Moldavian coat-of-arms. Carved on the walls of Mãnãstirea Cetatuia in Iasi.

Image discovered from the stoves remains in Neamt Fortress, showing Zubr/Aurochs the coat of arms of Moldova and the broken coat of arms of the kingdom of Hungary

Image File history File links Moldova_herb. ... Image File history File links Moldova_herb. ... Map of Romania showing Iasi Iaşi (also known as Jassy) is a city and a county (see Iasi (county)) in north-eastern Romania, in the historic region of Moldavia. ... Image File history File links Cetate_20CahleTeracotass. ... Image File history File links Cetate_20CahleTeracotass. ... Zubr can refer to: Żubr or Zubr - European bison: wisent Zubr (political organization) - a civic youth organization in Belarus This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Trinomial name Bos taurus namadicus (Falconer, 1859) Trinomial name Bos taurus mauretanicus (Thomas, 1881) Trinomial name Bos taurus primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) The aurochs (Bos taurus) is an extinct European mammal of the Bovidae family. ...

Origins of the name

Main article: Etymology of Moldova

According to a legend from "Cronica Anonimă a Moldovei" the name "Moldova" has following origin. During one of his Wisent hunting trips, voivod of Maramureş, Dragoş, was folloving a huge zubr (or Aurochs). The animal was not usual as it had a star on his forehead. Dragoş was accompained by his dog called Molda. When they reached shores of an unknown river, Molda attacked zubr, but was killed by him. According to the legend, Dragoş called the river Molda and from here came the name for the whole county. Dragoş became the first ruler of the territory (1351-1353). From those times a head of zubr with star between his horn is on a symbol of Moldavia (see photo). Moldova was the Romanian name of a medieval principality (Moldavia) which included land in Eastern Romania and the Republic of Moldova and has a controversed etymology. ... Binomial name Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Wisent is the European bison, species Bison bonasus. ... Voivod or (more common) voivoda is a Slavic term initially denoting first in command of a military unit. ... Administrative map of Romania with Maramureş county highlighted The title given to this article lacks diacritics because of certain technical limitations. ... DragoÅŸ I in a 19th century rendition. ... Binomial name Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Wisent is the European bison, species Bison bonasus. ... Trinomial name Bos taurus namadicus (Falconer, 1859) Trinomial name Bos taurus mauretanicus (Thomas, 1881) Trinomial name Bos taurus primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) The aurochs (Bos taurus) is an extinct European mammal of the Bovidae family. ... In human anatomy, the forehead or brow is the bony part of the head above the eyes. ... DragoÅŸ I in a 19th century rendition. ... DragoÅŸ I in a 19th century rendition. ...

Early history

The Roman Empire about 117 A.D.

Moldova's Latin origins can be traced to the period of Roman occupation of nearby Dacia (in present-day Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia), ca. A.D. 105-270, when a culture was formed from the intermingling of Roman colonists and the local population. After the overextended Roman Empire withdrew its troops from the region in A.D. 271, a number of groups passed (often violently) through the area, including the Huns, the Ostrogoths, and the Antes. The Bulgarians, the Magyars, the Pechenegs, and the Golden Horde (Mongols) also held sway temporarily. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (948x677, 189 KB) Summary Source http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (948x677, 189 KB) Summary Source http://www. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia      â€“ Vojvodina      â€“ Kosovo (UN admin. ... The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes, most likely of diverse origin with a Turkic-speaking aristocracy, who appeared in Europe in the 4th century, the most famous being Attila the Hun. ... This article deals with the continental Ostrogoths. ... The Spanish language has a relatively large amount of prepositions. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks, also known as Besenyők, were a semi-nomadic steppes people of Central Asia that spoke a Turkic language. ... This article refers to the medieval Turkic state. ...

In the Middle Ages, as the nomad attacks stopped, permitting an increase in demographics, the permanent population in what was to become Republic of Moldova (including Transdniester) and today's southwestern Ukraine was composed of Vlachs and other later superstratums, of which the Slavs had left some influences in the language, after having migrated along the lowlands and sequentially being assimilated. Most of the regions east of the Carpathians were at this time under the rule of the Cumans which lasted until the Mongol attacks of the mid 14th century. Transnistria or Transdniester (Russian: Приднестровье (Pridnestrovye), Romanian Transnistria, referred to as Stânga Nistrului (Left Bank of the Nistru) by official Moldovan sources). ... Vlachs (also called Wallachians, Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs or Ulahs) is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ... Cumans, also called as Polovtsy, (Russian Половцы, from old Slavic for pale yellowish) was the European name for the Western Kipchaks, a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...

