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Encyclopedia > History of Mongolia

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Although people have inhabited Mongolia since the Stone Age, Mongolia only became politically important after iron weapons entered the area in the 3rd century B.C. In general, Mongolia at this point had a similar history to the rest of the nomadic steppe that lies between Siberia Northern Russia to the North, China, and, the Middle East and Central Asia to the South. These steppes usually were inhabited by bands of nomads, sometimes united in confederations of varying sizes. These nomads usually herded animals, traded, raided more agricultural peoples and each other. However, every now and then, there would form giant nomadic confederations that threatened China, and sometimes the Middle East, Europe and beyond, but these confederations, while vast, and often destructive, rarely lasted, though they did redistribute peoples and disrupt the politics of the regions they attacked. The people in the Mongolia region usually focused their attention on nearby, wealthy China, and their occasional confederations greatly influence Chinese history. China's response is a major theme in Mongolian history. The most notable alliance of the Mongols however reached far beyond China, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, his empire and the states that emerged from it would play a major role in the history of the 13th and 14th centuries. He and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and European Russia and sent armies as far as central Europe and Southeast Asia. Stone Age fishing hook. ... Siberian Federal District (dark red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...   or Temüjin by birthname, (c. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... European Russia can be considered the western areas of Russia, where most of the population is centred. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the six inhabited continents of the Earth. ... In Mongolia itself, the legacy of Genghis Khan was a superior law code, a written language, and a historical pride. In addition, the foreign contact created by the Mongolian empire allowed for the spread of Mongolian genes, and the introduction of Buddhism into Mongolia. When the Mongolian empire broke up, Mongolia became part of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368 CE), which included a unified China. The Ming Dynasty replaced it in 1368 and invaded Mongolia, leading to a Mongolian defeat, but not a Chinese conquest. The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Yuáncháo; Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... By the early 15th century, Mongolia was split between the Oirad in the Altay Mountains region and the eastern group that later came to be known as the Khalkha in the area north of the Gobi. In the mid-15th century, the Oirad dominated and briefly united Mongolia and threatened China, at one point taking a Chinese emperor captive. Eventually in the 16th century, under Dayan Khan, it ruled over a vast section of North-Central Asia from the Ural Mountains to Lake Baykal, conquering even the Khalkas. But after his death, Mongolia split into waring factions again, though most of Mongolia was unified by Altan Khan, who continued the Mongolian tradition of attacking China, though he gave up in 1571, signing a peace treaty with the Ming Dynasty that ended 3 centuries of war. Instead he concentrated on his southwest and raided Tibet, eventually becoming a convert to Tibetan Buddhism and naming the first Dalai Lama. The Oyirad (also spelled Oirat) is an alliance of the western Mongols. ... The Altai is a mountain range in central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together, and where the great rivers Irtysh, Ob and Yenisei have their sources. ... The Khalkha, or Halh (Халх [χɑɬχ]) in modern Khalkha Mongolian, is a subgroup of the Mongols. ... The Gobi is a large desert region in northern China and southern Mongolia. ... Dayan Khan (given name: Batu Möngke; ?-1543?), was a Mongol Khan who reconstructed the Mongol Empire. ... Map of the Ural Mountains The Village of Kolchedan in Ural Mountains in 1912 The Ural Mountains (Russian: , Uralskiye gory) also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... Lake Baikal The Yenisei River basin, Lake Baikal, and the cities of Dikson, Dudinka, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk Lake Baikal (Russian: О́зеро Байка́л (Ozero Baykal)), a lake in southern Siberia, Russia, between Irkutsk Oblast on the northwest and Buryatia on... Altan Khan (1507-1582), whose given name was Anda, was the de facto ruler of the Right Wing of the Mongols and exercised his power over whole Mongolia. ... Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ... The 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso (1876-1933) In Tibetan Buddhism, the successive Dalai Lamas (Tibetan: ཏ་ཱལའི་བླ་མ་; Wylie: Taa-la’i Bla-ma; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dálài LÇŽmā) form a tulku lineage of Gelug leaders which trace back to 1391. ... By the end of the 17th century the power of the khan had been greatly weakened. The Mongols were decentralized and threatened by a rising Manchuria. The last of the major khans, Ligden Khan established the pre-eminence of his faction over the Khalkha Mongols, and this prompted fear among his rivals who called upon the Manchu empire to help. The Manchus made some conquests in Eastern Mongolia, but Ligden was able to stop conquest further west, but after his death, southern Mongolian resistance collapsed. Manchuria (Manchu: Manju; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Simplified Chinese: 满洲; pinyin: MÇŽnzhōu, Russian: ) is a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... By this time the Torgut Mongols, a subset of the Oriad migrated westwards becoming the Kalmyk, entering Russian territory they were conquered by the mid-17th century. The Republic of Kalmykia ( Russian: Респу́блика Калмы́кия; Kalmyk: Хальм Тангч) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Over the 17th century, Mongolia became increasingly Buddhist, and