This article is part of the History of Chad series

Colonial Chad

Decolonization in Chad

The Tombalbaye Regime

Malloum's military government

Transitional Government of National Unity

The Habré Era

The Déby Era

Image File history File links Flag_of_Chad. ... European interest in Africa generally grew during the 19th century. ... In 1940 Chad became internationally prominent when its lieutenant governor, Félix Eboué, led the rest of the French Equatorial African (AEF) federation to support Free France under Charles de Gaulle rather than the government of Vichy France. ... The president François Tombalbaye faced a task of considerable magnitude when Chad became a sovereign state in 1960. ... The coup détat that terminated Tombalbayes government received an enthusiastic response in NDjamena. ... The Transitional Government of National Unity (Gouvernement dUnion Nationale de Transition or GUNT) was the coalition government of armed groups that nominally ruled Chad from 1979 to 1982, during the most anarchic phase of the the long-going Chadian Civil War, that began in 1965. ...

Prehistory

The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. A possibly hominid skull has been found in 2002 in Borkou that is more than 7 million years old, and in 1996 a 3 million years old hominid jaw. During the 7th millennium BC, the northern half of Chad was part of a broad expanse of land, stretching from the Indus River in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, in which ecological conditions favored early human settlement. Rock art of the "Round Head" style, found in the Ennedi region, has been dated to before the 7th millennium BC and, because of the tools with which the rocks were carved and the scenes they depict, may represent the oldest evidence in the Sahara of Neolithic industries. Many of the pottery-making and Neolithic activities in Ennedi date back further than any of those of the Nile Valley to the east. An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been investigated using the discipline of archaeology. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Binomial name Sahelanthropus tchadensis Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an early fossil hominid, approximately 7 million years old from the Miocene. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti is most extensive of the 14 prefectures that Chad was divided into between 1960 and 1999. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Binomial name Australopithecus bahrelghazali Brunet et al. ... Dionysius Exiguus invented Anno Domini years to date Easter. ... The position of the Sindhu River in Iron Age (Vedic) India. ... Ernst Haeckel coined the term oekologie in 1866. ... Rock art is a term in archaeology for any man-made markings made on natural stone. ... Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti is most extensive of the 14 prefectures that Chad was divided into between 1960 and 1999. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... The Nile (Arabic: ‎, translit: , Ancient Egyptian iteru, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river, though not the most voluminous, in the world. ...

In the prehistoric period, Chad was much wetter than it is today, as evidenced by large game animals depicted in rock paintings in the Tibesti and Borkou regions. Recent linguistic research suggests that all of Africa's languages south of the Sahara Desert (except Khoisan) originated in prehistoric times in a narrow band between Lake Chad and the Nile Valley. The origins of Chad's peoples, however, remain unclear. Several of the proven archaeological sites have been only partially studied, and other sites of great potential have yet to be mapped. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Prehistoric man. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | Mountain ranges | Stratovolcanoes | Hotspot volcanoes | Mountains of Chad | Volcanoes of Chad ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Map showing the distribution of the Khoi-San languages. ... Lake Chad (in French: Lac Tchad) is a large, shallow lake in Africa. ...

Era of Empires (AD 900–1900)