In the 13th century, the Hungarian King Charles Robert of Anjou attempted to expand the Hungarian Empire and the influence of the Roman Catholic church east of the Carpathians after the fall of Cuman rule. There was an early military campaign under the command of Phynta de Mende in 1324. Three decades later in 1353 Dragoş, a Romanian Knez from Maramureş, was sent by the Hungarian King to establish a defense line against the Tartars on the Siret river. He founded the new Moldavian voivodat with the capital at Baia. Originally the new principality was called Bogdania and stretched from the Carpathian Mountains to the Nistru/Dniestr river. It was later renamed Moldavia (Moldova in Romania), after the Moldova River in present-day Romania. Charles I of Hungary (Anjou France 1288 or 1291 - Hungary July 16, 1342), also called Charles Robert, Carobert and Charles I Robert, was the king of Hungary from August 27, 1310. ... Map of the counties in the Kingdom of Hungary around 1880 Location and rough map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1914 The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság, Latin: Regnum Hungariae) is the name of a kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Catholicism. ... DragoÅŸ I in a 19th century rendition. ... Kniaz’ or knyaz (Russian and Ukrainian: ; Serbian: knez; Romanian: cneaz; in fem. ... MaramureÅŸ (Hungarian: Máramaros) is a county (judeÅ£) in the MaramureÅŸ region, northern Romania, in the North of Transylvania with the capital city at Baia Mare (population: 149,735). ... The Siret River is a river that rises from the Carpathians in the Northern Bukovina region of the Ukraine, flows southward into Romania for 470 km before it joins Danube. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Satellite image of the Carpathians Souvenir from Carpathian region (Poland) The Carpathian Mountains are the eastern wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe, curving 1500 km (~900 miles) along the borders of Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and northern Hungary. ... The river Dniestr (in Polish and Russian; Nistru in Romanian; Дністер, Dnister in Ukrainian; Tyras in Latin; also known as Dniester) is a river in Eastern Europe. ... The river Dniestr (in Polish and Russian; Nistru in Romanian; Дністер, Dnister in Ukrainian; Tyras in Latin; also known as Dniester) is a river in Eastern Europe. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Moldova river is a river of the Moldavia region of Romania, which rises from the Obcine of Bukovina in Suceava county. ...

A few years later in 1359, Bogdan of Cuhea, another Maramureş voivode who had fallen out with the Hungarian king, crossed the Carpathians, took control of Moldavia and succeeded in separating Moldavia from Hungarian control. Bogdan I of Moldavia(1359-1365) ruled the area from the Ceremuş river in the north down to the Black Sea in the south and east to the Dniestr river. These borders of Moldavia lasted for over six hundred years, until the 20th century. Bogdan's first capital was at Baia which he later moved to Suceava. His home village of Cuhea in Maramureş is now know as "Bogdan Voda". Bogdan may mean: Rulers of Moldavia: Bogdan I of Moldavia (1359 - 1365) Bogdania was an early name for the principality of Moldavia (named after Bogdan I). ... MaramureÅŸ (Hungarian: Máramaros) is a county (judeÅ£) in the MaramureÅŸ region, northern Romania, in the North of Transylvania with the capital city at Baia Mare (population: 149,735). ... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Bogdan I Bogdan of Cuhea (or Bogdan-Vodă; Bogdan I of Moldavia) is the second founding-figure of the Principality of Moldavia, ruling between 1359 and 1365. ... Cheremosh (Ukrainian: , Romanian: CeremuÅŸ) is a river flows the borderline of Bukovina and Galicia, and tributary of Prut river. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... The river Dniestr (in Polish and Russian; Nistru in Romanian; Дністер, Dnister in Ukrainian; Tyras in Latin; also known as Dniester) is a river in Eastern Europe. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Bogdan may mean: Rulers of Moldavia: Bogdan I of Moldavia (1359 - 1365) Bogdania was an early name for the principality of Moldavia (named after Bogdan I). ... Baia is a commune in the Suceava County, with a population of 6,793 (2002 census). ... Suceava (pronunciation in Romanian: ; German: Suczawa, Yiddish: שאָץ Shots) is a municipality-status city in the Suceava county, Bucovina, Romania. ... MaramureÅŸ (Hungarian: Máramaros) is a county (judeÅ£) in the MaramureÅŸ region, northern Romania, in the North of Transylvania with the capital city at Baia Mare (population: 149,735). ...

Medieval history

Moldavian Flag in Baia Battle as illustrated in Johannes de Thurocz 1488 edition

Battle of Obertyn against the Polish depicted by 1564 Polski Kronika

During its history, Moldova has been often the object of dispute of the larger neighbouring powers: Hungary, Poland, the Ottoman Empire and later Russia. In spite of the general instability caused by wars and changing interests, reflected by the short rule of most of the voivodes, a number of princes have succeeded in defending their country against foreign interests and establishing short periods of independence and relative prosperity. Image File history File links Kingdom_of_Hungary_against_Moldovans_flag_in_battle. ... Image File history File links Kingdom_of_Hungary_against_Moldovans_flag_in_battle. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1027x1254, 618 KB) Summary Comet Halley is visible on the date of 22 august. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1027x1254, 618 KB) Summary Comet Halley is visible on the date of 22 august. ...

