncut" to air uncensored videos. Not only has this translated into greater sales for mainstream artists, it has also provided an outlet for undiscovered artists to grab the spotlight with graphic but low production quality videos, often made cheaply by non-professionals. Perhaps the most notorious video aired, which for many came to exemplify BET's program Uncut, was "Tip Drill" by Nelly. While no more explicit than other videos, its exploitative depiction of women, particularly of a man swiping a credit card between a stripper's buttocks, was seized upon by many social activists for condemnation. The segment was discontinued in mid 2006. Misogyny is an exaggerated pathological aversion towards women. ... This article is about the recording artist. ... Bet may refer to: Look up bet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This phrase has several meanings, including the following; A tip drill is a basketball practice in which players take turns to tip the ball off the backboard consecutively without the ball touching the ground. ... Nelly (born Cornell Haynes Jr. ...

Product placement

Critics such as Businessweek's David Kiley argue that the discussion of many products within hip hop music and culture may actually be the result of undisclosed product placement deals.^[57] Such critics allege that shilling or product placement takes place in commercial rap music, and that lyrical references to products are actually paid endorsements.^[57] In 2005, a proposed plan by McDonalds, which would have paid rappers to advertise McDonalds food in their music, was leaked to the press.^[57] After Russell Simmons made a deal with Courvoisier to promote the brand among hip hop fans, Busta Rhymes recorded the song "Pass The Courvoisier".^[57] Simmons insists that no money changed hands in the deal.^[57] BusinessWeek is a business magazine published by McGraw-Hill. ... A shill is an associate of a person selling goods or services who pretends no association to the seller and assumes the air of an enthusiastic customer. ... Wikibooks [[wikibooks:|]] has more about this subject: Marketing Product placement advertisements are promotional ads placed by marketers using real commercial products and services in media, where the presence of a particular brand is the result of an economic exchange. ... McDonalds Corporation (NYSE: MCD) is the worlds largest chain of fast-food restaurants [1]. Although McDonalds did not invent the hamburger or fast food, its name has become nearly synonymous with both. ... Russell Simmons (born October 4, 1957 in Queens, New York), is an American entrepreneur and record producer. ... A bottle of Courvoisier VS cognac Courvoisier is a type of cognac. ... Trevor Smith, Jr. ...

The symbiotic relationship has also stretched to include car manufacturers, clothing designers and sneaker companies, and many other companies have used the hip-hop community to make their name or to give the credibility. One such beneficiary was Jacob the Jeweler, a diamond merchant from New York, Jacob Arabo's clientèle included Sean Combs, Lil Kim and Nas. He created jewelry pieces from precious metals that were heavily loaded with diamond and gemstones. As his name was mentioned in the song lyrics of his hip hop customers, his profile quickly rose. Arabo expanded his brand to include gem-encrusted watches that retail for hundreds of thousands of dollars, gaining so much attention that Cartier filed a trademark-infringement lawsuit against him for putting diamonds on the faces of their watches and reselling them without permission.^[58] Arabo's profile increased steadily until his June, 2006 arrest by the FBI on money laundering charges.^[59] This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Sean John Combs (born November 4, 1969[1]), known by his stage names Puff Daddy, Diddy, P. Diddy, and Puffy is an American rapper, record producer, actor, clothing designer and entrepreneur. ... Lil Kim on the cover of her album Notorious Kim Kimberly Ann Jones, professionally known as Lil Kim (also called The Queen Bee, The Lieutenant, and The Queen Bitch such as the QB of all bitches) is a United States rapper who was born in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood... For other uses, see Nas (disambiguation). ... Ring-Design > Cartier 1969. ... F.B.I. and FBI redirect here. ... Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions in order to conceal the identity, source and destination of the money in question. ...

While some brands welcome the support of the hip-hop community, one brand that did not was Cristal champagne maker Louis Roederer. A 2006 article from The Economist magazine featured remarks from managing director Frederic Rouzaud about whether the brand's identification with rap stars could affect their company negatively. His answer was dismissive in tone: "That's a good question, but what can we do? We can't forbid people from buying it. I'm sure Dom Pérignon or Krug would be delighted to have their business." In retaliation, many hip hop icons such as Jay-Z and Sean Combs who previous included references to "Cris", ceased all mentions and purchases of the champagne. A bottle of Louis Roederer Cristal (1993). ... This article is about Champagne, the alcoholic beverage. ... Louis Roederer is one of the largest remaining independent Champagne Houses, owned by the same family since it was founded in 1776. ... The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London. ... Jay-Z (aka the Jigga, HOV and Hova, born Shawn Carter on December 4, 1970 in Brooklyn, New York) is an African American rapper/hip hop artist and record label executive; one of the most popular and successful rappers of the late 1990s and early 2000s. ... Sean John Combs (born November 4, 1969[1]), known by his stage names Puff Daddy, Diddy, P. Diddy, and Puffy is an American rapper, record producer, actor, clothing designer and entrepreneur. ...

