NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of Kerala

This article concerns itself with the History of Kerala state, south India. (IPA: ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... South India is a linguistic-cultural region of India that comprises the four Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Pondicherry, whose inhabitants are collectively referred to as South Indians. ...

Ancient

Traditional Keralite legend proclaims that Parasurama, an avatar of Mahavishnu, threw his battle axe into the sea. As a result, the land of Kerala arose and was reclaimed from the waters.^[1] This legend however, is a Brahmin appropriation of an earlier Chera legend where a Chera King, Velkezhu Kuttavan, flings his spear into the sea to claim land from it. ^[2] The earliest written record mentioning Kerala is contained in the Sanskrit epic known as the Aitareya Aranyaka. Later, such figures as Katyayana (circa 4th century BC) and Patanjali (circa 2nd century BC) exhibited in their writings a casual familiarity with Kerala's geography. Ancient Roman Natural philosopher Pliny the Elder mentions in his Naturalis Historia (N.H. 6.26) a Muziris (probably modern-day Kodungallur or Pattanam) as India's first port. Later, the unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea notes that "both Muziris and Nelkunda (modern Kottayam) are now busy places". Image File history File links Download high resolution version (996x636, 105 KB) Summary photographed by Pratheepps Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (996x636, 105 KB) Summary photographed by Pratheepps Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A trench is a long narrow ditch. ... A view of Arabian Sea from St. ... In Hinduism, Parashurama (axe-wielding Rama) is the sixth avatar of Vishnu, and a son of Jamadagni. ... The ten avatars of Lord Vishnu, copyright BBT In Hindu philosophy, an avatar, avatara or avataram (Sanskrit: , IAST: ), most commonly refers to the incarnation (bodily manifestation) of a higher being (deva), or the Supreme Being (God) onto planet Earth. ... Mahavishnu is the aspect of Vishnu, the Absolute which is beyond human comprehension and is beyond all attributes. ... A Brahmin (anglicised from the Sanskrit word IAST ; Devanagari ), also known as Vipra, Dvija, Dvijottama (best of the Dvijas), (god on Earth) is a member of an upper caste within Hindu society. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chera dynasty. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... The epic is a broadly defined genre of poetry, and one of the major forms of narrative literature. ... Katyayana was probably a priest who lived in India around 200 BC. Like Baudhayana, he composed Shulba Sutra, or sacred mathematical texts. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 4th century BC started on January 1, 400 BC and ended on December 31, 301 BC. // Overview Events Bust of Alexander the Great in the British Museum. ... Patañjali, is the compiler of the Yoga Sutra, a major work containing aphorisms on the practical and philosophical wisdom regarding practice of Raja yoga. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 2nd century BC started on January 1, 200 BC and ended on December 31, 101 BC. // Coin of Antiochus IV. Reverse shows Apollo seated on an omphalos. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Natural philosophy is a term applied to the objective study of nature and the physical universe before the development of modern science. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19c portrait. ... Naturalis Historia Pliny the Elders Natural History is an encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder. ... Muziris is a lost port city in the southern Indian state of Kerala which was a major center of trade, especially pepper and other spices, with the Roman Empire from the 1st or 2nd century BCE to probably as late as 6th century CE. Large hordes of coins and innumerable... Cranganore (modern day Kodungallur) and known in ancient times as Shinkli, Muchiri (anglicised to Muziris), Muyirikkodu, Muchiripattinam was a famous and prosperous sea-port at the mouth of the Periyar (also known as Choorni Nadi) river in the southern Indian state of Kerala. ... The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Periplus Maris Erythraei ) is a Greek periplus, describing navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice along the coast of the Red Sea, and others along East Africa and India. ... For the district with the same name, see Kottayam District. ...