Petru I (1375 - 1391) founded the fortresses at Neamţ and Suceava and in 1388 extended his rule to include the region of Pocuţia, now in the Ukraine. NeamÅ£ is a county (judeÅ£) in the North of Romania, in the Moldavia region, with the capital city at Piatra NeamÅ£ (population: 125,050). ... Suceava (pronunciation in Romanian: ; German: Suczawa, Yiddish: שאָץ Shots) is a municipality-status city in the Suceava county, Bucovina, Romania. ...

Stefan I (1394-1399) successfully defended Moldavia against the Hungarians during an attempt to invade Moldavia in 1394 following Stefan I accepting suzerainty to the Polish King. Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ...

Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) (1400-1432) negotiated a peace treaty with Poland in 1411 and in 1420 defended Moldavia against the first attack by the Turks at Cetatea Alba. Alexandru cel Bun Alexandru cel Bun on a Moldovan coin Alexandru cel Bun (Alexandru I MuÅŸat, Alexander the Kind) was the ruler of Moldavia 1400-1432, son of Roman I MuÅŸat. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi ( Ukrainian: Білгород-Дністровський; Romanian: Cetatea Albă; Turkish: Akkerman) is a city in southern Ukraine. ...

The most famous of the Moldavian voivodes is Ştefan cel Mare or Stephen the Great (1457-1504). His long reign was marked by numerous battles for independence, yet in spite of that, it also represented a golden era for the Moldavian state, manifested in, among others, the artistic achievements of this period. Stephan the Great (Romanian icon) Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great or St. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ...

With an army of boyars and retainers, Ştefan cel Mare fought off invasions from the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Crimean Tatars. He was successful in 34 out of 36 battles against the Turks, and built a new church for each success (among others the famous painted churches of northern Moldavia). His greatest victory was that over the Ottomans, at the Battle of Vaslui. Stephan the Great (Romanian icon) Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great or St. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Between 1386 and 1572, the Kingdom of Poland was ruled by the following Jagiellon kings: Wladislaus II JagieÅ‚Å‚o Wladislaus III of Varna Casimir IV the Jagiellonian John I Olbracht Alexander the Jagiellonian Sigismund I the Old Sigismund II Augustus See also History of Poland (1385-1569) Categories: Polish history... The Crimean Tatars (Qırımtatar (aka Qırım, Qırımlı and Qırım türkü), Pl. ... The painted churches of northern Moldavia are seven Romanian Orthodox churches in Suceava County, Romania in northern Moldavia, built approximately between 1487 and 1532. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... The Battle of Vaslui (also referred to as the Battle of Podul ÃŽnalt) (January 10, 1475) was fought between the Moldavian (Romanian) Prince, Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great) and the Ottoman General Suleiman Pasha. ...

The town of Hotin was returned to Moldavia in 1464 following a number of years in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Khotin fortress overlooks the Dniester river Khotyn (Хотин, Polish: Chocim; Romanian: Hotin; Russian: Хотин, Khotin) is a town in the Chernivetska oblast of Ukraine. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

The last Hungarian campaign to re-establish suzerainty in Moldavia was in 1467 led by the Hungarian king Mathias Corvinus. He advanced along the Siret valley taking Bacău, Roman, and Târgu Neamţ, but was defeated at Baia by Ştefan cel Mare. However, by 1473 the Moldavian and Transylvanian merchants had commercial freedom in each others countries and in 1475 Mathias Corvinus and Ştefan cel Mare pledged support to each other against their enemies. Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Matthias Corvinus as depicted in Chronica Hungarorum by Ján z Turca Matthias Corvinus (Hungarian: Corvinus Mátyás and Hunyadi Mátyás, Romanian: Matei Corvin) (February 23, 1443 (?) – April 6, 1490) was one of the greatest Kings of Hungary, ruling between 1458 and 1490. ... The Siret River is a river that rises from the Carpathians in the Northern Bukovina region of the Ukraine, flows southward into Romania for 470 km before it joins Danube. ... County Bacău County Status County capital Mayor Romeo Stavarache, since 2004 Area 41 km² Population (2002) 210,469 Density 5133 inh/km² Geographical coordinates 46°35′N 26°55′E Web site http://www. ... Roman (Hungarian: Románvásár, German: Romanvarasch) is a town in Moldavia, Romania, with a population of 69,483. ... Târgu NeamÅ£ is a town in NeamÅ£ county, Romania, on the NeamÅ£ river. ... Baia is a commune in the Suceava County, with a population of 6,793 (2002 census). ... Stephan the Great (Romanian icon) Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great or St. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko, Polish: Siedmiogród) is a historic region that forms the western and the central parts of Romania. ... Events August 29 - Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between France and England. ... Matthias Corvinus as depicted in Chronica Hungarorum by Ján z Turca Matthias Corvinus (Hungarian: Corvinus Mátyás and Hunyadi Mátyás, Romanian: Matei Corvin) (February 23, 1443 (?) – April 6, 1490) was one of the greatest Kings of Hungary, ruling between 1458 and 1490. ... Stephan the Great (Romanian icon) Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great or St. ...