Toward the end of the 1st millennium AD, the formation of states began across central Chad in the sahelian zone between the desert and the savanna. For almost the next 1.000 years, these states, their relations with each other, and their effects on the peoples who lived in "stateless" societies along their peripheries dominated Chad's political history. Recent research suggests that indigenous Africans founded most of these states, not migrating Arabic-speaking groups, as was believed previously. Nonetheless, immigrants, Arabic-speaking or otherwise, played a significant role, along with Islam, in the formation and early evolution of these states. Most states began as kingdoms, in which the king was considered divine and endowed with temporal and spiritual powers. All states were militaristic (or they did not survive long), but none was able to expand far into southern Chad, where forests and the tsetse fly complicated the use of cavalry. Control over the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region formed the economic basis of these kingdoms. Although many states rose and fell, the most important and durable of the empires were Kanem-Bornu, Baguirmi, and Ouaddai, according to most written sources (mainly court chronicles and writings of Arab traders and travelers). This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article is about arid terrain. ... Savanna at Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. ... The following is an outline of African history, followed by a list of articles about the history of particular places in Africa. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Mizrachi Jews, Sephardi Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ‎; transliteration: ) is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A monarchy, from the Greek μονος, one, and αρχειν, to rule, is a form of government that has a monarch as head of state. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Militarism or militarist ideology is the doctrinal view of a society as being best served (or more efficient) when it is governed or guided by concepts embodied in the culture, doctrine, system, or people of the military. ... Binomial name Glossina morsitans The tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, is a fly (order Diptera) that eats blood from animals, including humans. ... Soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat are commonly known as cavalry (from French cavalerie). ... The Great Mosque of Djenné, founded in 800, an important trading base, now a World Heritage Site Trans-Saharan trade, between Mediterranean countries and West Africa, was an important trade route from the eighth century until the late sixteenth century. ... The Kanem-Bornu Empire existed in modern Chad and Nigeria. ... The Baguirmi or Bagirmi Kingdom (1480s-1897) was an Islamic kingdom or sultanate that existed as an independent state during the 16th and 17th centuries southeast of Lake Chad in what is now the country of Chad. ... The Ouaddai Kingdom was an originally non-Muslim kingdom, located to the east of Lake Chad in present-day Chad. ... A royal or noble court, as an instrument of government broader than a court of justice, comprises an extended household centered on a patron whose rule may govern law or be governed by it. ... Generally a chronicle (Latin chronica, from Greek Χρόνος) is historical account of facts and events in chronological order. ... Merchants function as professionals who deal with trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to produce profit. ...

Kanem-Bornu

Main article: Kanem-Bornu Empire

The Kanem Empire originated in the 9th century AD to the northeast of Lake Chad. Historians agree that the leaders of the new state were ancestors of the Kanembu people. Toward the end of the 11th century the Sayfawa king (or mai, the title of the Sayfawa rulers) Hummay, converted to Islam. In the following century the Sayfawa rulers expandeded southward into Kanem, where was to rise their first capital, Njimi. Kanem's expansion peaked during the long and energetic reign of Mai Dunama Dabbalemi (c. 1221–1259). The Kanem-Bornu Empire existed in modern Chad and Nigeria. ... Lake Chad (in French: Lac Tchad) is a large, shallow lake in Africa. ... The Kanembu are an ethnic group of Chad, generally considered the modern descendants of the Kanem-Borno Empire. ... The Sayfawa dynasty is the name of the kings (or mai, as they called themselves) of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, centered first in Kanem in western Chad, and then, after 1396, in Borno (today Nigeria). ... Hummay was from about 1075 the mai (ruler) of the nomadic Sayfawa confederacy, in central Chad, that was later to be known as the Kanem-Bornu Empire. ... Kanem is one of the 18 regions of Chad, corresponding to the former prefecture of Kanem. ... Njimi was the capital of the Kanuri state of Kanem (later Kanem-Bornu), north of Lake Chad. ... Dunama Dabbalemi, of the Sayfawa dynasty, was the mai (king) of the Kanem Empire, in present-day Chad, from 1221 to 1259. ...

By the end of the fourteenth century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart. Finally, around 1396 the Bulala invaders forced Mai Umar Idrismi to abandon Njimi and move the Kanembu people to Bornu on the western edge of Lake Chad. Over time, the intermarriage of the Kanembu and Bornu peoples created a new people and language, the Kanuri, and founded a new capital, Ngazargamu. The Bilala, or Bulala, are a Muslim people that live around Lake Fitri, in the Batha Prefecture, in central Chad. ... Borno State is a state in north-eastern Nigeria. ... The Kanuri are an African ethnic group living in northeastern Nigeria in the state of Bornu. ... Ngazargamu is an ancient Nigerian city, it is 30 km east of Geidam in Yobo State. ...

Kanem-Bornu peaked during the reign of the outstanding statesman Mai Idris Aluma (c. 1571–1603). Aluma is remembered for his military skills, administrative reforms, and Islamic piety. The administrative reforms and military brilliance of Aluma sustained the empire until the mid-1600s, when its power began to fade. By the early 19th century, Kanem-Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered Ngazargamu. Bornu survived, but the Sayfawa dynasty ended in 1846 and the Empire itself fell in 1893. Idris Alooma was mai (king) of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, located mainly in Chad and Nigeria. ... The Fulani Empire was one of the most powerful states in sub-Saharan Africa in the years prior to European colonization. ...