Malayalam, Kerala's main native language, originated as an offshoot of Tamil, the principal native language of neighboring Tamil Nadu. Malayalam (from the Tamil: malai (மலை) ("mountain") and alam ("location")) as a composite phrase means the "living/inhabitants in mountain". This phrase, which in earlier times implied the geographical location of the region, was later replaced by Kerala.Kerala and Tamil Nadu diverged into linguistically separate regions by the early 14th century. The ancient Chera empire, whose court language was Tamil, ruled Kerala from their capital at Vanchi. Allied with the Pallavas, they continually warred against the neighbouring Chola and Pandya kingdoms. A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils and associated with the second Chera empire and the development of Malayalam, subsequently evolved sometime during the 8th–14th centuries. Meanwhile, both Buddhism and Jainism reached Kerala in this early period. As in other parts of ancient India, Buddhism and Jainism co-existed with early Shaivite tribal beliefs during the first five centuries. It was only after the Sangam period that Kerala saw large-scale immigration of Brahmins from the north. These influxes may have coincided during the Kalabhras, Rashtrakuta, Chalukya, Pallava and Hoysala invasions. By the 8th and 9th centuries, 2nd Chera kings inclined to Vaishnavism and some of them wrote great literary works in the stream of Vishnu Bhakthi. When Hinduism was revived by intellectuals like Shankara and by Bhakti movements all over India, Buddhism and Jainism merged into their mother religion. Malayalam ( ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ... Tamil (à®¤à®®à®¿à®´à¯ ) is a classical language and one of the major languages of the Dravidian language family. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chera dynasty. ... Tamil (à®¤à®®à®¿à®´à¯ ) is a classical language and one of the major languages of the Dravidian language family. ... Pallavas were a South Indian dynasty. ... The Cholas were the most famous of the three dynasties that ruled ancient Tamil Nadu. ... The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ... The Tamil people are an ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chera dynasty. ... Malayalam (à´®à´²à´¯à´¾à´³à´‚ ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ... Buddhism is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of psychology. ... Jaina redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... now. ... A Brahmin (anglicised from the Sanskrit word IAST ; Devanagari ), also known as Vipra, Dvija, Dvijottama (best of the Dvijas), (god on Earth) is a member of an upper caste within Hindu society. ... Kalabhras were the South Indian dynasty who between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E. ruled over entire Tamil country, displacing the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties. ... Jain cave in Ellora The Rastrakutas (Sanskrit/Maharashtri Prakrit [1]/Marathi[2][3]:à¤°à¤¾à¤·à¥à¤Ÿà¥à¤°à¤•à¥‚à¤Ÿ, Kannada: à²°à²¾à²·à³à²Ÿà³à²°à²•à³‚à²Ÿ) were a dynasty which ruled the southern and the central parts or the Deccan, India during the 8th - 10th century. ... The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: à²šà²¾à²²à³à²•à³à²¯à²°à³) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... Pallavas were a South Indian dynasty. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chera dynasty. ... Maha-Vishnu depicted as resting on the causal ocean, with countless universes emanating from his skin pores. ... Shankara can refer to: Shiva, the Hindu god Adi Shankara, Hindu philosopher of around 800 CE Also written, Sankara This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Bhakti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Buddhism is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of psychology. ... Jaina redirects here. ...

Overseas contact

The significant presence of West Asians - primarily traders - on the Malabar coast has been recorded in many Roman^[3] and Tamil^[4] sources. They were encouraged to settle and set up trading outposts and factories by the local kings. Many migrations into Kerala were to escape religious and/or racial persecution. The Nasrani Mappila^[5] and Muslim Mappila communities of today originate from these contacts. Mappila literally means groom. It could point to the origin of these communities as the result of West Asian families settling here and providing brides to trader West Asian grooms who in turn settled here as well. Others may have taken Indian wives. These practices over millennia resulted in the thriving mercantile Mappila communities of Kerala, their social privileges and status guaranteed by filial and trade links to their West Asian mercantile counterparts^[6]^[7]. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... A synagogue (Hebrew: ×‘×™×ª ×›× ×¡×ª ; beit knesset, house of assembly; Yiddish: ×©×•×œ, shul; Ladino ××¡× ×•×’×” esnoga) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ... Kochi (Malayalam: à´•àµŠà´šàµà´šà´¿ []), formerly known as Cochin, is the largest city in the state of Kerala, India, and one of the principal seaports in the country. ... The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, the majority of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom. ... The Syrian Kuriz also known as Nasrani Menorah or the Mar Thoma sliva The Syrian Malabar Nasrani people are an ethnic community in Kerala, South India. ... The Mappilas (historically called Moplahs) are a Muslim community in Kerala and neighbouring states and territories of India. ...