In 1460 Hussite refugees from Poland and Hungary move to Moldavia to escape religious persecution and found the town Husi, and Csöbörcsök on the bank of river Nistru/Dniester. The Hussites comprised a Christian movement following the teachings of the reformer Jan Hus (circa 1369–1415), who was influenced by John Wyclif and became one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. ... This is the Romanian city. ...

The Turks seized Cetatea Albă in 1485 and in 1489 Ştefan cel Mare agreed to pay a tribute to the Ottoman Empire in return for autonomy. Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Ukrainian: ; Romanian: Cetatea Albă; Turkish: Akkerman; Russian: , Belgorod-Dnestrovsky; Hungarian: Nyeszterfehérvár; Italian: Moncastro) is a city in southern Ukraine. ... Stephan the Great (Romanian icon) Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great or St. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl...

Turkish rule of Moldavia

In 1538 the Turks joined by the Tartars invaded Moldavia. Petru Rareş (1527-1538), son of Ştefan cel Mare, defeated the Tartars, but he was betrayed by his boyars and had to flee to Transylvania, and Moldavia became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire for the next 300 years. The capital was moved to Iaşi in 1565. Tatars or Tartars is a collective name applied to the Turkic-speaking people of Europe and Asia. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Petru IV RareÅŸ (ca. ... Stephan the Great (Romanian icon) Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great or St. ... Tatars or Tartars is a collective name applied to the Turkic-speaking people of Europe and Asia. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... County IaÅŸi County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, since 2003 Area 93. ...

Through the periods of Tartar attacks, battles with the Ottomans, domination by the Ottoman Empire, and internal squabbling between the boyars and voivodes much of Moldavia was left poor and many villages became depopulated. Weak princes let incompetent boyars rule the state; because the boyars did not pay taxes, the state became bankrupt. In addition to paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire and later acceding to the selection of local rulers by Ottoman authorities, Moldavia suffered repeated invasions by Ottomans, Crimean Tatars, and Russians. The most severe period of Turkish exploitation was between 1711 and 1824 when Phanariot rulers were imposed by the Turks. The Phanariots were Greeks from the Phanar quarter in Constantinople who used to buy the throne of Moldavia and spend their "reign" in extorting sufficient money in order to recover their "investment" and make a profit. Tartar refers to: the Tatars, an ethnic group in present-day Russia (this term formerly extended to nearly all Central Asian and Mongolian ethnic groups) Mongolian tribe Tartars in 12th century hardened dental plaque (see calculus (dental)). You may also be looking for: tartar sauce, salts of tartaric acid: cream... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contests, of submission or allegiance. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... The Crimean Tatars (Qırımtatar (aka Qırım, Qırımlı and Qırım türkü), Pl. ... Phanariotes (from Phanar, the chief Greek quarter at Istambul, where the oecumenical patriarchate is situated) were those members of families resident in the Phanar quarter who between the years 1711 and 1821 were appointed voivodes of the Danubian principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia). ... Phanariotes (from Phanar, the chief Greek quarter at Istambul, where the oecumenical patriarchate is situated) were those members of families resident in the Phanar quarter who between the years 1711 and 1821 were appointed voivodes of the Danubian principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia). ... Fanar (formerly Phanar) is a neighborhood in Istanbul, Turkey (formerly Constantinople). ... Constantinople[1] was the name of the modern-day city of Ä°stanbul, Turkey over the centuries that it served as the second capital of the unified Roman Empire, and after its division into East and West, of the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire (from the city... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ...

Commonwealth interventions

Main article: Magnate wars in Moldavia The Moldavian Magnate Wars refer to the period at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century when the magnates of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashing with the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire for domination of the territory. ...