Baguirmi and Ouaddai

Main articles: kingdom of Baguirmi and Ouaddai Kingdom

In addition to Kanem-Bornu, two other states in the region, Baguirmi and Ouaddai, achieved historical prominence. Baguirmi emerged to the southeast of Kanem-Bornu in the sixteenth century. Islam was adopted, and the state became a sultanate. Absorbed into Kanem-Bornu, Baguirmi broke free later in the 1600s, only to be returned to tributary status in the mid-1700s. Early in the nineteenth century, Baguirmi fell into decay and was threatened militarily by the nearby kingdom of Ouaddai. Although Baguirmi resisted, it accepted tributary status in order to obtain help from Ouaddai in putting down internal dissension. When the capital was burned in 1893, the sultan sought and received protectorate status from the French. The Baguirmi or Bagirmi Kingdom (1480s-1897) was an Islamic kingdom or sultanate that existed as an independent state during the 16th and 17th centuries southeast of Lake Chad in what is now the country of Chad. ... The Ouaddai Kingdom was an originally non-Muslim kingdom, located to the east of Lake Chad in present-day Chad. ... The Baguirmi or Bagirmi Kingdom (1480s-1897) was an Islamic kingdom or sultanate that existed as an independent state during the 16th and 17th centuries southeast of Lake Chad in what is now the country of Chad. ... The Ouaddai Kingdom was an originally non-Muslim kingdom, located to the east of Lake Chad in present-day Chad. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance. ... This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ...

Located northeast of Baguirmi, Ouaddai was a non-Muslim kingdom that emerged in the 16th century as an offshoot of the state of Darfur (in present-day Sudan). Early in the 17th century, groups in the region rallied to Abd al-Karim, who overthrew the ruling Tunjur group, transforming Ouaddai in an Islamic sultanate. During much of the 18th century, Ouaddai resisted reincorporation into Darfur. In about 1800, under the rule of Sabun, the sultanate began to expand its power. A new trade route north was discovered, and Sabun outfitted royal caravans to take advantage of it. He began minting his own coinage and imported chain mail, firearms, and military advisers from North Africa. Sabun's successors were less able than he, and Darfur took advantage of a disputed political succession in 1838 to put its own candidate in power. This tactic backfired when Darfur's choice, Muhammad Sharif, rejected Darfur and asserted his own authority. In doing so, he gained acceptance from Ouaddai's various factions and went on to become Ouaddai's ablest ruler. Sharif eventually established Ouaddai's hegemony over Baguirmi and kingdoms as far away as the Chari River. The Ouaddai opposed French domination until well into the 20th century. by: jacob Moir Flag of the Fur national movement Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning home of the Fur) is a region of far western Sudan, bordering the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. ... The Tunjur, or Tungur, are a Muslim people estimated around 176. ... Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... For other uses, see Chainmail (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided by the formidable barrier of the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... The Chari or Shari River is a 949-kilometer-long river of central Africa, flowing from the Central African Republic through Chad into Lake Chad. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Colonialism (1900–40)

Main article: Colonial Chad

The French first penetrated Chad in 1891, establishing their authority through military expeditions primarily against the Muslim kingdoms. The decisive colonial battle for Chad was fought on April 22, 1900 at Kousséri between the French Major Lamy and the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, both of whom were killed in the battle. European interest in Africa generally grew during the 19th century. ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... Year 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... The battle of Kousséri originates From French plans to occupy the Chari-Baguirmi region and so, in 1899–1900, three armed expeditions were organized, one proceeding north from Congo, one east from Niger and another south from Algeria. ... Major is a military rank the use of which varies according to country. ... Amédée-François Lamy Amédée-François Lamy was born at Mougins, in the French département of Alpes-Maritimes on February 7, 1858 and died in the battle of Kousséri on April 22, 1900. ... Rabih az-Zubayr was a Sudanese warlord who established a powerful kingdom west of Lake Chad, in todays Chad. ...

