NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of Bosnia and Herzegovina

This is a history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1098x682, 294 KB) Summary Oton Ivekovic, Krunidba kralja Tomislava. ... The area known as Croatia today has been inhabited throughout the prehistoric period, ever since the Stone Age. ... The origin of the Croatian tribe before the great migration of the Slavs is uncertain. ... The Croatian people trace their origins to Slavic peoples which moved into the territory of the former Roman provinces Pannonia and Dalmatia between the 7th and 8th centuries, and formed dukedoms. ... The Kingdom of Croatia was an independent state from circa 925 until 1102 covering most of what is today Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans. ... The official entering of Croatia into personal union with Hungary, becoming part of the Kingdom of Hungary, had several important consequences. ... Following the Battle of Mohács, in 1527 some of the Croatian (and Hungarian) nobles supported Ivan Zapolja, while some preferred suzerainty to the Austrian king Ferdinand of Habsburg. ... Shortly before the end of the Great War, on October 29, 1918, the Croatian Parliament severed relations with Austria-Hungary as the Allied armies defeated those of the Habsburgs. ... Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Puppet-state King - 1941-1943 Tomislav II Poglavnik - 1941-1945 Ante PaveliÄ‡ Legislature None Historical era World War II - Established April 10, 1941 - Disestablished May 8, 1945 Population - 1941 est. ... Meeting after the liberation of Zagreb, May 1945. ... Combatants Croatian military Paramilitary organisations Republic of Serb Krajina Army Yugoslav Peoples Army Bosnian Serb Army Republic of Serbia Paramilitary organisations Commanders Franjo TuÄ‘man (President of Croatia) Anton Tus (Chief of Staff of Croatian Army 1991-1992) Janko Bobetko (Chief of Staff of Croatian Army 1992-1995) Atif... The modern period in Croatian history begins in 1990 with the countrys change of political and economic system as well as achieving independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. ... This article is about the study of the past in human terms. ...

[edit] Pre-Slavic period

Bosnia has been inhabited at least since Neolithic times. in the late Bronze Age, the Neolithic population was replaced by more warlike Indo-European tribes known as the Illyres or Illyrians. Celtic migrations in the 4th and 3rd century BCE displaced many Illyrian tribes from their former lands, but some Celtic and Illyrian tribes mixed.^[1] Concrete historical evidence for this period is scarce, but overall it appears that the region was populated by a number of different peoples speaking distinct languages.^[1] Conflict between the Illyrians and Romans started in 229 BCE, but Rome wouldn't complete its annexation of the region until 9 CE. In the Roman period, Latin-speaking settlers from all over the Roman empire settled among the Illyrians and Roman soldiers were encouraged to retire in the region. The vase from Butmir near Sarajevo, early Neolithic In the boundaries of todayâ€™s Bosnia and Herzegovina there have been many layers of prehistory cultures and their creation and disappearance is linked to migrations of unidentified ethnic groups. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Indo-Europeans are speakers of Indo-European languages. ... Illyria (disambiguation) Illyrians has come to refer to a broad, ill-defined Indo-European[1] group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans (Illyria, roughly from northern Epirus to southern Pannonia) and even perhaps parts of Southern Italy in classical times into the Common era, and spoke Illyrian languages. ... Celts, normally pronounced //, is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language. ... The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ... The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...

Christianity had already arrived in the region by the end of the 1st century, and numerous artifacts and objects from the time testify to this. Following events from the years 337 and 395 when the Empire split, Dalmatia and Pannonia were included in the Western Roman Empire. The region was conquered by the Ostrogoths in 455, and further exchanged hands between the Alans and Huns in the years to follow. By the 6th century, Emperor Justinian had re-conquered the area for the Byzantine Empire. The Slavs, a migratory people from northeastern Europe, were subjugated by the Eurasian Avars in the 6th century, and together they invaded the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th and 7th centuries, settling in what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and the surrounding lands.^[1] More South Slavs (namely Croats and Serbs) came in a second wave, and according to some scholars were invited by Emperor Heraclius to drive the Avars from Dalmatia.^[1] Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Relation to other religions Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus The Western Roman Empire in 395. ... This article deals with the continental Ostrogoths. ... The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and to a large extent shared a common culture. ... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... Justinian may refer to: Justinian I, a Roman Emperor; Justinian II, a Byzantine Emperor; Justinian, a storeship sent to the convict settlement at New South Wales in 1790. ... Byzantine redirects here. ... Late Avar period Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... For the Patriarch of Jerusalem, see Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem. ...

