NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of Croatia

Croatia first appeared as a duchy in the 7th century and then as a kingdom in the 10th century. For the next ten centuries, it remained a distinct state with its ruler (ban) and parliament, but it obeyed the kings and emperors of various neighboring powers, primarily Hungary and Austria. The period from the 15th to the 17th centuries was marked by bitter struggles with the Ottoman Empire. After being incorporated in Yugoslavia for most of the 20th century, Croatia regained independence in 1991. The area known as Croatia today has been inhabited throughout the prehistoric period, ever since the Stone Age. ... The origin of the Croatian tribe before the great migration of the Slavs is uncertain. ... The Croatian people trace their origins to Slavic peoples which moved into the territory of the former Roman provinces Pannonia and Dalmatia between the 7th and 8th centuries, and formed dukedoms. ... The Kingdom of Croatia was an independent state from circa 925 until 1102 covering most of what is today Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans. ... Death of the Last Croatian King, by Oton IvekoviÄ‡ Kingdom of Croatia and Hungary was from 1102, a personal union of two kingdoms, Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary, united under the Hungarian king. ... Following the Battle of Mohács, in 1527 some of the Croatian (and Hungarian) nobles supported Ivan Zapolja, while some preferred suzerainty to the Austrian king Ferdinand of Habsburg. ... Flag Capital Zagreb Language(s) Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian Government Republic PresidentÂ¹ Anton KoroÅ¡ec Vice presidentsÂ¹ Ante PaveliÄ‡ Svetozar PribiÄ‡eviÄ‡ Historical era World War I - Independence 29 October, 1918 - Joined Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1 December, 1918 Â¹ President and vice presidents of the National Council. ... Motto: One nation, one king, one country Anthem: Medley of BoÅ¾e pravde, Lijepa naÅ¡a domovino, and Naprej zastava slave Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croato-Slovenian (see: Serbo-Croat and Slovenian) [1] Government Value specified for government_type does not comply King - 1918-1921 Peter I - 1921-1934 Alexander... Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Puppet-state King - 1941-1943 Tomislav II Poglavnik - 1941-1945 Ante PaveliÄ‡ Legislature None Historical era World War II - Established April 10, 1941 - Disestablished May 8, 1945 Population - 1941 est. ... Capital Zagreb Official language Croatian language (1963-1971), (1989-) Croatian or Serbian (1971-1989) Established In the SFRY: - Since - Until April 7, 1963 April 7, 1963 June 25, 1991 Area - Total - Water Ranked 2nd in the SFRY 56,524 kmÂ² 0. ... Combatants Croatian military Paramilitary organisations Republic of Serb Krajina Army Yugoslav Peoples Army Bosnian Serb Army Republic of Serbia Paramilitary organisations Commanders Franjo TuÄ‘man (President of Croatia) Anton Tus (Chief of Staff of Croatian Army 1991-1992) Janko Bobetko (Chief of Staff of Croatian Army 1992-1995) Atif... The modern period in Croatian history begins in 1990 with the countrys change of political and economic system as well as achieving independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. ... A duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. ... For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... Ban could be: Look up ban in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The parliament of Croatia is called Hrvatski Sabor in Croatian - the word sabor means an assembly, a gathering, a congress. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... Motto Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299â€“1326) Bursa (1326â€“1365) Edirne (1365â€“1453) Ä°stanbul (1453â€“1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 (first) Osman I - 1918â€“22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320... General location of the political entities known as Yugoslavia. ...

The history of Croatia was divided into a series of separate historical articles navigable through the list to the right. For information on today's Croatia, see Croatia.

Croatian lands before the Croats (until 7th c.)

The area known as Croatia today has been inhabited throughout the prehistoric period, since the Stone Age. In the middle Paleolithic, Neanderthals lived in Krapina and Vindija (northwest Croatia) and Mujina pećina (central Dalmatia). Oton IvekoviÄ‡, The Croats arrival at the Adriatic Sea Oton IvekoviÄ‡ (born 1869 - died 1939) was one of the foremost Croatian painters. ... The area known as Croatia today has been inhabited throughout the prehistoric period, ever since the Stone Age. ... Stone Age fishing hook. ... // The Paleolithic is a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of stone tools. ... Binomial name Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864 The Neanderthal or Neandertal was a species of genus Homo (Homo neanderthalensis) that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago (in the Middle Palaeolithic, early Stone Age). ...

In the early Neolithic period, the Starčevo, Vučedol and Hvar cultures were scattered around the region. The Iron Age left traces of the Hallstatt culture (early Illyrians) and the La Tène culture (Celts). An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... The StarÄevo-KÃ¶rÃ¶s culture is the name given by archaeologists to a widespread early Neolithic archaeological culture from Eastern Europe and the Balkans. ... The VuÄedol culture was a culture that flourished between 3000 and 2200 BC (the Eneolithic period), centered in eastern Slavonia on the right bank of the Danube river, but possibly spreading throughout the Pannonian plain. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland In archaeology, the Iron Age is the stage in the development of any people where the use of iron implements as tools and weapons is preeminent. ... The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture during the local Bronze Age, and introduced the Iron Age. ... Illyria (disambiguation) Illyrians has come to refer to a broad, ill-defined Indo-European[1] group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans (Illyria, roughly from northern Epirus to southern Pannonia) and even perhaps parts of Southern Italy in classical times into the Common era, and spoke Illyrian languages. ... The La TÃ¨ne culture was an Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La TÃ¨ne on the north side of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland, where a rich trove of artifacts was discovered by Hansli Kopp in 1857. ...

In recorded history, the area was inhabited by the Illyrians, and since the 4th century BC also colonized in the north by the Celts and along the coast by the Greeks. The Southern Illyrian kingdom, Illyris, was a sovereign state in modern day Montenegro and Albania until the Romans conquered it in 168 BC. The Western Empire organized the provinces of Pannonia and Dalmatia, which after its downfall passed to the Huns, the Ostrogoths and then to the Byzantine Empire. The forebearers of Croatia's current Slav population settled there in the early 7th century. This article is about the ancient region in the south of Europe. ... Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples: core Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BC maximal Celtic expansion, by the 3rd century BC the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the Early Modern period areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today Celts (pronounced or , see pronunciation... Colonies in antiquity were city-states founded from a mother-city, not from a territory-at-large. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Map of the Roman Empire, with the provinces, after 120. ... For other uses, see Pannonia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... This article deals with the continental Ostrogoths. ... Byzantine redirects here. ... Countries with dominating Slavic ethnicities West Slavic East Slavic South Slavic Slav redirects here. ...

Medieval Croatian state (until 925)

The Croats arrived in what is today Croatia in the seventh century. They organized into two dukedoms: the duchy of Pannonian Croatia in the north and the duchy of Littoral Croatia in the south. The biggest part of Christianization of the Croats ended in the 9th century. The Croatian people trace their origins to Slavic peoples which moved into the territory of the former Roman provinces Pannonia and Dalmatia between the 7th and 8th centuries, and formed dukedoms. ... This is the history of Croatia. ... Medieval Croat duchies Littoral Croatia (in Croatian: Primorska Hrvatska) was a medieval Croat duchy. ... St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once, also includes the practice of converting pagan practices, pagan religious imagery, pagan sites and the pagan calendar...