In the beginning of the 17th century, magnates of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashing with the Ottomans for dominance over the territory. Eventually, Poland renouced any claims to Moldavia in the 1610s. For a wealthy or powerful business baron, executive, or tycoon, see business magnate Magnate is a title of nobility commonly used in Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and some other medieval empires. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Russian expansion

In 1792 the Treaty of Iaşi forced the Ottoman Empire to cede all of its holdings in what is now Transnistria to the Russian Empire. An expanded Bessarabia, named after the Wallachian ruler Basarab I, was incorporated into the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812 according to the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812. After Russia's defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856), the Treaty of Paris stipulated that Moldavia and Wallachia were to be placed under the collective guarantee of the seven powers that signed the treaty, as well as the retrocession to Moldova of Southern Bessarabia (Ismail, Bolgrad, Kahul counties). This article does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Transnistria (disambiguation). ... Official language Russian Official Religion Russian Orthodox Christianity Capital Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 1914-1925) Area Approx. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania. ... Posada Battle Basarab I was an early ruler of the principality of Wallachia, known as ÃŽntemeietorul (The Founder) (c. ... Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812 was one of the several wars fought between Imperial Russia and Ottoman Empire War broke out in 1806, when Turkey deposed the russophile governors of its vassal states Moldavia and Walachia. ... Bucharest (Romanian: BucureÅŸti ) is the capital city and industrial and commercial centre of Romania. ... Combatants United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Second French Empire, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Sardinia Imperial Russia Strength 250,000 British 400,000 French 10,000 Sardinian 1,200,000 Russian Casualties 17,500 British 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation). ...

Moldavian Voivodes before Unification - 1352-1859

see List of rulers of Moldavia This is a list of rulers of Moldavia. ...

Unification with Wallachia, formation of the modern Romanian state

In 1859 Moldavia united with Wallachia by the election of Alexander John Cuza as prince of both Wallachia and Moldavia, laying the foundations for modern Romania. By the Treaty of Berlin (1878), the Romanian government ceded Budjak (Southern Bessarabia) to the Russian Empire. Alexander John Cuza Alexandru Ioan Cuza (March 20, 1820, Galaţi – May 15, 1873, Heidelberg), more commonly known in English as Alexander John Cuza, was the domnitor (ruler) of the United Principalites of Romania between 1859 and 1866. ... The separate Bulgaria after The Treatry of Berlin - Lithography Nikolay Pavlovich The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman government under Sultan Hamid revised the Treaty... Budjak or Budzhak is the southern part of Bessarabia, now part of the Odessa Oblast (province) of Ukraine. ...

Beginning of the Soviet period

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Declaration of Rights of Peoples of Russia encouraged the various nationalities in the Russian Empire to gain their independence, Moldova became an independent Republic on December 2, 1917. On the request of the new Moldovan administration ("Sfatul tării"), on December 13, Romanian troops entered Bessarabia. On March 27, 1918 there was a vote for the unification with Romania. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, which, after the elimination of the Russian autocracy system, and the Provisional Government (Duma), resulted in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Declaration of Rights of Peoples of Russia (Деклара́ция прав наро́дов Росси́и) was a document promulgated by the Bolshevik governement of Russia on November 15 (November 2 by Old Style), 1917 (signed by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin). ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (87th in leap years). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

After the creation of the Soviet Union in December 1922, the Soviet government moved in 1924 to establish the Moldavian Autonomous Oblast on east lands of the Nistru River in the Ukrainian SSR. The capital of the oblast was at Balta, in present-day Ukraine. Seven months later, the oblast was upgraded to the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian ASSR), even though its population was only 30% ethnic Romanian. The capital remained at Balta until 1929, when it was moved to Tiraspol. State motto: Пролетарь дин тоате цэриле, униць-вэ! Official language None. ... The river Dniestr (in Polish and Russian; Nistru in Romanian; Дністер, Dnister in Ukrainian; Tyras in Latin; also known as Dniester) is a river in Eastern Europe. ... State motto: Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! Official language None. ... Balta is a small town (pop. ... Moldavian ASSR (Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Republic; Romanian: Republica Autonomă Socialistă Sovietică Moldovenească) was an autonomous region of the Ukrainian SSR between 12 October 1924 and 2 August 1940, encompassing Transnistria (now in Moldova) and parts which are now in Ukraine. ... Tiraspol (Romanian pronunciation: /ti. ...