In 1905, administrative responsibility for Chad was placed under a governor-general stationed at Brazzaville, capital of French Equatorial Africa (AEF). Chad did not have a separate colonial status until 1920, when it was placed under a lieutenant-governor stationed in Fort-Lamy (today N'Djamena). Governor-General (or Governor General) is a term used both historically and currently to designate the appointed representative of a head of state or their government for a particular territory, historically in a colonial context, but no longer necessarily in that form. ... Image of Kinshasa and Brazzaville, taken by NASA. Brazzaville is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo and is located on the Congo River. ... Location of French Equatorial Africa. ... A Lieutenant Governor or Lieutenant-Governor is a government official who is the subordinate or deputy of a Governor or Governor-General. ... NDjamena, population 594,000 (1996), is the capital of Chad. ...

Two fundamental themes dominated Chad's colonial experience with the French: an absence of policies designed to unify the territory and an exceptionally slow pace of modernization. In the French scale of priorities, the colony of Chad ranked near the bottom, and the French came to perceive Chad primarily as a source of raw cotton and untrained labour to be used in the more productive colonies to the south. Modernization is closely linked to classical liberalism. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... Manual labour (or manual labor) is physical work done with the hands, especially in an unskilled job such as fruit and vegetable picking, road building, or any other field where the work may be considered physically arduous, and which has as a profitable objective, usually the production of goods. ...

Throughout the colonial period, large areas of Chad were never governed effectively: in the huge BET Prefecture, the handful of French military administrators usually left the people alone, and in central Chad, French rule was only slightly more substantive. Truly speaking, France managed to govern effectively only the south. This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad. ...

Decolonization (1940–60)

Main article: Decolonization in Chad

During World War II, Chad was the first French colony to rejoin the Allies (August 26, 1940), after the defeat of France by Germany. Under the administration of Félix Éboué, France's first black colonial governor, a military column, commanded by Colonel Leclerc, and including two battalions of Sara troops, moved north from N'Djamena (then Fort Lamy) to engage Axis forces in Libya, where, in partnership with the British Army's Long Range Desert Group, they captured Kufra. In 1940 Chad became internationally prominent when its lieutenant governor, Félix Eboué, led the rest of the French Equatorial African (AEF) federation to support Free France under Charles de Gaulle rather than the government of Vichy France. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Félix Éboué - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (November 22, 1902 - November 28, 1947), was a Marshal of France and a famous French military leader. ... Sara is a feminine given name used in many languages, including Greek, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Scandinavian, Slovenian, Arabic, Hebrew, German, and English. ... NDjamena, «ehn JAHM uh nuh», population 721,000 (2005), is the capital of Chad. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) was a British Army unit during World War II. The unit was founded in Egypt following the Italian declaration of war (June 1940) by Major Ralph A. Bagnold with the assistance of Captains Clayton and Shaw, acting under the direction of General Wavell. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

After the war ended local parties started to develop in Chad. The first to be born was the conservative Chadian Democratic Union (UDT), which represented French commercial interests and a bloc of traditional leaders composed primarily of Muslim and Ouaddaïan nobility. Shortly after a more radical formation was created, the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT), eventually headed by François Tombalbaye, which was to win the pre-independence elections. The confrontation between the PPT and UDT was more than simply an ideological strife; it masked markedly different regional identities, with the PPT representing the Christian and animist south and the UDT the Islamic north. The Chadian Democratic Union (in French Union Démocratique Tchadienne or UDT) is the second African political party ever created in Chad. ... The Ouaddai Kingdom was an originally non-Muslim kingdom, located to the east of Lake Chad in present-day Chad. ... The Chadian Progressive Party (Parti Progressiste Tchadien or PPT) was the first African political party created in Chad, active from 1946 to 1973. ... François (Ngarta) Tombalbaye (June 15, 1918 - April 13, 1975) was the first president of Chad. ...

After a referendum on territorial autonomy (September 28, 1958), French Equatorial Africa was dissolved, and its four constituent states – Gabon, Congo (Brazzaville), the Central African Republic, and Chad became autonomous members of the French Community (November 28, 1958). On August 11, 1960, Chad became an independent nation under its first president, François Tombalbaye. September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The French Community was the political entity which replaced the French Union, which in turn was the descendant of the French Empire following the Second World War. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ...

The Tombalbaye Era (1960–75)

Main article: The Tombalbaye Regime

One of the most prominent aspects of Tombalbaye's rule to prove itself was his authoritarianism and distrust of democracy. Already in January 1962 he banned all political parties except his own PPT, and started immediately concentrating all power in his own hands. His treatment of opponents, real or imagined, was extremely harsh, filling the prisons with thousands of political prisoners. The president François Tombalbaye faced a task of considerable magnitude when Chad became a sovereign state in 1960. ...