[edit] Medieval Bosnia

Modern knowledge of the in the west Balkans during the dark ages is patchy. Upon their arrival, the Slavs brought with them a tribal social structure, which probably fell apart and gave way to feudalism only with Frankish penetration into the region in the late 9th century (Bosnia probably originated as one such pre-feudal Slavic entity).^[1] It was also around this time that the south Slavs were Christianized. Bosnia, due to its geographic position and terrain, was probably one of the last areas to go through this process, which presumably originated from the urban centers along the Dalmatian coast.^[1] The region of Bosnia had been part of the kingdoms of Serbia and Croatia, whose borders were often fluctuant. However, by the high middle ages Croatia had been acquired by the Hungarian Kingdom, and the Serbian state to the southeast was in a period of stagnation. Control over Bosnia subsequently was contested between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Byzantine empire, with the Byzantines initially claiming it. Following the death of the Byzantine Emperor, Hungary appointed a Ban, one Kulin, to rule the province under vassalage. However, this vassalage was largely nominal. The Byzantines restored control over Bosnia at the end of 10th century, but not for long as it was soon taken by the Czar of Bulgarians Samuil. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4315x4078, 1455 KB) Legend Bosnia in 10th century Bosnian state during Ban Kulin 1180-1204 Bosnian state during king Tvrtko 1353-1391 Borders of Bosnian state in second part of 15th century Bosnia and Herzegovina in second part of 19th century... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4315x4078, 1455 KB) Legend Bosnia in 10th century Bosnian state during Ban Kulin 1180-1204 Bosnian state during king Tvrtko 1353-1391 Borders of Bosnian state in second part of 15th century Bosnia and Herzegovina in second part of 19th century... Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European Dark Age. From Cycle of Famous Men and Women, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargillac, c. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century), in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval European political system comprised of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... The cathedral Notre Dame de Paris, a significant architectural contribution of the High Middle Ages. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The first notable Bosnian ruler, Ban Kulin, presided over nearly three decades of peace and stability during which he strengthened the country's economy through treaties with Dubrovnik and Venice. His rule also marked the start of a controversy with the Bosnian Church, an indigenous Christian sect considered heretical by both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. In response to Hungarian attempts to use church politics regarding the issue as a way to reclaim sovereignty over Bosnia, Kulin held a council of local church leaders to renounce the heresy in 1203. Despite this, Hungarian ambitions remained unchanged long after Kulin's death in 1204, waning only after an unsuccessful invasion in 1254. Ban Kulin (1163 â€“ 1204) was a powerful Bosnian Ban who ruled from 1180 to 1204 first as a vassal of the Byzantine Empire and then of the Kingdom of Hungary. ... Borders of the Republic of Ragusa, 1426-1808 Capital Ragusa Language(s) Latin, Italian since 1492 Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic Duke - 1808 Auguste Marmont Historical era Renaissance - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358 - Invasion by France January 31, 1808 - Annexed October 14, 1808 Area - 1808? 1,500 km2 579... Borders of the Republic of Venice in 1796 Capital Venice Language(s) Venetian, Latin, Italian Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic Doge - 1789â€“97 Ludovico Manin History - Established 697 - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358 - Treaty of Leoben April 17, 1797 * Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is dated to 697. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Orthodox icon of Pentecost. ...