Croatian duke Trpimir I (845–864), founder of Trpimirović dynasty, fought successfully against Bulgarians, and against the Byzantine strategos in Zadar. He expanded his state in the east to the Drina River. The first native Croatian ruler recognized by a pope was duke Branimir, whom Pope John VIII called dux Croatorum in 879. Trpimir I was the duke (knez) of Dalmatian Croatia, reigned 845â€“864, the founder and eponym of the TrpimiroviÄ‡ dynasty, royal dynasty of Croatian rulers. ... TrpimiroviÄ‡ dynasty was a native Croats dynasty that ruled in Croatia, with interruptions, from 845 until 1091. ... Bust of an unidentified strategos with Corinthian helmet; Hadrianic Roman copy of a Greek sculpture of c. ... For other uses, see Zadar (disambiguation). ... The Drina is a river on the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro. ... For other uses, see Pope (disambiguation). ... The inscription of duke Branimir, c. ... John VIII was pope from 872 to 882. ...

Kingdom of Croatia (925-1102)

The first King of Croatia, Tomislav (910–928) of the Trpimirović dynasty, was crowned in 925. Tomislav, rex Croatorum, united the Pannonian and Dalmatian duchies and created a sizeable state. He defeated Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I in battle of the Bosnian Highlands. The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak during the reign of King Petar Krešimir IV (1058–1074). The Kingdom of Croatia was an independent state from circa 925 until 1102 covering most of what is today Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans. ... // The details of the arrival of the Croats are scarcely documented. ... King Tomislav by Josip Horvat - MeÄ‘imurec Tomislav (died in 928), was one of the greatest rulers of Croatia in Middle Ages. ... Simeon (also Symeon)[1] I the Great (Bulgarian: , transliterated Simeon I Veliki;[2] IPA: ) ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927,[3] during the First Bulgarian Empire. ... Combatants Kingdom of Croatia Bulgarian Empire Commanders King Tomislav of Croatia Duke (Dux) Alogobotur Strength 60. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... Petar KreÅ¡imir IV of Croatia was a notably energetic Croatian king under whose rule the medieval Croatian state probably reached its peak. ...

Following the disappearance of the major native dynasty by the end of the 11th century in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain, the Croats eventually recognized the Hungarian ruler Coloman as the common king for Croatia and Hungary in a treaty of 1102 (often referred to as the Pacta conventa). The Battle of Gvozd Mountain took place in the year 1097 and was fought on Petrova gora (Peters Mountain) in central Croatia, between the army of Croatian king Petar SvaÄiÄ‡ and King Coloman I of Hungary. ... Coloman (Hungarian: KÃ¶nyves KÃ¡lmÃ¡n, Slovak and Croatian: Koloman) (1070 â€“ February 3, 1116) was King of Hungary from 1095 to 1116. ... Pacta conventa (Lat. ...

Personal union with Hungary (1102–1918)

The consequences of the change to the Hungarian king included the introduction of feudalism and the rise of the native noble families such as Frankopan and Šubić. The later kings sought to restore some of their previously lost influence by giving certain privileges to the towns. The primary governor of Croatian provinces was the ban. Death of the Last Croatian King, by Oton IvekoviÄ‡ Kingdom of Croatia and Hungary was from 1102, a personal union of two kingdoms, Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary, united under the Hungarian king. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste Feudalism, a term first used in the late modern period (17th century), in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval European political system comprised of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the... The Frankopans are a Croatian-Dalmatian noble family. ... Coat of Arms of the Breberienses The Å ubiÄ‡ were one of the twelve tribes which constituted Croatian statehood in the Middle Ages; they held the county of Bribir (Varvaria) in inland Dalmatia. ... Ban is a title of either Avar or Illyrian origin, the title was used in some states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century. ...

The princes of Bribir from the Šubić family became particularly influential, asserting control over large parts of Dalmatia, Slavonia and Bosnia. Later, however, the Angevines intervened and restored royal power. They also sold the whole of Dalmatia to Venice in 1409. Coat of arms Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. ... Angevin (IPA: ) is the name applied to the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Kingdom of France, as well as to the residents of Angers. ... Borders of the Republic of Venice in 1796 Capital Venice Language(s) Venetian, Latin, Italian Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic Doge - 1789â€“97 Ludovico Manin History - Established 697 - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358 - Treaty of Leoben April 17, 1797 * Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is dated to 697. ...

Separate coronation as King of Croatia was gradually allowed to fall into abeyance and last crowned king is Charles Robert in 1301 after which Croatia contented herself with a separate diploma inaugurale. In 1490 the estates of Croatia declined to recognize Vladislaus II until he had taken oath to respect their liberties, and insisted upon his erasing from the diploma certain phrases which seemed to reduce Croatia to the rank of a mere province. Dispute will be solved only in 1492 ^[1]

As the Turkish incursion into Europe started, Croatia once again became a border area. The Croats fought an increasing number of battles and gradually lost increasing swaths of territory to the Ottoman Empire.

The 1526 Battle of Mohács and the death of King Louis II meant the end of Hungarian authority over Croatia. Hungarian parliament has in 1526 elected János Szapolya for new king of Hungary. On other side Croatian parliament sitting at Cetin on January 1, 1527, unanimously elected Ferdinand Habsburg of Austria for King of Croatia ^[2]. Few years afterward both crown will be again united in Habsburgs hands and union will be restored. The Ottoman Empire further expanded in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia, western Bosnia and Lika. This article is about the better-known Battle of MohÃ¡cs of 1526. ... Louis Jagellion was born in 1506 as the son of (V)Ladislaus Jagiello, who died in 1516. ... Lika is a mountainous region in central Croatia, roughly bound by the Velebit mountain from the southwest and the PljeÅ¡evica mountain from the northeast. ...

Later in the same century, Croatia has been so weak that it's parliament has authorized Ferdinand Habsburg to carve out large areas of Croatia and Slavonia adjacent to the Ottoman Empire for creation of Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina, German Militaergrenze) which will be ruled directly from Vienna military headquarters ^[3]. The area became rather deserted and was subsequently settled by Serbs, Vlachs, Croats and Germans and others. As a result of their compulsory military service to the Habsburg Empire during conflict with the Ottoman Empire, the population in the Military Frontier was free of serfdom and enjoyed much political autonomy unlike the population living in the parts ruled by Hungary. Frontiersman from PomoriÅ¡je, first half of the 18th century. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below (* many Serbs opted for Yugoslav ethnicity) [27] Serbs (Serbian: Ð¡Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in... Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. ... Ethnic Germans â€“ often simply called Germans â€“ are those who are considered, by themselves or others, to be ethnically German but do not live within the present-day Federal Republic of Germany, nor necessarily hold its citizenship. ...

After the Bihać fort finally fell in 1592, only small parts of Croatia remained unconquered. The Ottoman army was successfully repelled for the first time on the territory of Croatia following the battle of Sisak in 1593. The lost territory was mostly restored, except for large parts of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina. Municipality of Bosnia and Herzegovina General Information Entity {{{entity}}} Land area 900 km2 Population (est. ... The Battle of Sisak in 1593 was an important victory for Christian forces over the Turkish army. ...