What was even worse was his constant discrimination against the central and northern regions of Chad, where the southern Chadian administrators came to be perceived as arrogant and incompetent. This resentment at last exploded in a tax revolt on November 1, 1965, in the Guéra Prefecture, causing 500 deaths. The year after saw the birth in Sudan of the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT), created to militarily oust Tombalbaye and the Southern dominance. It was the start of a bloody civil war. November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad. ... Chad is divided into 14 prefectures: Batha Biltine Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Chari-Baguirmi Guéra Kanem Lac Logone Occidental Logone Oriental Mayo-Kebbi Moyen-Chari Ouaddaï Salamat Tandjilé Categories: Chad | Lists of subnational entities | Prefectures of Chad ... This article is currently being translated from an original article in Catalan. ...

Tombalbaye resorted to calling in French troops; while moderately successful, they were not fully able to quell the insurgency. Proving more fortunate was his choice to break with the French and seek friendly ties with Libyan president Qaddafi, taking away the rebels' principal source of supplies. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Qaddafi 1 — pronounced Gaddafi — (Arabic: معمر القذافي ) (born c. ...

But while he had reported some success against the rebels, Tombalbaye started behaving more and more irrationally and brutally, continuously eroding his consensus among the southern elites, which dominated all key positions in the army, the civil service and the ruling party. As a consequence on April 13, 1975, several units of N'Djamena's gendarmerie killed Tombalbaye during a coup. April 13 is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... A gendarmerie (pronounced ) is a military body charged with police duties among civilian populations. ... The Chadian coup of 1975 was in considerable part generated by the growing distrust of the President of Chad, François Tombalbaye, for the army. ...

Military rule (1975–78)

Main article: Malloum's military government

The coup d'état that terminated Tombalbaye's government received an enthusiastic response in N'Djamena. The southerner General Félix Malloum emerged early as the chairman of the new junta. The coup détat that terminated Tombalbayes government received an enthusiastic response in NDjamena. ... A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means by a part of the state establishment — mostly replacing just the high-level figures. ... NDjamena, «ehn JAHM uh nuh», population 721,000 (2005), is the capital of Chad. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... General Augusto Pinochet (sitting) as head of the newly established military junta in Chile, September 1973. ...

The new military leaders were unable to retain for long the popularity that they had gained through their overthrow of Tombalbaye. Malloum proved himself unable to cope with the FROLINAT and at the end decided his only chance was in coopting some of the rebels: in 1978 he allied himself with the insurgent leader Hissène Habré, who entered the government as prime minister. This article is currently being translated from an original article in Catalan. ... Hissène Habré (born 1942), also spelled Hissen Habré, was the leader of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990. ...

Civil war (1979-82)

Main article: Chadian Civil War

Internal dissent within the government led Prime Minister Habré to send his forces against Malloum's national army in the capital in February 1979. Malloum was ousted from the presidency, but the resulting civil war amongst the 11 emergent factions was so widespread that it rendered the central government largely irrelevant. At that point, other African governments decided to intervene. From 1979 to 1982, Chad experienced unprecedented change and spiraling violence. ...

A series of four international conferences held first under Nigerian and then Organization of African Unity (OAU) sponsorship attempted to bring the Chadian factions together. At the fourth conference, held in Lagos, Nigeria, in August 1979, the Lagos Accord was signed. This accord established a transitional government pending national elections. In November 1979, the National Union Transition Government (GUNT) was created with a mandate to govern for 18 months. Goukouni Oueddei, a northerner, was named President; Colonel Kamougué, a southerner, Vice President; and Habré, Minister of Defense. This coalition proved fragile; in January 1980, fighting broke out again between Goukouni's and Habré's forces. With assistance from Libya, Goukouni regained control of the capital and other urban centers by year’s end. However, Goukouni’s January 1981 statement that Chad and Libya had agreed to work for the realization of complete unity between the two countries generated intense international pressure and Goukouni's subsequent call for the complete withdrawal of external forces. Flag of the Organisation of African Unity, later also used by the African Union. ... This article is about the city in Nigeria. ... Goukouni Oueddei (1944 – present) is a Chadian political figure, son of a derde of Teda. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The Habré Era (1982–90)