Bosnian history from then until the early 14th century was marked by the power struggle between the Šubić and Kotromanić families. This conflict came to an end in 1322, when Stjepan II Kotromanić became ban. By the time of his death in 1353, he had succeeded in annexing territories to the north and west, as well as Zahumlje and parts of Dalmatia. He was succeeded by his nephew Tvrtko who, following a prolonged struggle with nobility and inter-family strife, gained full control of the country in 1367. Under Tvrtko, Bosnia grew in both size and power, finally becoming an independent kingdom in 1377. Following his death in 1391 however, Bosnia fell into a long period of decline. The Ottoman Empire had already started its conquest of Europe and posed a major threat to the Balkans throughout the first half of the 15th century. Finally, after decades of political and social instability, Bosnia officially fell in 1463. Herzegovina would follow in 1482, with a Hungarian-backed reinstated "Bosnian Kingdom" being the last to succumb in 1527. Coat of Arms of the Breberienses The Å ubiÄ‡ were one of the twelve tribes which constituted Croatian statehood in the Middle Ages; they held the county of Bribir (Varvaria) in inland Dalmatia. ... The KotromaniÄ‡ dynasty ruled various regions in Bosnia and the surroundings from the 13th century as Bans until the crowning with the Bosnian-Serbian crown in 1377 and then as Kings until the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in 1463. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Tvrtko I (real name Tvrtko KotromaniÄ‡, 1338â€“1391) was the greatest native ruler of medieval kingdom of Bosnia. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Constantinople (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320... The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe are also sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Wars or as Turkish Wars, particularly in older, European texts. ... Balkan redirects here. ...

[edit] Ottoman era

The Ottoman conquest of Bosnia marked a new era in the country's history and introduced tremendous changes in the political and cultural landscape of the region. Although the kingdom had been crushed and its high nobility executed, the Ottomans nonetheless allowed for the preservation of Bosnia's identity by incorporating it as an integral province of the Ottoman Empire with its historical name and territorial integrity - a unique case among subjugated states in the Balkans.^[2] Within this sandžak (and eventual vilayet) of Bosnia, the Ottomans introduced a number of key changes in the territory's socio-political administration; including a new landholding system, a reorganization of administrative units, and a complex system of social differentiation by class and religious affiliation.^[1] The arrival of the Ottoman Turks marked a new era in Bosnian history. ... Image File history File links Ottomanbosnia. ... Image File history File links Ottomanbosnia. ... This page is about districts of the Ottoman Empire; for a region in Serbia and Montenegro, see Sandžak. ... Vilâyet (also eyalet or pashaluk) was the Turkish name for the provinces of the Ottoman Empire. ...

The four centuries of Ottoman rule also had a drastic impact on Bosnia's population make-up, which changed several times as a result of the empire's conquests, frequent wars with European powers, migrations, and epidemics.^[1] A native Slavic-speaking Muslim community emerged and eventually became the largest of the ethno-religious groups (mainly as a result of a gradually rising number of conversions to Islam)^[3], while a significant number of Sephardi Jews arrived following their expulsion from Spain in the late 15th century. The Bosnian Christian communities also experienced major changes. The Bosnian Franciscans (and the Catholic population as a whole) were protected by official imperial decree, although on the ground these guarantees were often disregarded and their numbers dwindled.^[1] The Orthodox community in Bosnia, initially confined to Herzegovina and Podrinje, spread throughout the country during this period and went on to experience relative prosperity until the 19th century.^[1] Meanwhile, the schismatic Bosnian Church disappeared altogether. For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Language(s) Hebrew, Ladino, JudÃ¦o-Portuguese, Catalanic, Shuadit, local languages Religion(s) Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Arabs, Spaniards, Portuguese. ... This article is about one of the historical Inquisitions. ... Franciscans is the common name used to designate a variety of mendicant religious orders of men or women tracing their origin to Francis of Assisi and following the Rule of St. ... Orthodox icon of Pentecost. ...