Media

Hip-hop culture is intrinsically related to television; there have been a number of television shows devoted to or about hip-hop. For a long time, BET was the only television channel likely to play much hip hop, but in recent years the mainstream channels VH1 and MTV have added a significant amount of hip hop to their play list. With the emergence of the Internet a number of online sites have also begun to offer Hip Hop related video content. BET redirects here. ... VH1 (VH-1: Video Hits One until 1994 and VH1: Music First until 2003) is an American digital television channel that was created in January 1985 by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, at the time a division of Warner Communications and owners of MTV. VH1 and sister channel MTV are currently... This article is about the original U.S. music television channel. ...

Hip hop films have been related since hip-hop's conception and have become even more related in the 21st century. During the early 1990s, African-Americans experienced a film renassiance, sparked by the popularity of hood films, in-depth looks at urban life, focusing on violence, family, friends and hip-hop. There have also been a number of hip hop films, movies which focused on hip-hop as a subject. This article is considered orphaned, since there are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Hip hop films are motion pictures that display the aesthetics and culture of hip hop, primarily use hip hop as the musical soundtrack, use hip hop artists as their main characters, or all of the above. ...

Hip hop magazines have a large place in hip hop lifestyle, including Hip Hop Connection, XXL, Scratch, The Source and Vibe.^[60] Many individual cities have produced their own local hip hop newsletters, while hip hop magazines with national distribution are found in a few other countries. The 21st century also ushered in the rise of online media, and hip hop fan sites now offer comprehensive hip hop coverage on a daily basis. Hip Hop Connection (HHC) is the longest running magazine devoted entirely to hip hop in the world. ... A 2005 cover of XXL, featuring Snoop Dogg and The Game. ... Nas, The Game and will. ... The Source is a United States-based, monthly full-color magazine covering hip-hop music, politics, and culture, founded in 1988. ... Janet Jackson on the cover of Vibe in 1998. ...

Diversification

Hip hop has spawned dozens of sub-genres which incorporate a domineering style of music production or rapping, and it exhibits elements of trifunctionalism.^{[citation needed]} See also: Category:Hip hop genres Hip hop music can be subdivided into subgenres, fusions with other genres and regional hip hop scenes. ... Hip hop music was primarily limited to its country of origin, the United States, until the mid 1980s, at which point it reached into other countries and continents until its presence was worldwide. ... Triple bridge (Tromostovje) Ljubljana (IPA /ljubljʌna/), German Laibach (/lɑɪbax/), Italian Lubiana (/lʊbjɑ:na/) is the capital of Slovenia, situated on the outfall of the river Ljubljanica into the Sava, in central Slovenia, between the Alps and the Mediterranean. ...

Hip-Hop has now expanded and gone on a global scale, millions of rap albums are sold in foreign countries, some are not English speaking countries, yet people go out of their way and purchase these albums even thought they don’t understand the message the song carries, and manage to memorize the lyrics and sing along not knowing what they are saying. In foreign countries Hip-Hop has influenced natives to pursue rap careers and do what is being done in the United States such as following the trends, in their country. This is a product of globalization and it explains how popular culture can be interwoven with the everyday life of individuals that follow it, and how it can affect them in many ways.

Like jazz, hip-hop is one of the few musical genres that scholars see as entirely American.^{[citation needed]} Here, it is important to note the varying social influences that affect hip-hop's message in different nations. Frequently a musical response to political and/or social injustices, the face of hip-hop varies greatly from nation to nation. For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ...