World War II

Formerly ruled by Romania as part of the principality of Moldavia, Eastern Moldova was occupied by the Soviet Union (with consent from Nazi Germany) in 1940 as a consequence of a secret protocol attached to the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact. On 2 August 1940, the Soviet government created the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), with its capital at Chisinau (Kishinëv, in Russian), by joining most of Eastern Moldavia (known as Bessarabia during its occupation by the Russian Empire) with a portion of the Moldavian ASSR (the rest was assigned to the Ukrainian SSR). In creating the Moldovan SSR, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia) was once again divided, severely undermining its historical and economic integrity. Several southern regions and access points to the Black Sea through the mouth of the Danube River (the city of Izmail) and Nistru estuary (the city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyi) were ceded to Ukraine, leaving the Moldavian SSR landlocked. A principality is a monarchial feudatory or sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a Monarch with the title of prince or princess (a synonym is princedom) or (in the widest sense) a Monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Molotov (left), Ribbentrop (in black) and Stalin The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, also known as the Hitler-Stalin pact or Nazi-Soviet pact, was a non-aggression treaty between Germany and Russia, or more precisely between the Soviet Union and the Third Reich. ... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Chişinău. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... Izmail or Ismail (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Romanian: Ismail), is a town in south-western Ukraine, located near Danube delta in Odessa Oblast (province). ... Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Ukrainian: ; Romanian: Cetatea Albă; Turkish: Akkerman; Russian: , Belgorod-Dnestrovsky; Hungarian: Nyeszterfehérvár; Italian: Moncastro) is a city in southern Ukraine. ...

In June 1941, a year after the Soviet Unions occupied Eastern Moldavia, German and Romanian troops attacked the Soviet Union. The Nazis gave Romania, their ally, not only Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia) and northern Bukovina but also the land between the Dniester Nistru and Bug (Pivdennyy Buh, Yuzhnyy Bug, in Russian) rivers, north to Bar in Ukraine, which Romania named and administered as Transnistria. This arrangement lasted until August 1944, when Soviet forces reoccupied Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia) and Transnistria. In 1947 Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and Transnistria were incorporated as the Moldavian SSR into the Soviet Union, and the previous Soviet administrative divisions and Russian placenames were reimposed. The Dniester (Polish Dniestr, Ukrainian Дністер (Dnister), Romanian Nistru, Russian Днестр (Dnestr), Yiddish‫נעסטער ‬ (nester), Serbian (Dnjester) and during antiquity was called Tyras in Latin) is a river in Eastern Europe. ... Bug (pronunciation Boog) is the name of two rivers in Europe: Western Bug Southern Bug See also Bug - other kinds of bugs This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Transnistria (disambiguation). ...

Postwar reestablishment of Soviet control

The territory stayed within the USSR after WWII as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and the state had a brutal denationalization policy toward the native Romanian population. The Soviets massacred, imprisoned, and deported to Siberia almost a million innocent people whose "crime" was just that they were of Romanian origin. Secret police struck at nationalist groups; the Cyrillic alphabet was imposed on the "Moldavian" language; and ethnic Russians and Ukrainians were encouraged to immigrate to the Moldavian SSR, especially to Transnistria. The government's policies - requisitioning large amounts of agricultural products despite a poor harvest - induced a famine following the catastrophic drought of 1945-1947, and political, communist party, and academic positions were given to members of non-Romanian ethnic groups (only 14% of the Moldavian SSR's political leaders were ethnic Romanians in 1946). Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II... State motto: Пролетарь дин тоате цэриле, униць-вэ! Official language None. ... Siberia is also an album by Echo & The Bunnymen. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...

The ethnic cleansing was especially directed against the Romanian intellectuals that decided to stay in Moldova after the war and propaganda was made against everything that was Romanian. This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...

The conditions imposed during the reestablishment of Soviet rule became the basis of deep resentment toward Soviet authorities--a resentment that soon manifested itself. During Leonid I. Brezhnev's 1950-1952 tenure as first secretary of the Communist Party of Moldavia (CPM), he put down a rebellion of ethnic Romanians by killing or deporting thousands of people and instituting forced collectivization. Although Brezhnev and other CPM first secretaries were largely successful in suppressing "Moldavian" nationalism, the hostility of "Moldavians" smoldered for another three decades, until after Mikhail S. Gorbachev came to power. His policies of glasnost and perestroika created conditions in which national feelings could be openly expressed and in which the Soviet republics could consider reforms. Leonid Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Russian: Леонид Ильич Брежнев) (December 19, 1906 - November 10, 1982) was effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, though at first in partnership with others. ... Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: ; Pronunciation: mih-kha-ILL ser-GHE-ye-vich gor-bah-CHOFF) (born March 2, 1931), was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika ( , Russian: ) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ...

Increasing self-expression

In this climate of openness, political self-assertion escalated in the Moldavian SSR in 1988. The year 1989 saw the formation of the Moldovan Popular Front (commonly called the Popular Front), an association of independent cultural and political groups that had finally gained official recognition. Large demonstrations by ethnic Romanians led to the designation of Romanian as the official language and the replacement of the head of the CPM. However, opposition was growing to the increasing influence of ethnic Romanians, especially in Transnistria, where the Yedinstvo-Unitatea (Unity) Intermovement had been formed in 1988 by the Slavic minorities, and in the south, where Gagauz Halkî (Gagauz People), formed in November 1989, came to represent the Gagauz, a Turkic-speaking minority there (see Ethnic Composition, this ch.). The Gagauz are a Turkic people minority of southern Moldova (in Gagauzia) and of southwestern Ukraine (in Budjak) that numbers around 250,000. ...