The brown Jews of Kerala claimed to be remnants of the Jews that left the northern Kingdom of Israel following the Assyrian invasion of 721 BCE. The white Jews were refugees from Spain following the promulgation of the Edict of Expulsion. Nasrani and some Eastern Christianity writings claim Thomas the Apostle visited this region in 52 CE to proselytize amongst the brown Jews. The earliest known migration of Christians into Kerala is by a contingent of Jewish Nasranis led by Knai Thoma (Thomas of Cana) who arrived in 345 CE, resulting in the Knanaya community. Another well recorded (in the Tharisappally records) migration is from Syria in the 9th century CE. With the advent of Islam in West Asia the traders visiting Kerala's shores contained ever larger proportions of Muslims. Malik Ibn Dinar created the first Muslim settlement in Kerala in the 7th century CE. Arab Muslims eventually dominated the sea trade with Kerala until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century CE. As the Muslim settlers gained strength clashes erupted between them and the Christian & Jewish settlers in the 9th century CE. This resulted in Muslim control of trading centres and the latter communities scattering to places such as Angamaly and others further south^[8]. In compiling the history of ancient Israel and Judah, there are many available sources. ... The Paradesi Jews, also sometimes called White Jews, although that usage is generally considered pejorative or descriminatory, refers to relatively recent Jewish immigrants (15th Century onward), predominantly Sephardim and Mizrahim, into Kerala, in southwestern India. ... Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim and Christian rule, before the Jews of Spain were expelled in 1492. ... Eastern Christianity refers collectively to the Christian traditions and churches which developed in Greece, the Balkans, the rest of Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, northeastern Africa and southern India over several centuries of religious antiquity. ... Thomas, also called Judas Thomas Didymus or Jude Thomas Didymus, was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. ... A Roman law prohibits the execution of old and crippled slaves. ... The Nasrani Menorah also known as the Mar Thoma cross Knanaya Christians (Ù‚ÙŠÙ†Ø§Ù† Kanaanite Christians or Qenanite Christians) are Jewish Christians from Kerala, India. ... Malik Ibn Dinar was one of the Sahaba (companions of the Prophet Muhammad). ... Angamaly (Malayalam: ) is a rapidly growing town in Ernakulam district of Kerala, south India, famous as the intersection of Main central road and National Highway 47. ...

Colonial

Vasco da Gama's voyage to Kerala from Portugal in 1498 was largely motivated by Portuguese determination to break the Arabs' control over trade of spices grown in Kerala. The spice trade with the Middle East pre-dates Islam. Da Gama established India's first Portuguese fortress at Cochin (Kochi) in 1503 and, taking advantage of rivalry between the royal families of Calicut and Cochin, ended the Arab monopoly. Conflicts between Calicut and Cochin, however, provided an opportunity for the Dutch to come in and finally expel the Roman Catholic Portuguese from their forts. An action shot of Vasco da Gama on a boat, with a flag. ... An action shot of Vasco da Gama on a boat, with a flag. ... Vasco da Gama (IPA: (Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, c. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is the third largest city (pop. ...

The Dutch were, in turn, routed by the Travancore (Thiruvithamcoore) ruler Marthanda Varma at the Battle of Kulachal in 1741. Hyder Ali of Mysore conquered northern Kerala in the 18th century, capturing Kozhikode in 1766. Hyder Ali and his successor, Tipu Sultan, came into conflict with the British, and the four Anglo-Mysore wars were fought across southern India in the latter half of the 18th century. Tipu Sultan ceded Malabar District to the British in 1792, and South Kanara, which included present-day Kasargod District, in 1799. Flag for former princely state of Travancore Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor (Malayalam: à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´‚à´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‹à´Ÿàµ []) was a princely state in India with its capital at Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). ... Marthanda Varma (1706 - 1758) was the son of the Rani of Attingal. ... The Battle of Colachel (or Battle of Kulachal) was a battle that took place on 10 August 1741 (31 July OS) [1]during the Travancore-Dutch War, when forces of Marthanda Varma, the king or Raja of the Indian state of Travancore (also known as Tiruvitamkur) defeated forces of the... Hyder Ali or Haidar Ali (c. ... Flag of former princely state of Mysore. ... A potrait of Tippu Sultan by Edward Orme (1774 -1822). ... The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of eighteenth-century wars fought in India between the Kingdom of Mysore (then a French ally) and the British East-India Company, represented chiefly by the Madras Presidency. ... Malabar District was an administrative district of British India and independent Indias Madras State. ... Dakshina Kannada, also called South Kannada, South Kanara, or South Canara, is a district of Indias Karnataka state. ... Kasaragod town and district in Kerala Bekal Fort Beach Inside Bekal Fort Kasaragod (also spelled Kasargod or Kasargode) is the northern-most district in the state of Kerala, south India. ...