By the 1700s, the Ottoman Empire was driven out of Hungary , and Austria brought the empire under central control. Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was supported by the Croatians in the War of Austrian Succession of 1741–1748 and subsequently made significant contributions to Croatian matters. Not to be confused with Maria Theresa of Austria (1816-1867). ... The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). ...

With the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, its possessions in eastern Adriatic became subject to a dispute between France and Austria. The Habsburgs eventually secured them (by 1815) and Dalmatia and Istria became part of the empire, though they were in Cisleithania while Croatia and Slavonia were under Hungary. The Republic of Venice was a city-state in Venetia in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. ... The Adriatic Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea separating the Apennine peninsula (Italy) from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. ... Cisleithania (German: Cisleithanien) was the name of the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual monarchy created in 1867 and dissolved in 1918. ...

Croatian romantic nationalism emerged in mid-19th century to counteract the apparent Germanization and Magyarization of Croatia. The Illyrian movement attracted a number of influential figures from 1830s on, and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Vlaho Bukovac: Hrvatski narodni preporod, Zastor u HNK Zagreb Illyrian movement (Croatian/Serbian: Ilirski pokret), also Croatian national revival (Hrvatski narodni preporod), was a nationalistic campaign initiated by a group of young Croatian intellectuals during the first half of 19th century, around the years of 1835-1849 (there is some... Croatian language (hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily by the inhabitants of Croatia and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of the Croatian diaspora. ...

In the Revolutions of 1848 Croatia, driven by fear of Magyar nationalism, supported the Habsburg court against Hungarian revolutionary forces. However, despite the contributions of its ban Jelačić in quenching the Hungarian war of independence, Croatia, not treated any more favourably by Vienna than the Hungarians themselves, lost its domestic autonomy. In 1867 the Dual Monarchy was created; Croatian autonomy was restored in 1868 with the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement which was not particularly favourable for the Croatians. In 1848, the Austrian Empire under the Habsburgs was confronted with the combined effect of economic, social class, and nationalities conflicts. ... Baron Josip JelaÄiÄ‡ of BuÅ¾im (born 1801 in Petrovaradin, Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary; died 1859 in Zagreb, Habsburg Monarchy, Croatia and Slavonia; also spelled Jellachich or JellaÄiÄ‡) was the Ban of Croatia between March 23, 1848 and May 19, 1859. ... The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was one of many revolutions that year and closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (German: , Hungarian: ) established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. ...

Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)

Shortly before the end of the First World War in 1918, the Croatian Parliament severed relations with Austria-Hungary as the Entente armies defeated those of the Habsburgs. Croatia and Slavonia became a part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs composed out of all Southern Slavic territories of the now former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy with a transitional government headed in Zagreb. Although the state inherited much of Austro-Hungary's military arsenal, including the entire fleet, the Kingdom of Italy moved rapidly to annex the state's most western territories, promised to her by the Treaty of London of 1915. An Italian Army eventually took Istria, started to annex the Adriatic islands one by one, and even landed in Zadar. After Srijem left Croatia and Slavonia and joined Serbia together with Vojvodina, which was shortly followed by a referendum to join Bosnia and Herzegovina to Serbia, the People's Council (Narodno vijeće) of the state, guided by what was by that time a half a century long tradition of pan-Slavism and without sanction of the Croatian sabor, joined the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The territory of Croatia largely comprised the territories of the Sava and Littoral Banates. Shortly before the end of the Great War, on October 29, 1918, the Croatian Parliament severed relations with Austria-Hungary as the Allied armies defeated those of the Habsburgs. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... The parliament of Croatia is called Hrvatski Sabor in Croatian - the word sabor means an assembly, a gathering, a congress. ... The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia with the purpose of defending against Hungarian irredentism and preventing the Habsburg restoration. ... Flag Capital Zagreb Language(s) Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian Government Republic PresidentÂ¹ Anton KoroÅ¡ec Vice presidentsÂ¹ Ante PaveliÄ‡ Svetozar PribiÄ‡eviÄ‡ Historical era World War I - Independence 29 October, 1918 - Joined Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1 December, 1918 Â¹ President and vice presidents of the National Council. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Location of Zagreb within Croatia Coordinates: , Country RC diocese 1094 Free royal city 1242 Unified 1850 Government - Mayor Milan BandiÄ‡ Area [1] - Total 641. ... London Pact (Italian Patto di Londra), or more correctly, The Treaty of London, 1915, was a secret pact between Italy and Triple Entente, signed in London on April 26, 1915 by the Kingdom of Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Russia. ... This article is about a geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea. ... Srem District in Vojvodina Vukovar-Srijem county within Croatia Syrmia (Serbian: Ð¡Ñ€ÐµÐ¼ or Srem, Croatian: Srijem, Hungarian: SzerÃ©msÃ©g or SzerÃ©m, Slovak: Sriem, German: Syrmien, from Latin: Syrmia or Sirmium) is a fertile region of the Pannonian plain in Europe, between the Danube and Sava rivers before they join... Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic people. ... The parliament of Croatia is called Hrvatski Sabor in Croatian - the word sabor means an assembly, a gathering, a congress. ... The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state which existed from December 1, 1918 to mid-April 1941. ... Map showing Yugoslav banovinas in 1929 (The Sava Banovina is coloured pink, on the top left part of the map) The Sava Banovina or Sava Banate (Croatian: Savska banovina) was a province (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1939. ... Map showing Yugoslav banovinas in 1929 (The Littoral Banovina is coloured purple, on the left part of the map) The Littoral Banovina or Littoral Banate (Croatian and Bosnian: Primorska banovina) was a province (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1939. ...

The Kingdom underwent a crucial change in 1921 to the dismay of Croatia's largest political party, the Croatian Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka). The new constitution abolished the historical/political entities, including Croatia and Slavonia, centralizing authority in the capital of Belgrade. The Croatian Peasant Party boycotted the government of the Serbian People's Radical Party throughout the period, except for a brief interlude between 1925 and 1927, when external Italian expansionism was at hand with her allies, Albania, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria that threatened Yugoslavia as a whole. The Croatian Peasant Party (Croatian: Hrvatska seljačka stranka, HSS) was formed in 1905 by Stjepan Radić, a leading Croatian politician. ... For other uses, see Belgrade (disambiguation). ... The Peoples Radical Party of Serbia was a political party formed on January 8th, 1881, which was active in the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. ...

In the early 1920s the Yugoslav government of Serbian prime minister Nikola Pasic used police pressure over voters and ethnic minorities, confiscation of opposition pamphlets^[4] and other measures of election rigging to keep the opposition, and mainly the Croatian Peasant Party and its allies in minority in Yugoslav parliament.^[5] Pasic believed that Yugoslavia should be as centralized as possible, creating in place of distinct regional governments and identities a Greater Serbian national concept of concentrated power in the hands of Belgrade.^[6] Nikola Pašić (Serbian Никола Пашић, pronounced Pashich), (December 18, 1846- December 10, 1926) was a Serbian premier, who controlled Serbia from 1903 until his death. ... Electoral fraud is the deliberate interference with the process of an election. ... The Croatian Peasant Party (Croatian: Hrvatska seljačka stranka, HSS) was formed in 1905 by Stjepan Radić, a leading Croatian politician. ... Greater Serbia is a name for a Serbian nationalist concept. ...