As the Ottoman Empire thrived and expanded into Central Europe, Bosnia was relieved of the pressures of being a frontier province and experienced a prolonged period of general welfare and prosperity.^[3] A number of cities, such as Sarajevo and Mostar, were established and grew into major regional centers of trade and urban culture. Within these cities, various Sultans and governors financed the construction of many important works of Bosnian architecture (such as the Stari most and Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque). Furthermore, numerous Bosnians played influential roles in the Ottoman Empire's cultural and political history during this time.^[2] Bosnian soldiers formed a large component of the Ottoman ranks in the battles of Mohács and Krbava field, two decisive military victories, while numerous other Bosnians rose through the ranks of the Ottoman military bureaucracy to occupy the highest positions of power in the Empire, including admirals, generals, and grand viziers.^[3] Many Bosnians also made a lasting impression on Ottoman culture, emerging as mystics, scholars, and celebrated poets in the Turkish, Arabic, and Persian languages.^[3] Mostar (ÐœÐ¾ÑÑ‚Ð°Ñ€) is a city and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the center of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation. ... Architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina is largely influenced by 4 major periods where political and social changes influenced the creation of distinct cultural and architectural habits of the population. ... Panorama of Old Bridge in Mostar, June 2006 Stari Most (English translation: The Old Bridge) is a 16th century bridge in the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina that crosses the river Neretva and connects two parts of the city. ... Gazi Husrev-begs Mosque, as seen from the south. ... This article is about the better-known Battle of MohÃ¡cs of 1526. ... // Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Croatia Commanders Bosnian Sandjak-beg Hadum Jakub Pasa Ban Mirko DerenÄin â€ Strength 8,000 light cavalry 2,000 heavy cavalry 8,000 infantry Casualties Some 1,000 killed Some 7,000 killed The Battle of Krbava field (Krbavsko polje, the field of blood), was...

However, by the late 17th century the Empire's military misfortunes caught up with the country, and the conclusion of the Great Turkish War with the treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 once again made Bosnia the Empire's westernmost province. The following hundred years were marked by further military failures, numerous revolts within Bosnia, and several outbursts of plague.^[1] The Porte's efforts at modernizing the Ottoman state were met with great hostility in Bosnia, where local aristocrats stood to lose much through the proposed reforms.^[1] This, combined with frustrations over political concessions to nascent Christian states in the east, culminated in a famous (albeit ultimately unsuccessful) revolt by Husein Gradaščević in 1831.^[3] Related rebellions would be extinguished by 1850, but the situation continued to deteriorate. Later agrarian unrest eventually sparked the Herzegovinian rebellion, a widespread peasant uprising, in 1875. The conflict rapidly spread and came to involve several Balkan states and Great Powers, which eventually forced the Ottomans to cede administration of the country to Austria-Hungary through the treaty of Berlin in 1878.^[1] The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers, then joined into a Holy League, during the second half of the 17th century. ... The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed in 1699 in Sremski Karlovci (a city in modern-day Serbia and Montenegro) (German: Karlowitz, Turkish:KarlofÃ§a), concluding the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683â€“1697 in which the Ottoman side was defeated. ... When Selim III came to the throne in 1789 an ambitious effort of military reform was launched, geared towards securing the Ottoman Empire. ... Coin featuring Husein GradaÅ¡ÄeviÄ‡ from the 19th century Husein-kapetan GradaÅ¡ÄeviÄ‡ (1802 â€“ August 17, 1834) was a Bosniak general who fought for Bosnian autonomy in the Ottoman Empire. ... The Herzegovinian Rebellion is a name used for the most infamous of the rebellions against the Ottoman Empire in Herzegovina that took place in 1875. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... The name Treaty of Berlin is attached to four treaties: Treaty of Berlin, 1878 Treaty of Berlin, 1899 Treaty of Berlin, 1921 Treaty of Berlin, 1926 This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

[edit] Austro-Hungarian rule

Though an Austro-Hungarian occupying force quickly subjugated initial armed resistance upon take-over, tensions remained in certain parts of the country (particularly Herzegovina) and a mass emigration of predominantly Muslim dissidents occurred.^[1] However, a state of relative stability was reached soon enough and Austro-Hungarian authorities were able to embark on a number of social and administrative reforms which intended to make Bosnia and Herzegovina into a "model colony".^[2] With the aim of establishing the province as a stable political model that would help dissipate rising South Slav nationalism, Habsburg rule did much to codify laws, to introduce new political practices, and generally to provide for modernization.^[2] The assassination in Sarajevo sparked the first World War. ... This article is about a type of political territory. ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ...