For example, in South Africa the largest form of hip hop is called Kwaito, which has had a growth similar to American hip hop. Kwaito is a direct reflection of a post apartheid South Africa and is a voice for the voiceless; a term that U.S. hip hop is often referred to. Kwaito has become much more than just music, it has evolved into a lifestyle, encompassing all aspects of life including language and fashion.^[61] The music of Kwaito is both politically and party driven. The politically fuelled music gives a voice to oppressed people that have no other way to voice their concerns and find music to be very accessible, not only to themselves but also to the audiences they are trying to reach. On the other hand the club driven music can also be seen as political in the sense that the artists couldn't care less about the post apartheid life they live and are more concerned about having a good time and not how their access to this life came about. Kwaito is a music that came from a once hated and oppressed people, but it is now sweeping the nation. The main consumers of Kwaito are adolescents and half of the South African population is under 21. Some of the large Kwaito artists have sold over 100,000 albums, and in an industry where 25,000 albums sold is considered a gold record, those are impressive numbers.^[62] Kwaito allows the participation and creative engagement of otherwise socially excluded peoples in the generation of popular media.^[63] Kwaito is a music genre that emerged in Johannesburg, South Africa in the early 1990s. ...

In Jamaica the sounds of hip hop are derived from American and Jamaican influences. Jamaican hip hop is defined both through dancehall and Reggae music. Jamaican Kool Herc brought the sound systems, technology, and techniques of Reggae music to New York during the 1970s. Jamaican hip hop artists often rap in both Brooklyn and Jamaican accents. Jamaican hip hop subject matter is often influenced by outside and internal forces. Outside forces such as the bling-bling era of today's modern hip hop and internal influences coming from the use of anti colonialism and marijuana or "Ganja" references which Rastafarians believe bring them closer to God.^[64]^[65]^[66] Categories: People stubs | Hip hop musicians | Hip hop DJs | 1955 births ... Reggae is a music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. ... Rasta hairstyle Rastafarianism is a religious movement that believes in the divinity of former emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia. ...

Author Wayne Marshall argues that "Hip hop, as with any number of African-American cultural forms before it, offers a range of compelling and contradictory significations to Jamaican artist and audiences. From "modern blackness" to foreign mind", transnational cosmopolitanism to militant pan-Africanism, radical remixology to outright mimicry, hip-hop in Jamaica embodies the myriad ways that Jamaicans embrace, reject, and incorporate foreign yet familiar forms."^[67]

In the developing world hip hop has made a considerable impact in the social context. Despite the lack of resources, hip hop has made considerable inroads.^[39] Because funds are limited, hip hop artists are forced to use very basic tools, and even graffiti, an important aspect of the hip hop culture, is constrained because it is not available to the average person. Many hip hop artists that make it out of the developing world come to places like the United States in search of an identity and place that fits them specifically. Maya Arulpragasm is a Sri Lankan born hip hop artist in this situation. She claims, "I'm just trying to build some sort of bridge, I'm trying to create a third place, somewhere in between the developed world and the developing world."^[68]

Legacy

Having its roots from reggae, disco, funk, hip hop has since exponentially expanded into a widely accepted form of representation world wide. It expansion includes events like Afrika Bambaataa releasing "Planet Rock" in 1982 which tried to establish a more global harmony in hip hop. In the 1990s MC Solaar became an international hit that was not from America, the first of his kind. From the 80s onward, television became the major source of widespread outsourcing of hip hop to the global world. From Yo! MTV Raps (a television show that was shown in many countries) to Public Enemy's world tour, hip hop spread further to Latin America and became highly mainstream. Ranging from countries like France, Spain, England, the US and many many other countries world wide, voices want to be heard, and hip hop allows them to do so. As such, hip hop has been cut mixed and changed to the areas that adapt to it.^[38]^[69]^{[unreliable source?]} Yo! MTV Raps is a two-hour American television music video program, which ran from August 1988 to August 1995. ...

Early hip hop has often been credited with helping to reduce inner-city gang violence by replacing physical violence with hip hop battles of dance and artwork. However, with the emergence of commercial and crime-related rap during the early 1990s, an emphasis on violence was incorporated, with many rappers boasting about drugs, weapons, misogyny, and violence. While hip hop music now appeals to a broader demographic, media critics argue that socially and politically conscious hip hop has long been disregarded by mainstream America in favor of its media-baiting sibling, gangsta rap.^[70] For the Ice T album, see Gangsta Rap (album). ...