In spite of ethnic tensions, Yugoslavs united in opposition to attempts by Italy's Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini to force Yugoslavia with the threat of war to allow Italians to colonize Dalmatia, which was claimed by Italian nationalists. When the Yugoslav government signed the Treaty of Nettuno that allowed Italians to freely into Dalmatia, Croats and Yugoslavs in general were infuriated with their government's decision. Large protests in Yugoslavia in 1928 where Croats and other Yugoslavs shouted "Down with Mussolini!", "Death to Fascismo!", "Down with the Treaty of Nettuno!" and "Long live King Alexander!", accusations of treason were made against the Yugoslav government and violence between opposition and government members in the Yugoslav parliament.^[7] These were followed by citizens storming the Italian embassies in Zagreb, Ragusa, and Splato, tearing down and burning pictures of Mussolini, along with burning and tearing Italian flags at the embassies.^[8] Mussolini redirects here. ... Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ...

During a Parliament session in 1928, the Croatian Peasant Party's leader Stjepan Radić was mortally wounded by Puniša Račić, a deputy of the Serbian Radical People's Party, which caused further upsets among the Croatian elite. In 1929, King Aleksandar proclaimed a dictatorship and imposed a new constitution which, among other things, renamed the country the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Political parties were banned from the start and the royal dictatorship took on an increasingly harsh character. Vladko Maček, who had succeeded Radić as leader of the Croatian Peasant Party, the largest political party in Croatia, was imprisoned, and members of a newly emerging insurgent movement, the Ustaše, went into exile. According to the British historian Misha Glenny the murder in March 1929 of Toni Schlegel, editor of a pro-Yugoslavian newspaper Novosti, brought a "furious response" from the regime. In Lika and west Herzegovina in particular, which he described as "hotbeds of Croatian separatism," he wrote that the majority-Serb police acted "with no restraining authority whatsoever."^[9] And in the words of a prominent Croatian writer, Shlegel's death became the pretext for terror in all forms. Politics was soon "indistinguishable from gangsterism."^[10] Even in this oppressive climate, few rallied to the Ustaša cause and the movement was never able to organise within Croatia. But its leaders did manage to convince the Communist Party that it was a progressive movement. The party's newspaper Proleter (December 1932) stated: "[We] salute the Ustaša movement of the peasants of Lika and Dalmatia and fully support them." Face of Stjepan RadiÄ‡ on Croatias 200 kn bill Stjepan RadiÄ‡ (June 11, 1871 â€“ August 8, 1928) was a Croatian politician and the founder of the Croatian Peasant Party (CPP, Hrvatska SeljaÄka Stranka) in 1905. ... PuniÅ¡a RaÄiÄ‡ (ÐŸÑƒÐ½Ð¸ÑˆÐ° Ð Ð°Ñ‡Ð¸Ñ›) was a Montenegrin Serb politician, a member of the Yugoslav Parliament from the National Radical Party, who assassinated Pavle RadiÄ‡ and Djuro BasariÄek, Croatian Peasant Party representatives, deadly wounding Stjepan RadiÄ‡, leader of Croatian Peasant Party at the time and wounding a further two. ... Aleksandar I Karađorđević King Alexander I of Yugoslavia - Serbian Kralj Aleksandar I Karađorđević, in Cyrillic Краљ Александар I Карађорђевић (Cetinje, Montenegro, 16 December 1888 - France, 9 October 1934) of the Royal House of Karadjordjevic was the first king of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1934) and before that king of... Vladko MaÄek (June 20, 1879 â€“ May 15, 1964) was a Croatian politician from the first half of the 20th century. ... An UstaÅ¡e guard pose among the bodies of prisoners murdered in the Jasenovac concentration camp The UstaÅ¡e (also known as Ustashas or Ustashi) was a Croatian extreme nationalist movement. ... Misha Glenny (born 1958) is a British journalist and specialist on Eastern and Southeastern Europe. ... Lika is a mountainous region in central Croatia, roughly bound by the Velebit mountain from the southwest and the PljeÅ¡evica mountain from the northeast. ... SKJ flag in Serbo-Croat, with Cyrillic script SKJ flag in Serbo-Croat, with Latin script SKJ flag in Albanian SKJ flag in Hungarian SKJ flag in Italian SKJ flag in Macedonian SKJ flag in Slovenian The Communist Party of Yugoslavia (after 1952 the League of Communists of Yugoslavia) was...

In 1934, King Aleksandar was assassinated abroad, in Marseille, by a coalition of the Ustaše and a similarly radical movement, the Macedonian pro-Bulgarian VMORO. The Serbian-Croatian Cvetković-Maček government that came to power, distanced Yugoslavia's former allies of France and the United Kingdom, and moved closer to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in the period of 1935-1941. A national Banovina of Croatia was created in 1939 out of the two Banates, as well as parts of the Zeta, Vrbas, Drina and Danube Banates. It had a reconstructed Croatian Parliament which would choose a Croatian Ban and Viceban. This Croatia included a part of Bosnia (region), most of Herzegovina and the city of Dubrovnik and the surroundings. Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ... City flag Coat of arms Motto: By her great deeds, the city of Massilia shines The Old Port of Marseille Location Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Coordinates Administration Country Region Provence-Alpes-CÃ´te dAzur Department Bouches-du-RhÃ´ne (13) Subdivisions 16 arrondissements (in 8 secteurs) Intercommunality Urban... The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (in Macedonian: Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija, Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, in Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyucionna Organizaciya, Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация, VMRO), commonly known in English as IMRO, was the name of a revolutionary political organization in the Macedonia region of the Ottoman Empire, and later... DragiÅ¡a CvetkoviÄ‡ (1893 - 1969) was a Yugoslav political figure. ... The Banovina of Croatia (1939-1941). ... Map showing banovinas in 1929 (Vrbaska banovina is coloured green, in the left part of map) map of Vrbaska banovina The Vrbas Banovina (Serbian and Croatian: Vrbaska banovina) was a province (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. ... Map showing banovinas in 1929 (Drinska banovina is coloured orange) The Drina Banovina (Serbian: Drinska banovina) was a province (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia with its capital at Sarajevo. ... Ban is a title of either Avar or Illyrian origin, the title was used in some states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century. ... This article is about a geographic region of Bosnia. ... Look up Dubrovnik in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

World War II (1941-1945)