see: Libya-Chad War

Libya's partial withdrawal to the Aozou Strip in northern Chad cleared the way for Habré's forces to enter N’Djamena in June. French troops and an OAU peacekeeping force of 3,500 Nigerian, Senegalese, and Zairian troops (partially funded by the United States) remained neutral during the conflict. Combatants Libya Chad France Commanders Muammar al-Qadhafi Hissein Habré Casualties Thousands Unknown The Libya-Chad War begun in 1980 when Libya invaded Chad. ... The Aozou Strip (alternatively, Aouzou Strip) is a portion of northern Chad which lies along the border with Libya, extending south to a depth of about 100 kilometers into Chads Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti prefecture. ... Motto: (French for Peace - Justice - Work) Anthem: Capital Kinshasa Language(s) French (Lingala, Kikongo, Swahili, Tshiluba were national languages) Government Republic President  - 1965-1997 Mobutu Sese Seko Historical era Cold War  - Republic of Zaire October 27, 1971  - Seizure of power November 24, 1965  - Independence June 30, 1960  - Overthrow of Mobutu...

The Aozou Strip (blue), claimed and occupied by Libya between 1976 and 1987.

Habré continued to face armed opposition on various fronts, and was brutal in his repression of suspected opponents, massacring and torturing many during his rule. In the summer of 1983, GUNT forces launched an offensive against government positions in northern and eastern Chad with heavy Libyan support. In response to Libya's direct intervention, French and Zairian forces intervened to defend Habré, pushing Libyan and rebel forces north of the 16th parallel. In September 1984, the French and the Libyan governments announced an agreement for the mutual withdrawal of their forces from Chad. By the end of the year, all French and Zairian troops were withdrawn. Libya did not honor the withdrawal accord, and its forces continued to occupy the northern third of Chad. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x743, 20 KB) Summary Map of Aouzou strip in Chad, which was invaded by Libya, I made the image Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: History of Chad Chad History of Libya Aozou Strip ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x743, 20 KB) Summary Map of Aouzou strip in Chad, which was invaded by Libya, I made the image Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: History of Chad Chad History of Libya Aozou Strip ... The Aozou Strip (alternatively, Aouzou Strip) is a portion of northern Chad which lies along the border with Libya, extending south to a depth of about 100 kilometers into Chads Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti prefecture. ...

Rebel commando groups (Codos) in southern Chad were broken up by government massacres in 1984. In 1985 Habré briefly reconciled with some of his opponents, including the Democratic Front of Chad (FDT) and the Coordinating Action Committee of the Democratic Revolutionary Council. Goukouni also began to rally toward Habré, and with his support Habré successfully expelled Libyan forces from most of Chadian territory. A cease-fire between Chad and Libya held from 1987 to 1988, and negotiations over the next several years led to the 1994 International Court of Justice decision granting Chad sovereignty over the Aouzou strip, effectively ending Libyan occupation. The Codos or Commandos were guerrilla groups, active in southern Chad from 1983 to 1986, that resisted domination of their region by the President Hissène Habrés army. ... The Democratic Front of Chad (Front Démocratique du Tchad or FDT) was a Chadian political party active in the 1980s. ...

The Déby Era

However, rivalry between Hadjerai, Zaghawa and Gorane groups within the government grew in the late 1980s. In April 1989, Idriss Déby, one of Habré's leading generals and a Zaghawa, defected and fled to Darfur in Sudan, from which he mounted a Zaghawa-supported series of attacks on Habré (a Gorane). In December 1990, with Libyan assistance and no opposition from French troops stationed in Chad, Déby’s forces successfully marched on N’Djamena. After 3 months of provisional government, Déby’s Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) approved a national charter on February 28, 1991, with Déby as president. Zaghawa is an African ethnic group, mainly living in eastern Chad and western Sudan, including the Darfur province of Sudan. ... Lieutenant General Idriss Déby Itno (born in Fada in 1952) is the President of Chad and the head of the Patriotic Salvation Movement. ... Flag of the Fur national movement Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning home of the Fur) is a region of far western Sudan, bordering the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. ... Politics of Chad Categories: Politics stubs | Chad political parties ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

During the next two years, Déby faced at least two coup attempts. Government forces clashed violently with rebel forces, including the Movement for Democracy and Development, MDD, National Revival Committee for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD), Chadian National Front (FNT) and the Western Armed Forces (FAO), near Lake Chad and in southern regions of the country. Earlier French demands for the country to hold a National Conference resulted in the gathering of 750 delegates representing political parties (which were legalized in 1992), the government, trade unions and the army to discuss the creation of a pluralist democratic regime. Lake Chad (in French: Lac Tchad) is a large, shallow lake in Africa. ...