Many artists are now considered to be alternative/underground hip hop when they attempt to reflect what they believe to be the original elements of the culture. Artists/groups such as Lupe Fiasco, Talib Kweli, Mos Def, Dilated Peoples, dead prez, Blackalicious, Jurassic 5, Immortal Technique and newly added Ghana Force may emphasize messages of verbal skill, unity, or activism instead of messages of violence, material wealth, and misogyny. Alternative hip hop (also known as alternative rap) is a genre that is defined in greatly varying ways. ... Wasalu Muhammad Jaco (born February 16, 1982 in Chicago, Illinois) better known by his stage name Lupe Fiasco, is an American rapper. ... Talib Kweli Greene (born October 3, 1975), better known as Talib Kweli, is an American MC from Brooklyn, New York. ... Dante Terrell Smith (born December 11, 1973), better known by his stage name Mos Def, is a Golden Globe and Emmy Award-nominated and Grammy Award-nominated acclaimed American actor and MC, respectively. ... Dilated Peoples is an underground hip hop group residing in California. ... Blackalicious is an American alternative hip hop duo. ... Jurassic 5 is a hip hop group formed in 1993 by rappers Chali 2na, Akil, Zaakir aka Soup, Mark 7even, and turntable maestros DJ Nu-Mark and DJ Cut Chemist, who came together from two separate crews, the Rebels of Rhythm and Unity Committee. ... Felipe Coronel, better known as Immortal Technique, is a Hip hop MC and political activist. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action or inaction to bring about social or political change. ... In Eva Prima Pandora, by Jean Cousin (Louvre Museum), Eve, the equivalent of Pandora embodies Original Sin Misogyny (pronounced ) is hatred or strong prejudice against women; an antonym of philogyny. ...

Authenticity is often a serious debate within hip hop culture. Dating back to its origins in the 1970s in the Bronx, hip hop revolved around a culture of protest and freedom of expression in the wake of oppression. As hip hop has become less of an underground culture, it is subject to debate whether or not the spirit of hip hop is embodied in protest, or whether it can evolve to exist in a marketable integrated version.^[71] In "Authenticity Within Hip-Hop and Other Cultures Threatened with Assimilation," Commentator Kembrew McLeod argues that hip hop culture is actually threatened with assimilation by a larger, mainstream culture.^[72] In support of this position, editors of magazines such as the Village Voice have said that hip hop is slowly losing its edge due to the genre's involvement in the mainstream, hyper-capitalist world.^{[not in citation given]} Believing that hip hop should be utilized as a voice for social justice, Tate points out that in the marketable version of hip hop, there isn't a role for this evolved genre in context of the original theme hip hop originated from (freedom from oppression). The problem with Black progressive political organizing isn't that hip hop, but that the No. 1 issue on the table needs to be poverty, and nobody knows how to make poverty sexy.^[73] Tate discusses how the dynamic of progressive Black politics cannot apply to the genre of hip hop in the current state today due to the genre's heavy involvement in the market. In his article he discusses Hip Hop's 30^th birthday and its evolution has been a devolution due to its capitalistic endeavors. Both Tate and McLeod argue that hip hop has lost its authenticity due to its losing sight of the revolutionary theme and humble "folksy" beginnings the music originated from. "This is the first time artists from around the world will be performing in an international context. The ones that are coming are considered to be the key members of the contemporary underground hip-hop movement." This is how the music landscape has broadened around the world over the last ten years. The maturation of Hip Hop has gotten older with the genres age, but the initial reasoning of why Hip Hop has started will always be intact. Expression and oppression will always be at the root of any Hip Hop movement. Kembrew McLeod is an American journalist, artist, activist, and professor of Communication Studies at the University of Iowa. ...

Though born in the United States, the reach of hip hop is global. Youth culture and opinion is meted out in both Israeli hip hop and Palestinian hip hop, while France, Germany, the U.K., Africa and the Caribbean have long-established hip hop followings. According to the U.S. Department of State, hip hop is "now the center of a mega music and fashion industry around the world", that crosses social barriers and cuts across racial lines.^[28] National Geographic recognizes hip hop as "the world's favorite youth culture" in which "just about every country on the planet seems to have developed its own local rap scene."^[29] There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Palestinian hip hop supposedly started in 1998 with Tamer Nafars group DAM[1]. These Palestinian youth forged the new Palestinian musical sub-genre, which blends Arabic melodies and hip hop beats. ... British Hip Hop is a genre of music, and a culture that covers a variety of styles of rap music made in the United Kingdom. ... Hip hop music has been popular in Africa since the early 1980s due to widespread American influence. ... Songo-salsa is a style of music that blends Spanish rapping and hip hop beats with salsa music and songo. ... The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. ...

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