The Axis occupation of Yugoslavia in 1941 allowed the Croatian radical right Ustaše to come into power, forming the "Independent State of Croatia", led by Ante Pavelić, who assumed the role of Poglavnik ("Head-man") Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske ("Leader of the Independent State of Croatia"). Following the pattern of other fascist regimes in Europe, the Ustashi enacted racial laws, formed eight concentration camps targeting minority Serbs, Romas and Jewish populations, as well as Croatian partisans. The biggest concentration camp was Jasenovac in Croatia. The NDH had a program, formulated by Mile Budak, to purge Croatia of Serbs, by “killing one third, expelling the other third and assimilating the remaining third”. The first part of this program began during WWII with a planned genocide in Jasenovac and other locations in the NDH^[11] The main targets for persecution, however, were the Serbs. 100.000s of Serbs were killed. Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Puppet-state King - 1941-1943 Tomislav II Poglavnik - 1941-1945 Ante PaveliÄ‡ Legislature None Historical era World War II - Established April 10, 1941 - Disestablished May 8, 1945 Population - 1941 est. ... Black: Zenith of the Axis Powers Capital Not applicable Political structure Military alliance Historical era World War II - Tripartite Pact September 27, 1940 - Anti-Comintern Pact November 25, 1936 - Pact of Steel May 22, 1939 - Dissolved 1945 This article is about the independent countries (states) that comprised the Axis powers. ... An UstaÅ¡e guard pose among the bodies of prisoners murdered in the Jasenovac concentration camp The UstaÅ¡e (also known as Ustashas or Ustashi) was a Croatian extreme nationalist movement. ... Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Puppet-state King - 1941-1943 Tomislav II Poglavnik - 1941-1945 Ante PaveliÄ‡ Legislature None Historical era World War II - Established April 10, 1941 - Disestablished May 8, 1945 Population - 1941 est. ... Ante PaveliÄ‡ (July 14, 1889 â€“ December 28, 1959) was the Head (Poglavnik) and founding member of the Croatian national socialist/fascist UstaÅ¡e movement in the 1930s and later the leader of the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state[1] [2] of Nazi Germany during World War II. // Ante... Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Romani people (as a noun, singular Rom, plural Roma; sometimes Rrom, Rroma) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ... Languages Historical Jewish languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, others Liturgical languages: Hebrew and Aramaic Predominant spoken languages: The vernacular language of the home nation in the Diaspora, significantly including English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Arabs and other Semitic groups For the Jewish religion, see Judaism. ... Croatian is: Croatian language adjective for that which belongs to Croatia ethnic Croat (deprecated) Categories: Disambiguation ... Partisan may refer to: A member of a lightly-equipped irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation. ... â€œJasenovacâ€ redirects here. ... Mile Budak (1889 - 1945) is Croatian writer and politician, best known as one of the chief ideologists of Ustasha movement. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below (* many Serbs opted for Yugoslav ethnicity) [27] Serbs (Serbian: Ð¡Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in... Not to be confused with Intermarriage. ... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ... Jasenovac is a municipality in Central Croatia, in the southern part of the Sisak-Moslavina county at the confluence of the river Una into Sava. ...

The anti-fascist communist-led Partisan movement, based on pan-Yugoslav ideology, emerged in early 1941, under the command of Croatian-born Josip Broz Tito, spreading quickly into many parts of Yugoslavia. The 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment, often hailed as the first armed anti-fascist resistance unit in occupied Europe, was formed in Croatia, in the Brezovica forest near the town of Sisak. As the movement began to gain popularity, the Partisans gained strength from Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, Slovenes, and Macedonians who believed in a unified, but federal, Yugoslav state. The Rebellion The Yugoslav Partisans were the main resistance movement engaged in the fight against the Axis forces in the Balkans during World War II. // Origins The Yugoslav Partisans went under the official name of Peoples Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (Narodno-oslobodilaÄka vojska i partizanski... Tito redirects here. ... General location of the political entities known as Yugoslavia. ... A military unit is an organisation within an armed force. ...

By 1943, the Partisan resistance movement had gained the upper hand, against the odds, and in 1945, with help from the Soviet Red Army (passing only through small parts such as Vojvodina), expelled the Axis forces and local supporters. The ZAVNOH, state anti-fascist council of people's liberation of Croatia, functioned since 1944 and formed an interim civil government. NDH's ministers of War and Internal Security Mladen Lorković and Ante Vokić tried to switch to Allied side. Pavelić was in the beginning supporting them but when he found that he would need to leave his position he imprisoned them in Lepoglava prison where they were executed. By the end of 1941 Ustashas seriously negotiated with the Partisans about organising combined Ustashi-Communist government but that failed when Axis states attacked SSSR. For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... Vojvodina (red) is one of Serbias two autonomous provinces Capital (and largest city) Novi Sad Official languages Ethnic groups 2. ... State Anti-Fascist Council of Peoples Liberation of Croatia (in Croatian: Zemaljsko antifaÅ¡istiÄko vijeÄ‡e narodnog osloboÄ‘enja Hrvatske, abbr. ...

Following the defeat of the Independent State of Croatia at the end of the war a large number of Ustaše, and civilians supporting them (ranging from sympathisers, young conscripts, anti-communists, and ordinary serfs who were motivated by Partisan atrocities) attempted to flee in the direction of Austria hoping to surrender to British forces and to be given refuge. They were instead interned by British forces and then returned to the Partisans. A large number of these persons were killed in what has come to be called the Bleiburg massacre. An UstaÅ¡e guard pose among the bodies of prisoners murdered in the Jasenovac concentration camp The UstaÅ¡e (also known as Ustashas or Ustashi) was a Croatian extreme nationalist movement. ... Bleiburg memorial in Zagrebs Mirogoj cemetery The Bleiburg massacre, (also known in a more emotional context as the Bleiburg tragedy[1]) is a generalising name that encompasses events that took place during May 1945, after the formal end of World War II in Europe, but at a time when...

SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1991)

Croatia was a Socialist Republic part of a six-part Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. Under the new communist system, privately owned factories and estates were nationalized, and the economy was based on a type of planned market socialism. The country underwent a rebuilding process, recovered from World War II, went through industrialization and started developing tourism. Capital Zagreb Official language Croatian language (1963-1971), (1989-) Croatian or Serbian (1971-1989) Established In the SFRY: - Since - Until April 7, 1963 April 7, 1963 June 25, 1991 Area - Total - Water Ranked 2nd in the SFRY 56,524 kmÂ² 0. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Socialist state. ... Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act by which a nation takes possession of assets without requiring the owners consent, with or without payment of compensation. ... Market socialism is a term used to define a number of economic system(s) in which the means of production are owned either by the state or by the workers collectively, however unlike traditional socialism there is market that is directed and guided by socialist planners. ... Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state . ...