However, unrest continued, sparked in part by large-scale killings of civilians in southern Chad. The CSNPD, led by Kette Moise and other southern groups entered into a peace agreement with government forces in 1994, which later broke down. Two new groups, the Armed Forces for a Federal Republic (FARF) led by former Kette ally Laokein Barde and the Democratic Front for Renewal (FDR), and a reformulated MDD clashed with government forces from 1994 to 1995.

Talks with political opponents in early 1996 did not go well, but Déby announced his intent to hold presidential elections in June. Déby won the country’s first multi-party presidential elections with support in the second round from opposition leader Kebzabo, defeating General Kamougue (leader of the 1975 coup against Tombalbaye). Déby’s MPS party won 63 of 125 seats in the January 1997 legislative elections. International observers noted numerous serious irregularities in presidential and legislative election proceedings.

By mid-1997 the government signed peace deals with FARF and the MDD leadership and succeeded in cutting off the groups from their rear bases in the Central African Republic and Cameroon. Agreements also were struck with rebels from the National Front of Chad (FNT) and Movement for Social Justice and Democracy in October 1997. However, peace was short-lived, as FARF rebels clashed with government soldiers, finally surrendering to government forces in May 1998. Barde was killed in the fighting, as were hundreds of other southerners, most civilians.

Since October 1998, Chadian Movement for Justice and Democracy (MDJT) rebels, led by Youssuf Togoimi until his death in September 2002, have skirmished with government troops in the Tibesti region, resulting in hundreds of civilian, government, and rebel casualties, but little ground won or lost. No active armed opposition has emerged in other parts of Chad, although Kette Moise, following senior postings at the Ministry of Interior, mounted a smallscale local operation near Moundou which was quickly and violently suppressed by government forces in late 2000. Moundou is a city in Chad, the capital of Logone Occidental prefecture. ...

Déby, in the mid-1990s, gradually restored basic functions of government and entered into agreements with the World Bank and IMF to carry out substantial economic reforms. Oil exploitation in the southern Doba region began in June 2000, with World Bank Board approval to finance a small portion of a project aimed at transport of Chadian crude through a 1000-km. buried pipeline through Cameroon to the Gulf of Guinea. The project establishes unique mechanisms for World Bank, private sector, government, and civil society collaboration to guarantee that future oil revenues benefit local populations and result in poverty alleviation. Success of the project will depend on intensive monitoring efforts to ensure that all parties keep their commitments. Debt relief was accorded to Chad in May 2001. Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means... [[Image:Example. ... The Gulf of Guinea is the part of the Atlantic southwest of Africa. ...

Déby won a flawed 63% first-round victory in May 2001 presidential elections after legislative elections were postponed until spring 2002. Having accused the government of fraud, six opposition leaders were arrested (twice) and one opposition party activist was killed following the announcement of election results. However, despite claims of government corruption, favoritism of Zaghawas, and abuses by the security forces, opposition party and labor union calls for general strikes and more active demonstrations against the government have been unsuccessful. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.

In 2003, Chad began receiving refugees from the Darfur region of western Sudan. More than 200,000 refugees fled the fighting between two rebel groups and government-supported militias known as Janjaweed. A number of border incidents led to the Chadian-Sudanese War. Flag of the Fur national movement Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning home of the Fur) is a region of far western Sudan, bordering the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. ... The Janjaweed (Arabic: جنجويد, variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, Janjaweit, etc. ... Map of Chad The Chadian-Sudanese War officially started on December 23, 2005, when the government of Chad declared a state of war with Sudan and called for the citizens of Chad to mobilize themselves against the common enemy, which the Chadian government sees as the Rally for Democracy and...