Although successful economically, Austro-Hungarian policy - which focused on advocating the ideal of a pluralist and multi-confessional Bosnian nation (largely favored by the Muslims) - failed to curb the rising tides of nationalism.^[1] The concept of Croat and Serb nationhood had already spread to Bosnia and Herzegovina's Catholics and Orthodox communities from neighboring Croatia and Serbia in the mid 19th century, and was too well-entrenched to allow for the wide-spread acceptance of a parallel idea of Bosnian nationhood.^[1] By the latter half of the 1910s, nationalism was an integral factor of Bosnian politics, with national political parties corresponding to the three groups dominating elections. For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation). ...

The idea of a unified South Slavic state (typically expected to be spear-headed by independent Serbia) became a popular political ideology in the region at this time, including in Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[2] The Austro-Hungarian government's decision to formally annex Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 (i.e. Bosnian Crisis) added to a sense of urgency among these nationalists.^[2] The political tensions caused by all this culminated on June 28, 1914, when Serb nationalist youth Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo; an event that proved to be the spark that set off World War I. Although some Bosnians died serving in the armies of the various warring states, Bosnia and Herzegovina itself managed to escape the conflict relatively unscathed.^[2] Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, ÐˆÑƒÐ³Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... The Bosnian Crisis of 1908-1909 was caused by the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary in October, 1908. ... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Ð“Ð°Ð²Ñ€Ð¸Ð»Ð¾ ÐŸÑ€Ð¸Ð½Ñ†Ð¸Ð¿, IPA: ) (July 25, 1894) â€“ April 28, 1918) was an ethnic Serb, but later proclaimed to be a Yugoslav Nationalist[1], with links to a group known as the Mlada Bosna, who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. ... A plaque commemorating the exact location of the Sarajevo Assassination On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg were shot to death in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young... For the Scottish rock band, see Franz Ferdinand (band). ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ...

[edit] The first Yugoslavia

Following World War I, Bosnia was incorporated into the South Slav kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (soon renamed Yugoslavia). Political life in Bosnia at this time was marked by two major trends: social and economic unrest over property redistribution, and formation of several political parties that frequently changed coalitions and alliances with parties in other Yugoslav regions.^[2] The dominant ideological conflict of the Yugoslav state, between Croatian regionalism and Serbian centralization, was approached differently by Bosnia's major ethnic groups and was dependent on the overall political atmosphere.^[1] Although the initial split of the country into 33 oblasts erased the presence of traditional geographic entities from the map, the efforts of Bosnian politicians such as Mehmed Spaho ensured that the six oblasts carved up from Bosnia and Herzegovina corresponded to the six sanjaks from Ottoman times and, thus, matched the country's traditional boundary as a whole.^[1] Following the war, Bosnia was incorporated into the South Slav kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (soon renamed Yugoslavia). ... Motto: One nation, one king, one country Anthem: Medley of BoÅ¾e pravde, Lijepa naÅ¡a domovino, and Naprej zastava slave Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croato-Slovenian (see: Serbo-Croat and Slovenian) [1] Government Value specified for government_type does not comply King - 1918-1921 Peter I - 1921-1934 Alexander... Oblast (Czech: oblast, Slovak: oblasÅ¥, Russian and Ukrainian: , Belarusian: , Bulgarian: Ð¾ÌÐ±Ð»Ð°ÑÑ‚) refers to a subnational entity in some countries. ... Mehmed Spaho (born 1883 - 1939, in Sarajevo) was a prominent and influential Bosniak political figure. ...

The establishment of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, however, brought the redrawing of administrative regions into banates that purposely avoided all historical and ethnic lines, removing any trace of a Bosnian entity.^[1] Serbo-Croat tensions over the structuring of the Yugoslav state continued, with the concept of a separate Bosnian division receiving little or no consideration. The famous Cvetković-Maček agreement that created the Croatian banate in 1939 encouraged what was essentially a partition of Bosnia between Croatia and Serbia.^[3] However, outside political circumstances forced Yugoslav politicians to shift their attention to the rising threat posed by Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany. Following a period that saw attempts at appeasement, the signing of the Tripartite Treaty, and a coup d'état, Yugoslavia was finally invaded by Germany on April 6, 1941.^[1] Motto: One nation, one king, one country Anthem: Medley of BoÅ¾e pravde, Lijepa naÅ¡a domovino, and Naprej zastava slave Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croato-Slovenian (see: Serbo-Croat and Slovenian) [1] Government Value specified for government_type does not comply King - 1918-1921 Peter I - 1921-1934 Alexander... DragiÅ¡a CvetkoviÄ‡ (1893 - 1969) was a Yugoslav political figure. ... Vladko MaÄek (June 20, 1879 â€“ May 15, 1964) was a Croatian politician from the first half of the 20th century. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Appeasement is a policy of accepting the imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of principles. ... The Tripartite Pact, also called the Three-Power Pact, was signed in Berlin on September 27, 1940 by representatives of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan. ... Coup redirects here. ... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ...