The country's socialist system also provided free apartments from big companies, which with the workers' self-management investments paid for the living spaces. From 1963, the citizens of Yugoslavia were allowed to travel to almost any country because of the neutral politics. No visas were required to travel to eastern or western countries, capitalist or communist nations.^[12] Such free travel was unheard of at the time in the Eastern Bloc countries, and in some western countries as well (eg. Spain or Portugal, both dictatorships at the time). This proved to be very helpful for Croatia's inhabitants who found working in foreign countries more financially rewarding. Upon retirement, a popular plan was to return to live in Croatia (then Yugoslavia) to buy a more expensive property. Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... An apartment (or flat) is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building. ... Poster for the Movimiento Nacional de Empresas Recuperadas (MNER), at a worker-recovered print shop, Chilavert Artes GrÃ¡ficas in Buenos Aires, Argentina Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the employees themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care, general production... Investment is a term with several closely related meanings in finance and economics. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc 1948-1989. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

In Yugoslavia, the people of Croatia were guaranteed free healthcare, free dental care, and secure pensions. The older generation found this very comforting as pensions would sometimes exceed their former paychecks. Free trade and travel within the country also helped Croatian industries that imported and exported throughout all the former republics. Students and military personnel were encouraged to visit other republics to learn more about the country, and all levels of education, especially secondary education and higher education, were gratis. X-rays can reveal if a person has cavities Dentistry is the practical application of knowledge of dental science (the science of placement, arrangement, function of teeth) to human beings. ... A pension (also known as superannuation) is a retirement plan intended to provide a person with a secure income for life. ... In a company, payroll is the sum of all financial records of salaries, wages, bonuses, and deductions. ... This article is about economic exchange. ... An industry is generally any grouping of businesses that share a common method of generating profits, such as the movie industry, the automobile industry, or the cattle industry. It is also used specifically to refer to an area of economic production focused on manufacturing which involves large amounts of upfront... International trade is defined as trade between two or more partners from different countries (an exporter and an importer). ... International trade is defined as trade between two or more partners from different countries (an exporter and an importer). ... Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The University of Cambridge is a prestigious institute of higher learning in the U.K. Higher education refers to a level of education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, institutes of technology and other collegiate level institutions, such as vocational schools, trade schools and...

The economy developed into a type of socialism called samoupravljanje (self-management), in which workers controlled socially-owned enterprises. This kind of market socialism created significantly better economic conditions than in the Eastern Bloc countries. Croatia went through intensive industrialization in the 1960s and 1970s with industrial output increasing several-fold and with Zagreb surpassing Belgrade for the amount of industry. Factories and other organizations were often named after Partisans who were declared national heroes. This practice also spread to street names, names of parks and buildings and some more trivial features. Socialism refers to a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Yugoslav Partisan Flag The Partisans (lat. ... The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia awarded the title Peoples Hero of Yugoslavia (Narodni heroj Jugoslavije) mostly to individuals for valor in combat during World War II. Order of Peoples Hero of Yugoslavia, 1st Class Notable people that received the title include: BoÅ¡ko PavkovljeviÄ‡ Pinki, BoÅ¾idar...

Before World War II, Croatia's industry was not significant, with the vast majority of the people employed in agriculture. By 1991 the country was completely transformed into a modern industrialized state. By the same time, the Croatian Adriatic coast had taken shape as an internationally popular tourist destination, all coastal republics (but mostly SR Croatia) profited greatly from this, as tourist numbers reached levels still unsurpassed in modern Croatia. The government brought unprecedented economic and industrial growth, high levels of social security and a very low crime rate. The country completely recovered from WW2 and achieved a very high GDP and economic growth rate, significantly higher than the present-day Republic. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi1 (Arabic: ) (born c. ... The Adriatic Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea separating the Apennine peninsula (Italy) from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. ... Tourist redirects here. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The constitution of 1963 balanced the power in the country between the Croats and the Serbs, and alleviated the fact that the Croats were again in a minority. Trends after 1965 (like the fall of OZNA and UDBA chief Aleksandar Ranković from power in 1966^[13]), however, led to the Croatian Spring of 1970–71, when students in Zagreb organized demonstrations for greater civil liberties and greater Croatian autonomy. The regime stifled the public protest and incarcerated the leaders, but this led to the ratification of a new Constitution in 1974, giving more rights to the individual republics. OZNA or Organ ZaÅ¡tite Naroda (Armije) (lit. ... UDBA or Uprava drÅ¾avne bezbednosti/sigurnosti/varnosti (Serbian Cyrillic: Ð£Ð”Ð‘Ð or Ð£Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð° Ð´Ñ€Ð¶Ð°Ð²Ð½Ðµ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð±ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¸) (State Security Administration, literally state security directorate) was the secret police organization of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... Marko RankoviÄ‡ RankoviÄ‡, Tito and Äilas Aleksandar Leka RankoviÄ‡ (Serbian: ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ°Ð½Ð´Ð°Ñ€ Ð›ÐµÐºÐ° Ð Ð°Ð½ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ›) (1909-1983) was a leading Yugoslav Communist of Serbian origin. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

At that time, radical Ustaše cells of Croatian émigrés in Western Europe^[14] planned and guerilla acts inside Yugoslavia, but they were largely countered.^[15] An UstaÅ¡e guard pose among the bodies of prisoners murdered in the Jasenovac concentration camp The UstaÅ¡e (also known as Ustashas or Ustashi) was a Croatian extreme nationalist movement. ...

In 1980, after Tito's death, economic, political, and religious difficulties started to mount and the federal government began to crumble. The crisis in Kosovo and, in 1986, the emergence of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia provoked a very negative reaction in Croatia and Slovenia; politicians from both republics feared that his motives would threaten their republics' autonomy. With the climate of change throughout Eastern Europe during the 1980s, the communist hegemony was challenged (at the same time, the Milošević government began to gradually concentrate Yugoslav power in Serbia) and calls for free multi-party elections were becoming louder. For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ... MiloÅ¡eviÄ‡ redirects here. ... The term Anti-bureaucratic revolution refers to a series of mass protests against governments of Yugoslavian republics and autonomous provinces during 1988 and 1989, which lead to resignation of leaderships of Kosovo, Vojvodina and Montenegro, and capture of power of politicians close to Slobodan MiloÅ¡eviÄ‡. While its name is...

Republic of Croatia

Yugoslav Wars (1991-1995)

In 1990, the first free elections were held. A people's movement called the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won out by a relatively slim margin against the reformed communist Party of Democratic Change (SDP), led by Franjo Tuđman (former general in Tito's Partisan movement) and Ivica Račan (former president of Croatia's League of Communists, the SKH ) respectively. However, Croatia's British-style first-past-the-post election system enabled Tuđman to form the government relatively independently. The HDZ's intentions were to secure independence for Croatia, contrary to the wishes of a part of the ethnic Serbs in the republic, and official politics of Belgrade. The excessively polarized climate soon escalated into complete estrangement between the two nations and even sectarian violence. Combatants Croatian military Paramilitary organisations Republic of Serb Krajina Army Yugoslav Peoples Army Bosnian Serb Army Republic of Serbia Paramilitary organisations Commanders Franjo TuÄ‘man (President of Croatia) Anton Tus (Chief of Staff of Croatian Army 1991-1992) Janko Bobetko (Chief of Staff of Croatian Army 1992-1995) Atif... First free multi-party elections for Croatian Parliament were held between April 22nd and May 7th 1990. ... The Croatian Democratic Union (Croatian: Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, HDZ), is a major Croatian political party. ... The Social Democratic Party of Croatia (Croatian: Socijaldemokratska Partija Hrvatske) is the main social democratic political party in Croatia. ... â€¹ The template below (Foreignchar) is being considered for deletion. ... The first-past-the-post electoral system is a voting system for single-member districts, variously called first-past-the-post (FPTP or FPP), winner-take-all, plurality voting, or relative majority. ...