Chadian-Sudanese War

Main article: Chadian-Sudanese War

The Chadian-Sudanese War officially started on December 23, 2005, when the government of Chad declared a state of war with Sudan and called for the citizens of Chad to mobilize themselves against the "common enemy," which the Chadian government sees as the Rally for Democracy and Liberty (RDL) militants, Chadian rebels, backed by the Sudanese government, and Sudanese militiamen. Militants have attacked villages and towns in eastern Chad, stealing cattle, murdering citizens, and burning houses. Over 200,000 refugees from the Darfur region of northwestern Sudan currently claim asylum in eastern Chad. Chadian president Idriss Déby accuses Sudanese President Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir of trying to "destabilize our country, to drive our people into misery, to create disorder and export the war from Darfur to Chad." Map of Chad The Chadian-Sudanese War officially started on December 23, 2005, when the government of Chad declared a state of war with Sudan and called for the citizens of Chad to mobilize themselves against the common enemy, which the Chadian government sees as the Rally for Democracy and... Map of Chad The Chadian-Sudanese War officially started on December 23, 2005, when the government of Chad declared a state of war with Sudan and called for the citizens of Chad to mobilize themselves against the common enemy, which the Chadian government sees as the Rally for Democracy and... December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A strong executive branch headed by President Deby dominates the Chadian political system. ... A Declaration of War is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation, and one or more others. ... The Rally for Democracy and Liberty is a Chadian rebel group that was formed in August of 2005 by former members of the Military of Chad. ... Flag of the Fur national movement Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning home of the Fur) is a region of far western Sudan, bordering the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. ... Lieutenant General Idriss Déby Itno (born in Fada in 1952) is the President of Chad and the head of the Patriotic Salvation Movement. ... Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: عمر حسن احمد البشير ; born 1 January 1944) is President of Sudan. ...

An attack on the Chadian town of Adre near the Sudanese border led to the deaths of either one hundred rebels, as every news source other than CNN has reported, or three hundred rebels. The Sudanese government was blamed for the attack, which was the second in the region in three days [1], but Sudanese foreign ministry spokesman Jamal Mohammed Ibrahim denies any Sudanese involvement, "We are not for any escalation with Chad. We technically deny involvement in Chadian internal affairs." This attack was the final straw that led to the declaration of war by Chad and the alleged deployment of the Chadian airforce into Sudanese airspace, which the Chadian government denies. Adre, Chad is a administrative district in Chad. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... Jamal Mohammed Ibrahim is the foreign ministry spokesman for Sudan. ...

An attack on N'Djamena was defeated on April 13, 2006 in the Battle of N'Djamena. The President on national radio stated that the situation was under control, but residents, diplomats and journalists reportedly heard shots of weapons fire. Combatants United Front for Democratic Change Chad military Casualties 400 deaths, 387 injured on both sides[1] The Battle of NDjamena describes several battles that have taken place at NDjamena, the capital of Chad. ...

On November 25, 2006, rebels captured the eastern town of Abeche, capital of Ouaddaï Department and center for humanitarian aid to the Darfur region in Sudan. On the same day, a separate rebel group Rally of Democratic Forces had captured Biltine. On November 26, 2006, the Chadian government claimed to have recaptured both towns, although rebels still claimed control of Biltine. Government buildings and humanitarian aid offices in Abeche were said to have been looted. The Chadian government denied a warning issued by the French Embassy in N'Djamena that a group of rebels were making its way through Batha prefecture in central Chad. Chad insists that both rebel groups are supported by the Sudanese government. ^[1] November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Ab is a city in Chad, the capital of Ouadda prefecture. ... Ouaddaï is one of the 14 prefectures of Chad. ... Flag of the Fur national movement Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning home of the Fur) is a region of far western Sudan, bordering the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. ... The Rally of Democratic Forces (Regroupement des Forces Démocratiques) is a political party in Mauritania. ... Biltine is a city in Chad, the capital of Biltine prefecture. ... November 26 is the 330th day (331st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Biltine is a city in Chad, the capital of Biltine prefecture. ... NDjamena, «ehn JAHM uh nuh», population 721,000 (2005), is the capital of Chad. ... Categories: Stub | Prefectures of Chad ...

References

• This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain.

The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ... The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789 by a constitutional convention, sets down the basic framework of American government in its seven articles. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

See also

• Chad
• Politics of Chad
• History of Africa

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