NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of Tanzania

What is now Tanzania was a colony and part of Germany from the 1880s to 1919. It was British from 1919 to 1961. Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania on April 26, 1964. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. // Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Flag of Tanganyika Tanganyika was an East African republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, named after Lake Tanganyika, which formed its western border. ... Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar is part of Tanzania Coordinates: , Country Tanzania Islands Unguja and Pemba Capital Zanzibar City Settled AD 1000 Government - Type semi-autonomous part of Tanzania - President Amani Abeid Karume Area - Both Islands 637 sq mi (1,651 kmÂ²) Population (2004) - Both Islands 1,070... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ...

Early history

Tanzania is home to some of the oldest human settlements unearthed by archaeologists, including fossils of early humans found in and around Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, an area often referred to as "The Cradle of Mankind". These fossils include Paranthropus bones thought to be over 2 million years old, and the oldest known footprints of the immediate ancestors of humans, the Laetoli footprints, estimated to be about 3.6 million years old.^[1]. This July 2007 does not cite any references or sources. ... Olduvai Gorge, February 2006 Olduvai Gorge from space Topography of Olduvai Gorge The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge is commonly referred to as The Cradle of Mankind. ... Species â€ Paranthropus aethiopicus â€ Paranthropus boisei â€ Paranthropus robustus The robust australopithecines, members of the extinct hominin genus Paranthropus, were bipedal hominins that probably descended from the gracile australopithecine hominins (Australopithecus). ... The Plio-Pleistocene site of Laetoli in Tanzania is famous for its hominid footprints, preserved in volcanic ash (Site G). ...

Reaching back about 10,000 years, Tanzania is believed to have been populated by hunter-gatherer communities, probably Khoisan speaking people. Between three and five thousand years ago, they were joined by Cushitic-speaking people who came from the north – into which the Khoisan peoples were slowly absorbed. Cushitic peoples introduced basic techniques of agriculture, food production, and later, cattle farming.^[2] In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ... Khoisan (increasingly commonly spelled Khoesan or Khoe-San) is the name for two major ethnic groups of southern Africa. ... The Cushitic languages are a subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic languages phylum, named after the Biblical figure Cush by analogy with Semitic. ...

About 2000 years ago, Bantu Speaking people began to arrive from western Africa in a series of migrations. These groups brought and developed ironworking skills and new ideas of social and political organization. They absorbed many of the Cushitic peoples who had preceded them, as well as most of the remaining Khoisan-speaking inhabitants. Later, Nilotic pastoralists arrived, and continued to immigrate into the area through to the 18th century.^[2]^[3] Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu vs. ... The Cushitic languages are a subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic languages phylum, named after the Biblical figure Cush by analogy with Semitic. ... Nilotic people or Nilotes, in its contamporary usage, refers to some ethnic groups mainly in southern Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and northern Tanzania, who speak Nilotic languages, a large sub-group of Nilo-Saharan languages. ...

Persian and Arab traders

Beginning in the early first Millenium CE, settlements were established in coastal towns by n and n traders. The Arabs and Persians intermingled with indigenous Bantu-speakers, giving rise to both the and. Over the next few centuries, trading outposts were established all along the coast as well as on the islands of the Zanzibar archipelago and. Between the 13th and 15th centuries, in a period known as the, these settlements flourished, with trade in ,and other goods extending as far away as and.

In 1498 became the first an to reach the East African coast, and by 1525 the had subdued the entire coast. Portuguese control lasted until the early 18th century, when Arabs from established a foothold in the region. Assisted by, the indigenous coastal dwellers succeeded in driving the Portuguese from the area north of the by the early . Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan moved his capital to in 1840. The Omani focused on the inland and developed trade routes that stretched as far as and . During this time, Zanzibar became the center for the

European exploration & colonialism

When European exploration of the interior began in the mid-19th century, the interior regions were still largely unknown to Europeans. A part of the Great Lakes region the western shore of Lake Victoria consisted of many small kingdoms, most notably Karagwe and Buzinza, which were domainted by their more powerful neighbours Rwanda, Burundi, and Buganda. The Great Lakes of Africa are a series of lakes in and around the Great Rift Valley. ... Lake Victoria and the Great Rift Valley Lake Victoria height variation The lake as seen from space, looking west, with other members of the African Great Lakes forming an arc in the middle distance. ... Karagwe is one of the 6 districts of the Kagera Region of Tanzania. ... The flag of Buganda Buganda is the kingdom of the 52 clans of the Baganda people, the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day Uganda. ...

Two German missionaries reached Kilimanjaro in the 1840s. British explorers Richard Burton and John Speke crossed the interior to Lake Tanganyika in 1857. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary-explorer who crusaded against the slave trade, established his last mission at Ujiji, where he was "found" by Henry Morton Stanley, an American journalist-explorer, who had been commissioned by the New York Herald to locate him. Kilimanjaro, formerly Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze, is an inactive stratovolcano in north-eastern Tanzania. ... Richard Burton CBE (November 10, 1925 â€“ August 5, 1984) was a Welsh actor. ... John Hanning Speke (May 4, 1827-September 15, 1864) was an officer in the British Indian army, who made three voyages of exploration to Africa. ... Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in central Africa (3Â° 20 to 8Â° 48 South and from 29Â° 5 to 31Â° 15 East). ... David Livingstone (19 March 1813 â€“ 4 May 1873) was a Scottish Presbyterian pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in central Africa. ... Ujiji is the oldest town in western Tanzania. ... Sir Henry Morton Stanley, also known in the Congo as Bula Matari (Breaker of Rocks or, alternatively, Sledge Hammer) , born John Rowlands (January 28, 1841 â€“ May 10, 1904), was a journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his search for David Livingstone. ... The New York Herald was a large distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6, 1835 and 1924. ...