In the summer of 1990, Serbs from the mountainous areas where they constituted a majority rebelled and formed a new entity, the so-called Autonomous Region of the Serb Krajina (later the Republic of Serbian Krajina); neither were recognised by a single country outside of their proposed borders. Any intervention by the Croatian police was obstructed by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), now containing a significantly larger percentage of Serbs. The conflict culminated with the log revolution, in which the Krajina Serbs blocked the roads to the tourist destinations in Dalmatia. Self-proclaimed Serbian entity in Croatia Republic of Serbian Krajina show in red Capital Knin Government Republic Governors (1990-1995) Milan BabiÄ‡ Goran HadÅ¾iÄ‡ - Serbian zone of Croatia Milan MartiÄ‡ Historical era Yugoslav wars - Breakup of Yugoslavia 1990-June 25, 1991 - Creation of SAO Krajina December 21, 1990 - Secession... The Yugoslav Peoples Army (YPA) (Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslovenska narodna armija or Jugoslavenska narodna armija; Serbian and Macedonian: ÐˆÑƒÐ³Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½ÑÐºÐ° Ð½Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° Ð°Ñ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°â€”JHA; Macedonian and Serbian Latin forms: Jugoslovenska narodna armija; Croatian and Bosnian: Jugoslavenska narodna armijaâ€”JNA; Slovene: Jugoslovanska ljudska armadaâ€”JLA) was the military force of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... Dalmatia, highlighted, on a map of Croatia. ...

The civilian population fled the areas of armed conflict en masse: generally speaking, hundreds of thousands of Croats moved away from the Bosnian and Serbian border areas, while thousands of Serbs moved towards it. In many places, masses of civilians were forced out by the Yugoslav National Army (JNA), who consisted mostly of conscripts from Serbia and Montenegro, and irregulars from Serbia, in what became known as ethnic cleansing. Ethnic Serbs in Croatian-dominated parts of Croatia were similarly forced out by the Croatian army and irregular forces.^{[citation needed]} For the video game, see Ethnic Cleansing (computer game). ...

The border city of Vukovar underwent a three month siege — the Battle of Vukovar — during which most of the city was destroyed and a majority of the population was forced to flee. The city fell to the Serbian forces on November 18, 1991 and the Vukovar massacre occurred.Some historians believe that the city could have been spared and defended, but was left to "fend for itself" to gain sympathy from the west.^[16] Combatants Yugoslav Peoples Army Serbian paramilitaries Local Serb militias Croatian National Guard Croatian police and militias Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) Commanders Mladen BratiÄ‡â€ Å½ivota PaniÄ‡ Blago Zadroâ€ Mile DedakoviÄ‡ Branko BorkoviÄ‡ Strength Up to 36,000, depending on the phase of the battle Some 2,000 (in Vukovar) Casualties... OvÄara massacre memorial The Vukovar massacre was a war crime that took place between November 18 and November 21, 1991 near the city of Vukovar, a mixed Croat/Serb community in northeastern Croatia. ...

Subsequent UN-sponsored cease-fires followed, and the warring parties mostly entrenched. The Yugoslav People's Army retreated from Croatia into Bosnia and Herzegovina where a new cycle of tensions were escalating: the Bosnian War was to start. During 1992 and 1993, Croatia also handled an estimated 700,000 refugees from Bosnia, mainly Bosnian Muslims. UN redirects here. ... Belligerents Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia Republika Srpska Yugoslavia Commanders Alija IzetbegoviÄ‡ (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer HaliloviÄ‡ (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim DeliÄ‡ (Army chief of Staff 1993-1995) Franjo TuÄ‘man (President of Croatia) Mate Boban (President of the Croatian Republic...

Armed conflict in Croatia remained intermittent and mostly on a small scale until 1995. In early August, Croatia embarked on Operation Storm, this action, though illegal under the UN^{[citation needed]}, would not have been initiated if not for the approval from the United States. The Croatian attack quickly reconquered most of the territories from the Republic of Serbian Krajina authorities, leading to a mass exodus of the Serbian population. An estimated 90,000-350,000 Serbs fled shortly before^[17]^[18] , during and after the operation. As a result of this operation, a few months later the war ended with the negotiation of the Dayton Agreement. A peaceful integration of the remaining Serbian-controlled territories in Eastern Slavonia was completed in 1998 under UN supervision. Majority of the Serbs who fled from the former Krajina have not returned due to fear of being killed, and the Croatian government has done little to encourage Serbs to return.^[19]^[20] This article is about a 1995 Croatian army operation. ... The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol or Dayton-Paris Agreement, is the peace agreement reached at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio in November 1995, and formally signed in Paris on December 14... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ...

From an economic view, the Republic (as well as the remainder of Yugoslavia) experienced a serious depression. President Tuđman initiated the process of privatization and de-nationalization in Croatia, however, this was far from transparent and fully legal. The fact that the new government's legal system was inefficient and slow, as well as the wider context of the Yugoslav wars caused numerous incidents known collectively in Croatia as the "Privatization robbery" (Croatian: "privatizacijska pljačka"). Nepotism was endemic and during this period many influential individuals with the backing of the authorities acquired state-owned property and companies at extremely low prices, afterwards selling them off piecemeal to the highest bidder for much larger sums. This proved very lucrative for the new owners, but in the vast majority of cases this (along with the separation from the previously secured Yugoslav markets) also caused the bankruptcy of the (previously successful) firm, causing the unemployment of thousands of citizens, a problem Croatia still struggles with to this day.
This was all helped, not just by the (allegedly purposeful) inadequacy of legal restrictions, but also by the apparently active support of the new Croatia's authorities, ultimately controlled by Tuđman from his strong presidential position. In the end this shed an increasingly negative light, and cast a shadow on his notable successes as a strategist and wartime statesman. Excluding the mostly rural rebel-occupied areas (the so-called Republic of Serbian Krajina), in the last two years of Tuđman's first tenure the detrimental effects of "wild" and unrestricted capitalism had become strikingly visible, with more than 400,000 unemployed citizens, and a significant drop in the GDP per capita, problems Croatia struggles with to this day. Belligerents Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo Liberation Army, NATO, UCPMB SFR Yugoslavia, Republic of Srpska Serbian Krajina FR Yugoslavia, Paramilitary forces from Serbia Commanders Milan KuÄan Janez JanÅ¡a, Franjo TuÄ‘man, Mate Boban Janko Bobetko, Alija IzetbegoviÄ‡, Sefer HaliloviÄ‡, Hashim Thaci, Wesley Clark, Javier Solana Bill Clinton... Look up nepotism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Market in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Notice of closure stuck on the door of a computer store the day after its parent company, Granville Technology Group Ltd, declared bankruptcy (strictly, put into administrationâ€”see text) in the United Kingdom. ... CIA figures for world unemployment rates, 2006 Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available to work, and is currently seeking work. ... Self-proclaimed Serbian entity in Croatia Republic of Serbian Krajina show in red Capital Knin Government Republic Governors (1990-1995) Milan BabiÄ‡ Goran HadÅ¾iÄ‡ - Serbian zone of Croatia Milan MartiÄ‡ Historical era Yugoslav wars - Breakup of Yugoslavia 1990-June 25, 1991 - Creation of SAO Krajina December 21, 1990 - Secession... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a calculation method in national accounting (see Measures of national income and output) is defined as the total value of final goods and services produced within a countrys borders in a year, regardless of ownership. ...