The first democratic elections to the Moldavian SSR's Supreme Soviet were held 25 February 1990. Runoff elections were held in March. The Popular Front won a majority of the votes. After the elections, Mircea Snegur, a communist, was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet; in September he became president of the republic. The reformist government that took over in May 1990 made many changes that did not please the minorities, including changing the republic's name in June from the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic to the Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova and declaring it sovereign the same month. The Supreme Soviet (Russian: , Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Mircea Ion Snegur (b. ...

Secession of Gagauzia and Transnistria

Main article: Conflict in Transnistria and Gagauzia

In August the Gagauz declared a separate "Gagauz Republic" (Gagauz-Yeri) in the south, around the city of Comrat. In September the people on the east bank of the Nistru River (with mostly Slavic population) proclaimed the "Dnestr Moldavian Republic" (commonly called the "Dnestr Republic") in Transnistria, with its capital at Tiraspol. Although the Supreme Soviet immediately declared these declarations null, both "republics" went on to hold elections. Stepan Topal was elected president of the "Gagauz Republic" in December 1991, and Igor' N. Smirnov was elected president of the "Dnestr Republic" in the same month. Conflict in Transnistria and Gagauzia refers to the inter-ethnic tensions in the regions of Transnistria and Gagauzia in post- Soviet Moldova in 1989-1992 and the War of Transnistria in March-July 1992. ... The Gagauz are a Turkic people minority of southern Moldova (in Gagauzia) and of southwestern Ukraine (in Budjak) that numbers around 250,000. ...

Approximately 50,000 armed Moldovan nationalist volunteers went to Transnistria, where widespread violence was temporarily averted by the intervention of the Russian 14th Army. (The Soviet 14th Army, now the Russian 14th Army, had been headquartered in Chisinau under the High Command of the Southwestern Theater of Military Operations since 1956.) Negotiations in Moscow among the Gagauz, the Transnistrian Slavs, and the government of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova failed, and the government refused to join in further negotiations.

In May 1991, the country's official name was changed to the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova). The name of the Supreme Soviet also was changed, to the Moldovan Parliament.

Independence

During the 1991 August coup d'état in Moscow against Mikhail Gorbachev, commanders of the Soviet Union's Southwestern Theater of Military Operations tried to impose a state of emergency in Moldova. They were overruled by the Moldovan government, which declared its support for Russian president Boris Yeltsin, who led the counter-coup in Moscow. On 27 August 1991, following the coup's collapse, Moldova declared its independence from the Soviet Union. (Russian: , IPA: , commonly anglicized as Gorbachev; born March 2, 1931) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In October, Moldova began to organize its own armed forces. The Soviet Union was falling apart quickly, and Moldova had to rely on itself to prevent the spread of violence from the "Dnestr Republic" to the rest of the country. The December elections of Stepan Topal and Igor' Smirnov as presidents of their respective "republics," and the official dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of the year, led to increased tensions in Moldova.

At the end of 1991, an ex-communist reformer, Mircea Snegur, won an election for the presidency. Four months later, the country achieved formal recognition as an independent state at the United Nations. Mircea Ion Snegur (b. ... United Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Following independence in 1991, the Romanian tricolor with a coat-of-arms was used as flag, and Deşteaptă-te române!, the Romanian anthem also became the anthem of Moldova. In those times, it was widely expected in both countries that they were to be united soon; a Movement for unification of Romania and the Republic of Moldova began in each country. DeÅŸteaptă-te, române (Wake up, O, Romanian!) is Romanias national anthem. ... A Movement for unification of Romania and the Republic of Moldova began in both countries in early 1990s, after the Republic of Moldova declared its independence from the Soviet Union. ...

In 1992, Moldova was involved in a short-term war against Russian armed forces and Ukrainian Kazak units in Transnistria. A ceasefire for the Transnistrian war was negotiated by presidents Mircea Snegur and Yeltsin in July. A demarcation line was to be maintained by a tripartite peacekeeping force (composed of Moldovan, Russian, and Transnistrian forces), and Moscow agreed to withdraw its 14th Army if a suitable constitutional provision were made for Transnistria. Also, Transnistria would have a special status within Moldova and would have the right to secede if Moldova decided to reunite with Romania. The words kazaks, kazak may be a transliteration from Russian language of Kazakhs, people of Kazakhstan Cossacks (Russian: kazak) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The War of Transnistria involved armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between the Transnistrian separatists and the Moldovan police as early as November 1990 at Dubasari. ...

Post independence: 1993 to 1998

Starting 1993, Moldova began to distance itself from Romania. The constitution adopted in 1994 used the term "Moldovan language" instead of "Romanian" and changed the national anthem to Limba noastră. Limba Noastră has been since 1994 the national anthem of the Republic of Moldova. ...