The British concluded treaties of subsidiary alliance with the rulers of Cochin (1791) and Travancore (1795), and they became princely states of British India, maintaining local autonomy in return for a fixed annual tribute to the British. Malabar and South Kanara districts were part of British India's Madras Presidency. Image File history File links Pazhasi. ... Image File history File links Pazhasi. ... Pazhassi kudeeram in Wayanad district of Kerala Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, known as the Lion of Kerala, was the king of the Kottayam royal family of Malabar in Kerala, India during the last decades of the 18th century. ... For the district with the same name, see Wayanad District. ... A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince and is thus a principality taken in the broad sense. ... British India (otherwise known as The British Raj) was a historical period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India). ... Madras Presidency, also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St. ...

Organised expressions of discontent with British rule were relatively infrequent in Kerala. Uprisings of note include the rebellion by Pazhassi Raja, Veluthampi Dalawa, and the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt of 1946. Mass protests were mainly directed at established social evils such as untouchability. The non-violent and largely peaceful Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 was instrumental in securing entry to the public roads adjacent to the Vaikom temple for people belonging to backward castes. In 1936, Sree Chithira Thirunal Balaramavarma Maharaja, ruler of Travancore issued the Temple Entry Proclamation, declaring the temples of his kingdom open to all Hindu worshippers, irrespective of caste. Pazhassi kudeeram in Wayanad district of Kerala Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, known as the Lion of Kerala, was the king of the Kottayam royal family of Malabar in Kerala, India during the last decades of the 18th century. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Mohandas Karamchand Mahatma Gandhi, who is credited with creating the concept of Satyagraha Satyagraha (Sanskrit: à¤¸à¤¤à¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤—à¥à¤°à¤¹ satyÄgraha) is the philosophy of nonviolent resistance most famously employed by Mohandas Gandhi in forcing an end to the British Raj in India and also during his struggles in South Africa. ... The word Maharaja (also spelled maharajah) is Hindi as well as ancient Sanskrit for high king (a karmadharaya from maha great and rajan king). Its use is primarily for Hindu potentates (ruler or sovereign). ... Flag for former princely state of Travancore Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor (Malayalam: à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´‚à´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‹à´Ÿàµ []) was a princely state in India with its capital at Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). ... The Temple Entry Proclamation issued by Maharaja Shri Chithira Thirunnal Baala Rama Varma in 1936 abolished the ban on the untouchable or avarnas from entering Hindu Temples in the state of Thiruvathamkoor (now part of Kerala, India). ...

Modern post-colonial

After India's independence in 1947, the princely states of Travancore and Kochi were merged to form the province (after 1950 a state) of Travancore-Cochin on July 1, 1949. Madras Presidency became India's Madras State. Flag for former princely state of Travancore Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor (Malayalam: à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´‚à´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‹à´Ÿàµ []) was a princely state in India with its capital at Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). ... Kochi may refer to: Kochi, India, a city in the state of Kerala, India, formerly known as Cochin. ... Thiru-Kochi, formerly known as Travancore-Cochin, is a former state of India. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...

The state of Kerala was created on November 1, 1956 when Malabar District was merged with Tranvancore-Cochin state and Kasargod taluk of South Kanara District to form the State of Kerala, based on the recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission set up by the Government of India.^[9] Elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly were held in 1957; this resulted in the formation of a communist-led government^[9] headed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad. Many Indians consider this the first democratically elected communist government^[10] in the world; however, both San Marino (in 1948) and Guyana (in 1953) had elected communists to power years earlier. Radical reforms introduced by the Namboodiripad government in favour of farmers and labourers helped change, to a great extent, the iniquitous the social order that had prevailed in Kerala for centuries. November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A Tehsil is an administrative subdivision or tier of local government in some South Asian countries. ... Dakshina Kannada, also called South Kannada, South Kanara, or South Canara, is a district of Indias Karnataka state. ... The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries and governance of Indias states and territories. ... The Government of India (Hindi: Bharat Sarkar), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Elankulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad (1909–1998), popularly known as EMS, was one of the architects of unified Kerala. ...