[edit] World War II

Once the kingdom of Yugoslavia was conquered by Nazi forces in World War II, all of Bosnia was ceded to the Nazi-puppet state of Croatia. The Nazi rule over Bosnia led to widespread persecution. The Jewish population was nearly exterminated. Many Serbs in the area took up arms and joined the Chetniks; a Serb nationalist and royalist resistance movement that both conducted guerrilla warfare against the Nazis but also committed numerous atrocities against chiefly Bosnian Muslim civilians in regions under their control.^[3] Consequently, several Bosnian Muslim paramilitary units joined the Axis powers to counter their own persecution in the hands of the Serbs in Bosnia. A Monument commemorating the Battle of Sutjeska in eastern B&H. Once the kingdom of Yugoslavia was conquered by Nazi forces in World War II, all of Bosnia was ceded to the Nazi-puppet state of Croatia. ... Image File history File links Note: This image is freely available on the internet from various sources in the public domain. ... Image File history File links Note: This image is freely available on the internet from various sources in the public domain. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Fascist Italy Ustase regime Bulgaria Chetniks YNLA Commanders Alexander LÃ¶hr Rudolf LÃ¼ters Josip Broz Tito Strength 127,000 men 300+ airplanes 18,000 men Casualties Unknown 6,391 The Sutjeska offensive from 15 May to 16 June 1943 was a joint attack of the Axis... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Puppet-state King - 1941-1943 Tomislav II Poglavnik - 1941-1945 Ante PaveliÄ‡ Legislature None Historical era World War II - Established April 10, 1941 - Disestablished May 8, 1945 Population - 1941 est. ... It has been suggested that Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland be merged into this article or section. ... Guerrilla redirects here. ...

Starting in 1941, Yugoslav communists under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito organized their own multi-ethnic resistance group, the partisans, who fought against both Axis and Chetnik forces.^[1] On November 25, 1943 the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia with Tito at its helm held a founding conference in Jajce where Bosnia and Herzegovina was reestablished as a republic within the Yugoslavian federation in its Ottoman borders. Military success eventually prompted the Allies to support the Partisans, and the end of the war resulted in the establishment of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, with the constitution of 1946 officially making Bosnia and Herzegovina one of six constituent republics in the new state.^[1] Tito redirects here. ... Yugoslav Partisan Flag The Partisans (lat. ... is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... AVNOJ, Antifašističko V(ij)eće Narodnog Oslobođenja Jugoslavije, stands for Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia. ... Municipality of Bosnia and Herzegovina General Information Entity {{{entity}}} Land area Population (1991 census) 45,007 Population density Area code +387 30 Mayor Nisvet HrnjiÄ‡ (SDA) Website http://www. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... Motto Brotherhood and Unity Anthem Hey, Slavs Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croatian (spoken throughout the territory), Slovenian, Macedonian, Albanian, Hungarian (all official), and languages of other nationalities. ...