New parliamentary elections were held in Moldova on 27 February 1994. Although the election was described by international observers as free and fair, authorities in Transnistria did not allow balloting there and made efforts to discourage the inhabitants from participating. Only some 7,500 inhabitants voted at specially established precincts in right-bank Moldova. February 27 is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal. // Events January Bill Clinton January 1 : North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect. ...

The new Parliament, with its Democratic Agrarian Party of Moldova majority, did not face the same gridlock that characterized the old Parliament with its majority of Popular Front hard-line nationalists: legislation was passed, and changes were made. President Snegur signed the Partnership for Peace agreement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in March 1994. NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on April 4, 1949. ...

A March 1994 referendum saw an overwhelming majority of voters favoring continued independence. In April, Parliament approved Moldova's membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS--see Glossary) and in a CIS charter on economic union. On 28 July, Parliament ratified a new constitution, which went into effect 27 August 1994, and provided substantial autonomy to Transnistria and to Gagauzia. A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Member states 11 member states 1 associate member Working language Russian Executive Secretary Vladimir Rushailo Formation December 21, 1991 Official website http://cis. ... July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal. // Events January Bill Clinton January 1 : North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect. ...

Russia and Moldova signed an agreement in October 1994 on the withdrawal of Russian troops from Transnistria, but the Russian government did not ratify it; another stalemate ensued. Although the cease-fire remained in effect, further negotiations that included the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and the United Nations made little progress. United Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

In March and April 1995, Moldovan college and secondary school students staged a series of strikes and demonstrations in Chisinau to protest the government's cultural and educational policies. The students were joined by others protesting for economic reasons. The most emotional issue was that of the national language: should it be Moldovan, as named in the 1994 constitution, or Romanian?

In an 27 April speech to Parliament, President Snegur asked Parliament to amend the constitution and change the name of the language to Romanian. The government's final decision was postponed until the fall of 1995 because of the stipulation that six months must pass before a proposed change to the constitution can be made. The student demonstrators declared a moratorium on further strikes until 6 September. April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... This article is about the day of the year. ...

The 1996 attempt by President Snegur to change the official language to "Romanian" was dismissed by the Moldovan Parliament as "promoting Romanian expansionism".

The Partnership & Cooperation Agreement with the European Union (EU) came into force in July 1998 for an initial period of ten years. It established the institutional framework for bilateral relations, set the principal common objectives, and called for activities and dialogue in a number of policy areas. A European Union Association Agreement (Association Agreement) is a treaty between the European Union (EU) and a non-EU country that creates a framework for co-operation between them. ...

Recent history: 2001 to present

In the 2001 elections a pro-Russian Communist party won majority of seats in the Parliament and appointed a Communist president, Vladimir Voronin. After few years in power, relationships between Moldova and Russia further deteriorated over the Transnistrian conflict. Vladimir Nicolae Voronin (born May 25, 1941) is the current President of the Republic of Moldova. ...

In the summer of 2004, Transnistrian authorities forcibly closed six Moldovan schools from Tiraspol, Tighina/Bender, and Rîbniţa that used the Romanian language in the Latin alphabet. Although the Slavic population is the majority in the region (Russians 30.3%,Ukrainians 28.8% and Bulgarians 2%, according to the 2004 census), the Moldovan population is significant (31.9%) and is now required to learn mainly in Russian in the region's schools. Tiraspol (Romanian pronunciation: /ti. ... Tighina or Bender (Russian: Бендеры) is a city in Transnistria, a breakaway region of Moldova. ... RîbniÅ£a (Russian: Rybnitsa) is the seat of the Administrative Region of RîbniÅ£a of Transnistria, a country that has declared itself independent from Moldova. ... The Slavic peoples are defined by their usage of the Slavic languages. ...

In the following election, in 2005, the Communist party made a 180 degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform, with Voronin re-elected to a second term as a president. Moldovan authorities denied entry to a Russian organization (CIS-EMO) which the Russian Federation said was to monitor elections for fairness; some members of the organization who nevertheless entered the country were deported. As a consequence, Russian-Moldovan ties greatly weakened, and the nation is split between building ties with the West or with Russia. On October 2002, the Commonwealth of Independent States adopted at a heads of states meeting, the Convention on the Standards of Democratic Elections, Electoral Rights, and Freedoms in the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States. ... The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ...

See also

• Moldavia
• Bessarabia
• History of Romania

Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below). ...

External links

• The Republic of Moldova: An Historical Background, Survey by Dr. Vasile Nedelciuc
• www.moldovanoastra.md
• O Moldova uitata ( A forgoten Moldavia) I, II
• Romanians from over the Dniester I, II