See also

A Keralite wearing a type of sari called set sari. ... Kerala is well known for its diverse forms of performing arts. ... Thayambaka performance by Mattanur Sankarankutty using chenda Chenda is a cylindrical wooden drum from Kerala state of India. ... The cuisine of Kerala (Malayalam:à´•àµ‡à´°à´³àµ€à´¯ à´ªà´¾à´šà´•à´¶àµˆà´²à´¿) is linked in all its richness to the history, geography and culture of the land. ... Duff Muttu performance Duff Muttu (also: Dubh Muttu) is an art form prevalent among Muslims in Kerala state of south India. ... Kalarippayattu (Malayalam:à´•à´³à´°à´¿à´ªà´¯à´±à´±àµ)is an Indian martial art practised in Kerala and contiguous parts of neighboring Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. ... Face of a Kathakali artist (Kathi Vesham) Kathakali (Malayalam:à´•à´¥à´•à´³à´¿ , Sanskrit:à¤•à¤¥à¤•à¤³à¤¿) is a form of Indian dance-drama. ... Kolkali is a folk art performed in Kerala a small state in south India. ... Koodiyattam Koodiyattam is a traditional performing artform from Kerala, India. ... Tongue being pierced in Kuthu Ratheeb Kuthu Ratheeb is a religious ritual performed by some sections of the Muslim population in Kerala state of South India. ... The Malayalam calendar is a sidereal solar calendar used in the South Indian state of Kerala. ... Malayalam ( ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ... Mappila Paattukal or Mappila Songs are folklore Muslim devotional songs in the Malayalam language. ... Mohiniaattam performers Mohiniaattam performers Mohiniaattam (à´®àµ†à´¾à´¹à´¿à´¨à´¿à´¯à´¾à´Ÿàµà´Ÿà´‚) (also spelled as mohiniattam or mohiniyattam) is a traditional South Indian dance form from Kerala, India. ... Kerala is a region of India, musically known for Sopanam. ... Onam (Malayalam: à´“à´£à´‚) is an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in the Indian state of Kerala. ... This is a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslim community of Kerala prevalent all over, especially in the northern districts of Canaonore, Calicut and Malappuram. ... Panchari melam is a classic performance (melam) of different musical instruments that are unique to Kerala state in south India. ... Panchavadyam is a classic performance of different musical instruments that are unique to Kerala state of India, where five instruments are involved in a breathtaking-fastmoving act of percussion (Pancha in Sanskrit means five). ... A pooram (the name coming from the Malayalam language used by the people of Kerala state of India) is a temple festival and there will be at least one elephant in the procession. ... Sopanam is a form of Indian classical music developed in the temples of Kerala in the wake of the increasing popularity of the Jayadevas Gita Govinda or Ashtapathi. Sopanasangitham is sung by the side of the steps (Sopanam) of Temple, with the accompaniment of the drum called Idakka. The... Thayambaka performance by Mattanur Sankarankutty Thayambaka is a solo Chenda (Drum) performance that are unique to Kerala state of south India, where the performer uses one stick and the other hand to play the instrument (Chenda) instead of the usual two sticks. ... Theyyam a religious art form of North Kerala The Theyyam or Theyyattam is a popular ritual dance of North Kerala, particularly presented in the Kolathunadu(of the present Kannur and Kasargode districts). ... N.Kumaran Asan,Vallathol Narayana Menon and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer are regarded as the triumvirates (Kavithrayam) of modern Malayalam literature. ... Vallam Kali (or Vallamkali) literally means boat game (race) in Malayalam. ... ... This article relates to Demographics of Kerala state, south India. ... The Namboothiris (Malayalam :à´¨à´®àµà´ªàµ‚à´¤à´¿à´°à´¿) are the Brahmins of Kerala, thought to be the most orthodox brahmins in India. ... Pushpaka Brahmins, commonly known as Ambalavasis, are the lower class Brahmins of Kerala. ... The Samanthas are those chiefs of Kerala who were subordinate to the Kings and were considered as Kshatriyas, unlike the other warrior group of Nairs. ... Nair (Malayalam: à´¨à´¾à´¯à´°àµ, and sometimes spelt as Nayar) is the name of a Hindu warrior caste in the southern Indian state of Kerala. ... Ä€divÄsÄ«s (à¤†à¤¦à¤¿à¤µà¤¾à¤¸à¥€), literally original inhabitants, or tribal people comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India. ... The Syrian Catholic Church is a Christian church in the Levant in full communion with the pope having practices and rite in common with the Jacobites. ... The Latin Church is that part of the Roman Catholic Church where the Latin rites are or were used in the liturgy. ... Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews are the ancient Jews and their descendants of the South Indian erstwhile state of Kingdom of Cochin which includes the present day port city of Kochi. ... Dravidian people, Dravidian race or Dravidians are terms that are some times given to people of India (mainly Southern India), Northern Sri Lanka, and parts of Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal who currently speak Dravidian languages or are historically assumed to have spoken Dravidian languages but no longer are. ... Ezhava of Travancore and Thiyya of Malabar are Similar Hindu Communities with slightly different cultures from Indias southern state of Kerala. ... The Mappilas (historically called Moplahs) are a Muslim community in Kerala and neighbouring states and territories of India. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Saint Thomas Christians are a group of Christians from the Malabar coast (now Kerala) in South India, who follow Syriac Christianity. ... This is a full list of Scheduled Tribes in India, as recognised in Indias Constitution. ... The Syrian Kuriz also known as Nasrani Menorah or the Mar Thoma sliva The Syrian Malabar Nasrani people are an ethnic community in Kerala, South India. ... Chief Ministers of Kerala See Also Kerala Chief Ministers of India Links keralacm. ... Governors of Kerala See Also Kerala Governors of India Links Categories: India-related stubs | Government of India | Indian politicians | Kerala | State political office-holders in India ... The Kerala Legislative Assembly is the legislative branch of the Government of Kerala, one of the 28 states in India. ... The Kerala model refers to the economic practices developed in Indias province of Kerala, which are used to assist in disadvantaged areas. ... Left Democratic Front is one of the two major alliances that dominate the political life of the Indian state Kerala. ... Panchayat Elections is a term widely used in Kerala, India, for the polls that are held to select the Local Self-government Representatives. ... // Autonomous Bodies, Cultural & Other Institutions Agency for Development of Aquaculture, Kerala (ADAK) Agency for Non â€“ Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT) Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology Institute of Land Management Institute of Management in Government Kerala Aviation Training Centre Kerala Books and Publications Society Kerala Bureau of Industrial Promotion... Categories: | ... United Democratic Front (UDF) is an alliance of progressive, pro-development political parties of Kerala state of the Republic of India. ... Anaimalai hills are a trekking destination in the Western Ghats located in the southern indian state of Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, and is known for its abundant wildlife. ... Map of Backwaters in Kerala The Kerala Backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern India. ... Districts of Kerala, south India. ... A national park located along the Western Ghats in the Idukki district of Kerala in India. ... The Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis). ... Malabar Coast, Kerala Bekal Fort Beach, Kerala The Malabar Coast also known as the Malabarian Coast, is a long and narrow south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent. ... Marayoor is one of the famous tourist spots in the Idukki District of Kerala state, South India. ... Nelliampathi mountains Nelliampathi is a popular hill station 60 Km. ... The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is an International Biosphere Reserve located in the Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills ranges of southern India. ... Map of The Nilgiris district The Nilgiris or Blue Mountains, often called The Queen of Hills are a range of mountains and a district in the south-Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. ... The Palakkad Gap is a 30-40 kilometer wide low mountain pass in the Western Ghats, near Palakkad town in the Indian State of Kerala. ... Location of Vembanad lake, Kerala Vembanad Lake (Vembanad Kayal or Vembanad Kol) is the largest lake in Kerala, India. ... The ancient Tamil country of the classical era extended from River Krishna to the Cape Comorin(Kanyakumari). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chera dynasty. ... The Kerala School was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, South India which included as its prominent members Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. ... The naval Battle of Kulachal took place on 10 August 1741 (31 July OS) [1], when forces of Marthanda Varma, the Raja of the erstwhile Indian State of Travancore (also known as Tiruvitamkur) defeated forces of the Dutch East India Company (also known as VOC), and the allied Rani of... The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of eighteenth-century wars fought in India between the Kingdom of Mysore (then a French ally) and the British East-India Company, represented chiefly by the Madras Presidency. ... Vaikom Satyagraham is Satyagraham contact against untouchability in Hinduism in Kerala at the famous Vaikom temple. ... Perumpadapu Swaroopam (also know as Madarajyam, Gosree Rajyam, Kuru Swaroopam) was the name of the Kingdom of Kochi. ...

Notes

(IPA: ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... Naturalis Historia Pliny the Elders Natural History is an encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder. ... Cilappatikaram (The Ankle Bracelet - initial c pronounced like the first syllable of chat) also spelled as Cilappadhikaram or Silappadhigaram, is one of the five great epics of ancient Tamil Literature. ... Manimekalai is one of the masterpieces of Tamil literature and belongs to The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature. ... This article concerns itself with the History of Kerala state, south India. ... This article concerns itself with the History of Kerala state, south India. ... Image File history File links Example. ... The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas (writing systems) used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria. ... Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo-en. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

References

Category: History of Kerala January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

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