one faction established a protectorate over Tibet. But as the Manchus became the Qing dynasty and established a firm control over China, they expanded into Northern Mongolia. Qing rule over the areas of Northern Mongolia that became Outer Mongolia ended in 1911, with the fall of the Qing dynasty. Outer Mongolia briefly established a theocracy in 1911, before being conquered by a Chinese warlord in 1919, and then the Russian White movement warlord Ungern von Sternberg in 1920. The Red Army backed native guerrilla units led by Damdin Sühbaatar and the MPRP (the recently-founded local communist party) defeated the forces of Ungern von Sternberg the People's Republic of Mongolia, perhaps the first Soviet satellite. The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейцы) and whose members are known as Whites (Белые, or the derogatory Беляки) or White Russians (a term which has other meanings) comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the... Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg, ca 1919 Baron Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg (Russian Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг) (January 22, 1886, new... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Sukh, ca 1920-1922 Damdin Sühbaatar (mongolian , usually only Sühbaatar, also Sukhbaatar, Sukh) (February 2, 1893-February 22, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader known for his excellent horsemanship capabilities. ... The Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (Mongolian: Mongol Ardyn Khuvsgatt Nam, Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам) is a political party in Mongolia. ... In modern usage, a communist party is a political party which promotes communism, the sociopolitical ideology based on Marxism. ... Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg, ca 1919 Baron Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg (Russian Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг) (January 22, 1886, new... The Peoples Repubic of Mongolia (Mongolian: Бугд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс (БНМАУ)) was a communist state in central Asia which existed between 1924 and 1990. ... The term satellite state, by analogy to stellar objects orbiting a larger object, such as planets revolving around the sun, refers to a country that is formally sovereign but that is in fact dominated by a larger hegemonic power. ... With the fall of the Soviet Union, Mongolia lost its only major source of aid, but began political reforms. Mongolia held its first direct presidential elections on June 6, 1993. An election is a decision making process where people choose people to hold official offices. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... [edit] See also Mongolia Greater Mongolia region Timeline of Mongolian history This article is about the region. ... 1911: Mongolia declares independence under Bogd haan. ... [edit] External links Mongolia - Entry on Mongolia from the 1907 Catholic Encyclopedia. History of Mongolia - Offers a history of Mongolia from 1203 to the present. v • d • e History of Asia Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Cambodia · China (People's Republic of China (Hong Kong · Macau) · Republic of China (Taiwan)) · Cyprus · East Timor · Georgia · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Israel (See also Palestinian territories) · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan · Korea (North Korea · South Korea) · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Myanmar · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · Turkey · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen It has been suggested that history of Eurasia be merged into this article or section. ... From a political point of view, the Peoples Republic of China had, for several decades, been known as the political entity that is often synonymous with Mainland China. ... Hong Kong, a coastal city in southern China, has evolved from a fishing village, salt production site, trading and military port into an international financial centre that enjoys the worlds ninth highest GNP per capita,[1] and supports a third of foreign capital flows into China. ... The Republic of China (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó) succeeded the Qing Dynasty in 1912, ending 2,000 years of imperial rule. ... It has been suggested that Australias alleged East Timor cover up be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the Palestinian territories as a geo-political phenomenon. ... This article is about the history of Korea, through the division of Korea in 1945. ... History of North Korea: Following World War II, Korea, which had been a colonial possession of Japan since 1910, was occupied by the Soviet Union (in the north) and the United States (in the south). ... The History of South Korea traces the development of South Korea from the division of the Korean Peninsula in 1945 to the present day. ... Categories: History of Mongolia | History of Central Asia

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	History of Mongolia (978 words) Outer Mongolia was a Chinese province (1691-1911), an autonomous state under Russian protection (1912-19), and again a Chinese province (1919-21). Mongolia became a member of the United Nations in 1961. Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed an agreement in 1966 that introduced largescale Soviet ground forces as part of Moscow's general buildup along the Sino-Soviet frontier. NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of Mongolia (2009 words) By the early 15th century, Mongolia was split between the Oirad in the Altay Mountains region and the eastern group that later came to be known as the Khalkha in the area north of the Gobi. Mongolia's external policies, however, were founded on those of the Soviet Union, and relations with China, always influenced by suspicions over real or imaginary claims by China to "lost territories," faltered in the wake of the Sino-Soviet rift that developed in the late 1950s. Mongolia - Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty, 1261-1368
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