[edit] Socialist Yugoslavia

Because of its central geographic position within the Yugoslavian federation, post-war Bosnia was strategically selected as a base for the development of the military defense industry. This contributed to a large concentration of arms and military personnel in Bosnia; a significant factor in the war that followed the break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.^[1] However, Bosnia's existence within Yugoslavia, for the large part, was peaceful and prosperous. Being one of the poorer republics in the early 1950s it quickly recovered economically, taking advantage of its extensive natural resources to stimulate industrial development. The Yugoslavian communist doctrine of "brotherhood and unity" particularly suited Bosnia's diverse and multi-ethnic society that, because of such an imposed system of tolerance, thrived culturally and socially. Because of its central geographic position within the Yugoslavian federation, post-war Bosnia was strategically selected as a base for the development of the military defense industry. ... Combatants Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Predominantly Bosniak) Army of Republika Srpska, Yugoslav Peoples Army, various paramilitary units from Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian) Croatian Defence Council, Croatian Army (Croatian) Commanders Alija IzetbegoviÄ‡ (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer HaliloviÄ‡ (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim... Brotherhood and unity (known locally as Bratstvo i jedinstvo or BÑ€Ð°Ñ‚ÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾ Ð¸ Ñ˜ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾ or Bratstvo in enotnost) was the catch phrase for the official policy of inter-ethnic relations in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ...

Though considered a political backwater of the federation for much of the 50s and 60s, the 70s saw the ascension of a strong Bosnian political elite. While working within the communist system, politicians such as Džemal Bijedić, Branko Mikulić and Hamdija Pozderac reinforced and protected the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina ^[4] Their efforts proved key during the turbulent period following Tito's death in 1980, and are today considered some of the early steps towards Bosnian independence. However, the republic hardly escaped the increasingly nationalistic climate of the time unscathed. With the fall of communism and the start of the break-up of Yugoslavia, the old communist doctrine of tolerance began to lose its potency, creating an opportunity for nationalist elements in the society to spread their influence. This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... DÅ¾emal BijediÄ‡ (ÐÐµÐ¼Ð°Ð» Ð‘Ð¸Ñ˜ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ›) (born April 22, 1917, Mostar â€“ died January 18, 1977) was a Yugoslav Communist leader from Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Branko MikuliÄ‡ Branko MikuliÄ‡ was a president of Bosnia and Herzegovina during 1970s and one of the leading Bosnian politicians during the communist rule in former Yugoslavia. ... Hamdija Pozderac (pronounced: hamdiya pozdÄ›ratz) (January 15, 1924- April 7, 1988) was a Bosnian politician and the president of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1971 - 1974. ...

[edit] The Bosnian War

The 1990 parliamentary elections led to a national assembly dominated by three ethnically-based parties, which had formed a loose coalition to oust the communists from power. Croatia and Slovenia's subsequent declarations of independence and the warfare that ensued placed Bosnia and Herzegovina and its three constituent peoples in an awkward position. A significant split soon developed on the issue of whether to stay with the Yugoslav federation (overwhelmingly favored among [(Serbs)] or seek independence (overwhelmingly favored among Bosniaks and Croats). A declaration of sovereignty in October of 1991 was followed by a referendum for independence from Yugoslavia in February and March 1992 boycotted by the great majority of Bosnian Serbs. With a voter turnout of 64%, 98% of which voted in favor of the proposal, Bosnia and Herzegovina became an independent state.^[1] Following a tense period of escalating tensions and sporadic military incidents, open warfare began in Sarajevo on April 6.^[1] International recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina meant that the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) officially withdrew from the republic's territory, although their Bosnian Serb members merely joined the Army of Republika Srpska. Armed and equipped from JNA stockpiles in Bosnia, supported by volunteers, Republika Srpska's offensives in 1992 managed to place much of the country under its control.^[1] By 1993, when an armed conflict erupted between the Sarajevo government and the Croat statelet of Herzeg-Bosnia, about 70% of the country was controlled by the Serbs.^[2] Combatants Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Predominantly Bosniak) Army of Republika Srpska, Yugoslav Peoples Army, various paramilitary units from Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian) Croatian Defence Council, Croatian Army (Croatian) Commanders Alija IzetbegoviÄ‡ (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer HaliloviÄ‡ (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 661 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1213 Ã— 1100 pixels, file size: 140 KB, MIME type: image/png) Corrected some errors (HV/HVO positions near Trebinje, DaÅ¡tansko (VareÅ¡) and some Konjic villages) Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 661 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (1213 Ã— 1100 pixels, file size: 140 KB, MIME type: image/png) Corrected some errors (HV/HVO positions near Trebinje, DaÅ¡tansko (VareÅ¡) and some Konjic villages) Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Yugoslav Peoples Army (YPA) (Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslovenska narodna armija or Jugoslavenska narodna armija; Serbian and Macedonian: ÐˆÑƒÐ³Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½ÑÐºÐ° Ð½Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° Ð°Ñ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°â€”JHA; Macedonian and Serbian Latin forms: Jugoslovenska narodna armija; Croatian and Bosnian: Jugoslavenska narodna armijaâ€”JNA; Slovene: Jugoslovanska ljudska armadaâ€”JLA) was the military force of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... Bosnian Serb Army, officially Army of the Republika Srpska (Serbian Ð’Ð¾Ñ˜ÑÐºÐ° Ð ÐµÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐµ Ð¡Ñ€Ð¿ÑÐºÐµ/Vojska Republike Srpske, Ð’Ð Ð¡/VRS) is the military of the Bosnian Serb political entity of Republika Srpska. ... Flag Self-proclaimed Croatian entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia show in dark blue Capital Mostar Government Republic Governors (1992-1994) - Croatian zone of Bosnia and Herzegovina Mate Boban Historical era Yugoslav wars - Breakup of Yugoslavia June 25, 1991 - Secessions June 25, 1991 - April 27, 1992 - Proclamation...