Croatia in the 1990s - Republic of Croatia

The modern period in Croatian history begins in 1990 with the country's change of political and economic system as well as achieving independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. General location of the political entities known as Yugoslavia. ...

Following the end of the war, Franjo Tuđman's government started to lose popularity as it was criticized (among other things) for its involvement in suspicious privatization deals of the early 1990s. In 1995, the opposition surprisingly won in the capital of Zagreb, which led to the Zagreb Crisis when Tuđman refused to accept this victory. â€¹ The template below (Foreignchar) is being considered for deletion. ... Origins People Theories Ideas Movements Topics Related Philosophy Portal Politics Portal Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the public sector (government) to the private sector (business). ... Location of Zagreb within Croatia Coordinates: , Country RC diocese 1094 Free royal city 1242 Unified 1850 Government - Mayor Milan BandiÄ‡ Area [1] - Total 641. ... Zagreb Crisis (Croatian ZagrebaÄka kriza) is the name used to describe events that followed the elections for the City of Zagreb Assembly held on October 29th, 1995. ...

Croatia became a member of the Council of Europe on November 6, 1996. 1996 and 1997 were a period of post-war recovery and improving economic conditions. Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral) ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 5 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders - Secretary General Terry Davis - President of the Parliamentary Assembly Rene van der Linden...

The remaining part of former "Krajina", areas adjacent to FR Yugoslavia, negotiated a peaceful reintegration process with the Croatian Government. The so-called Erdut Agreement made the area a temporary protectorate of the UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium. The area was formally re-integrated into Croatia on January 15, 1998. Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbian Government Republic President - 1992 - 1993 Dobrica Ä†osiÄ‡ - 1993 - 1997 Zoran LiliÄ‡ - 1997 â€“ 2000 Slobodan MiloÅ¡eviÄ‡ - 2000 - 2003 Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Prime Minister - 1992 - 1993 Milan PaniÄ‡ - 1993 - 1998 Radoje KontiÄ‡ - 1998 - 2000 Momir BulatoviÄ‡ - 2000 - 2001 Zoran Å½iÅ¾iÄ‡ - 2001 - 2003 DragiÅ¡a Pe... The United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) was born of the 1995 Dayton agreement that ended the first batch of Yugoslav wars. ...

Post-Tuđman era

Tuđman died in 1999 and in the early 2000 parliamentary elections, the nationalist HDZ government was replaced by a center-left coalition, with Ivica Račan as prime minister. At the same time, presidential elections were held which were won by a moderate, Stjepan Mesić. Elections for the Chamber of Representatives of Croatian Parliament were held on January 3rd 2000. ... The Croatian Democratic Union (Croatian: Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, HDZ), is a major Croatian political party. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Third Presidential elections under new 1990 Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, held 2000 by popular vote. ... Stjepan Stipe MesiÄ‡ (born December 24, 1934) is a Croatian politician. ...

The new Račan government amended the Constitution, changing the political system from a presidential system to a parliamentary system, transferring most executive presidential powers from the president onto the institutions of the Parliament and the Prime Minister. The new government also started several large building projects, including state-sponsored housing and the building of the vital Zagreb-Split Highway. A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orangeâ€”the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... This article is about the legislative institution. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... For the television series, see House (TV series). ... Location of Zagreb within Croatia Coordinates: , Country RC diocese 1094 Free royal city 1242 Unified 1850 Government - Mayor Milan BandiÄ‡ Area [1] - Total 641. ...

The country rebounded from a mild recession in 1998/1999 and achieved notable economic growth during the following years. The unemployment rate would continue to rise until 2001 when it finally started falling. Return of refugees accelerated as many homes were rebuilt by the government; most Croats had already returned (except for some in Vukovar), whereas only a third of the Serbs had done so, impeded by unfavorable property laws as well as ethnic and economic issues. In macroeconomics, a recession is generally associated with a decline in a countrys real gross domestic product (GDP), or negative real economic growth. ... CIA figures for world unemployment rates, 2006 Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available to work, and is currently seeking work. ... Vukovars main street Vukovar Vukovar (Serbian: Ð’ÑƒÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ€, Croatian: Vukovar, Hungarian: VukovÃ¡r) is a city and municipality in eastern Croatia, and the biggest river port in Croatia located at the confluence of the Vuka river into the Danube. ...

The Račan government is often credited with bringing Croatia out of semi-isolation of the Tuđman era. Croatia became a World Trade Organization (WTO) member on November 30, 2000. The country signed an association agreement with the European Union in October 2001, and applied for membership in February/March 2003.-1...

Later events

In late 2003, new parliamentary elections were held and a reformed HDZ party won under leadership of Ivo Sanader, who became prime minister. After some delay caused by controversy over extradition of army generals to the ICTY, in 2004 the European Commission finally issued a recommendation that the accession negotiations with Croatia should begin. Its report on Croatia described it as a modern democratic society with a competent economy and the ability to take on further obligations, provided it continued the reform process. Elections for the Croatian Parliament were held on November 23, 2003. ... Ivo Sanader [] (born June 8, 1953 in Split) is the current Prime Thief of Croatia (President of the Government). ... Berlaymont, the Commissions seat The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. ...

The country was given EU applicant status on June 18, 2004 and a negotiations framework was set up in March 2005. Actual negotiations began after the capture of general Ante Gotovina in December 2005, which resolved outstanding issues with the ICTY in the Hague. Ante Gotovina Ante Gotovina (born October 12, 1955, Island of PaÅ¡man, Yugoslavia, now Croatia) is a former lieutenant general (general pukovnik) of the Croatian Army who served in the 1991-1995 war in Croatia. ... The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia is a body of the United Nations established to prosecute war crimes in the former Yugoslavia. ...

Further issues notwithstanding, the Croatian government and the European Union expect Croatia to become a member of the EU between 2009 and 2010.

In August 2007, Croatia experienced its worst post-war tragedy. During the fires that ravaged its coast, 12 firemen died as a result of a fire on Kornat island. A devastating forest fire in Istria The 2007 Croatian coast fires were a series of fires that struck the Croatian coast in the summer of 2007. ...

Contents

Croatian lands before the Croats (until 7th c.)

Medieval Croatian state (until 925)

Kingdom of Croatia (925-1102)

Personal union with Hungary (1102–1918)

Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)

World War II (1941-1945)

SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1991)

Republic of Croatia

Yugoslav Wars (1991-1995)

Croatia in the 1990s - Republic of Croatia

Post-Tuđman era

Later events

See also

References

External links

Contents

Croatian lands before the Croats (until 7th c.) var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

Medieval Croatian state (until 925)

Kingdom of Croatia (925-1102)

Personal union with Hungary (1102–1918)

Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)

World War II (1941-1945)

SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1991)

Republic of Croatia

Yugoslav Wars (1991-1995)

Croatia in the 1990s - Republic of Croatia

Post-Tuđman era

Later events

See also

References

External links

Croatian lands before the Croats (until 7th c.)