In March 1994, the signing of the Washington accords between the leaders of the republican government and Herzeg-Bosnia led to the creation of a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This, along with international outrage at Serb war crimes and atrocities (most notably the genocidal killing of 2,000 Bosniak males in Srebrenica in July, 1995). Srebrenica overall: 8000 Bosniaks and 4000 Serbs from begin of war. The signing of the Dayton Agreement in Paris by the presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Alija Izetbegović), Croatia (Franjo Tuđman), and Yugoslavia (Slobodan Milošević) brought a halt to the fighting, roughly establishing the basic structure of the present-day state. The three years of war and bloodshed had left between 95,000 and 100,000 people killed and more than 2 million displaced. ^[5] The location of the FBiH entity as part of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Europe. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Srebrenica massacre. ... Look up Killing on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Killing is a family name and the name of several things. ... Location of Srebrenica within the Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Settlements 81 Government - Mayor Abdurahman MalkiÄ‡ (SDA) [1] Area - Total 527 kmÂ² (203. ... The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol or Dayton-Paris Agreement, is the peace agreement reached at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio in November 1995, and formally signed in Paris on December 14... This article is about the capital of France. ... Alija IzetbegoviÄ‡ (August 8, 1925 â€“ October 19, 2003) was a Bosniak activist, lawyer, author, philosopher and politician, who, in 1990, became the first president of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... â€¹ The template below (Foreignchar) is being considered for deletion. ... MiloÅ¡eviÄ‡ redirects here. ...

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia A Short History. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5520-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Riedlmayer, Andras (1993). A Brief History of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project.
^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Imamovic
^ Stojic, Mile (2005). Branko Mikulic - socialist emperor manqué. BH Dani
^ November. 21, 2005. Bosnian war "claimed 100,000 lives". Deutsche Presse-Agentur.

[edit] Further reading

Hoare, Marko Attila, The History of Bosnia: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day, London: Saqi, 2007
Cohen, Roger, Hearts Grown Brutal: Sagas of Sarajevo, New York: Random House, 1998
Lenard J. Cohen, Broken Bonds: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993
Roy Gutman, A Witness to Genocide: The 1993 Pulitzer prize-winning dispatches on the "ethnic cleansing" of Bosnia, New York: Macmillan, 1993
Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History, 1994
Murray, Elinor et al, The Struggle for Peace in Bosnia: Considering U.S. Options, Providence, RI: Center for Foreign Policy Development of Brown University, 1992, ED 371 965
Paolo Rumiz, Maschere per un massacro, Editori Riuniti, Roma, 2000
Joe Sacco, War's End Profiles from Bosnia 1995-96, Drawn & Quarterly, 2005
Michael Sells, The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia, University of California Press, 1996
Charles Shafer, Not My War, Williams and Wiliams Press, 2004.
Ed Vulliamy, Seasons in Hell: Understanding Bosnia's War, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994

Encyclopedia > History of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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