German colonial interests were first advanced in 1884. Karl Peters, who formed the Society for German Colonization, concluded a series of treaties by which tribal chiefs in the interior accepted German "protection." Prince Otto von Bismarck's government backed Peters in the subsequent establishment of the German East Africa Company. Karl Peters (September 27, 1856 - September 10, 1918), German traveller in Africa, one of the founders of German East Africa (East Africa, todays Tanzania), was born at Neuhaus on the Elbe, the son of a Lutheran clergyman. ... The Society for German Colonization (Gesellschaft fÃ¼r Deutsche Kolonisation) was founded on March 28, 1884 by Dr. Karl Peters. ... â€œBismarckâ€ redirects here. ... The flag of the German East Africa Company The German East Africa Company (German: Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft) was an organisation founded by Karl Peters (with imperial backing from Otto von Bismarck) on April 2, 1885 to govern German East Africa (modern Tanzania). ...

In 1886 and 1890, Anglo-German agreements were negotiated that delineated the British and German spheres of influence in the interior of East Africa and along the coastal strip previously claimed by the Sultan of Zanzibar. In 1891, the German Government took over direct administration of the territory from the German East Africa Company and appointed a governor with headquarters at Dar es Salaam. In 1698 Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman, falling under the control of the Sultan of Oman. ... Dar es Salaam (Ø¯Ø§Ø± Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ...

While the German colonial administration brought cash crops, railroads, and roads to Tanganyika, European rule provoked African resistance. Between 1891 and 1894, the Hehe — lead by Chief Mkwawa — resisted German expansion, but were eventually defeated. After a period of guerrilla warfare, Mkwawa himself was cornered and committed suicide in 1898. The resistance culminated in the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905–1907. The rebellion, which temporarily united a number of southern tribes and ended only after an estimated 120,000 Africans had died from fighting or starvation, is considered by most Tanzanians to have been one of the first stirrings of nationalism, although many historians dispute this conclusion. Research has shown that traditional hostilities played a large part in the rebellion. Flag of Tanganyika Tanganyika was an East African republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, named after Lake Tanganyika, which formed its western border. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Paramount Chief Mkwavinyika Munyigumba Mwamuyinga (1855 – 19 June or 19 July 18981), more commonly known as Chief Mkwawa, was a Hehe tribal leader in German East Africa (now Tanzania) who opposed the German colonisation. ... Guerrilla warfare (also guerilla) is the unconventional warfare and combat with which small group combatants (usually civilians) use mobile tactics (ambushes, raids, etc) to combat a larger, less mobile formal army. ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Maji Maji Rebellion, sometimes called the Maji Maji War, was an uprising by several African tribes in German East Africa against the German colonial rulers, lasting from 1905 to 1907. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ...

During World War I, an invasion attempt by the British was thwarted by German General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck at the Battle of Tanga, who, after the battle, mounted a drawn out guerrilla warfare campaign against the British. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... General Paul Erich von Lettow-Vorbeck (March 20, 1870 - March 9, 1964) was the commander of the German East Africa campaign in World War I, the only campaign of that war where Germany remained undefeated. ... Combatants German Empire British Empire Commanders Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck Arthur Aitken Strength about 1100 Askari 8000 Indian reservists Casualties 81 wounded, 61 killed 487 wounded, 360 killed The Battle of Tanga (sometimes nicknamed the Battle of the Bees) was the blundered attempt by the British Indian Army to capture... Guerrilla warfare (also guerilla) is the unconventional warfare and combat with which small group combatants (usually civilians) use mobile tactics (ambushes, raids, etc) to combat a larger, less mobile formal army. ...

German colonial domination of Tanganyika ended after World War I when control of most of the territory passed to the United Kingdom under a League of Nations mandate. Added to it was the west coast of Lake Victoria, which had previously been part of the German colonies of Rwanda and Burundi. The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919-1920. ... Lake Victoria and the Great Rift Valley Lake Victoria height variation The lake as seen from space, looking west, with other members of the African Great Lakes forming an arc in the middle distance. ...

After World War II, Tanganyika became a UN trust territory under British control. Subsequent years witnessed Tanganyika moving gradually toward self-government and independence. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ...

Independence

In 1954, Julius Nyerere, a school teacher who was then one of only two Tanganyikans educated abroad at the university level, organized a political party--the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). In May 1961, Tanganyika became autonomous, and Nyerere became Prime Minister under a new constitution. Full independence was achieved on December 9, 1961. Mr. Nyerere was elected President when Tanganyika became a republic within the Commonwealth a year after independence. Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) was President of Tanzania, and previously Tanganyika, from the countrys founding in 1964 until his retirement in 1985. ... The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) was the principal political party in the struggle for sovereignty in the East African state of Tanganyika (now Tanzania). ... is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Commonwealth of Nations as of 2006 Headquarters Marlborough House, London, UK Official languages English Membership 53 sovereign states Leaders - Queen Elizabeth II - Secretary-General Don McKinnon (since 1 April 2000) Establishment - Balfour Declaration 18 November 1926 - Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931 - London Declaration 28 April 1949 Area - Total...

Zanzibar

An early Arab/Persian trading center, Zanzibar fell under Portuguese domination in the 16th and early 17th centuries but was retaken by Omani Arabs in the early 18th century. The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Sultan Seyyid Said, who encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labor. Said bin Sultan (1790 - October 19, 1856) was Sultan of Muscat and Oman from November 20, 1804 to June 4, 1856. ... Binomial name (L.) Merrill & Perry A single dried clove flower bud Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum, syn. ...

The Arabs established their own garrisons at Zanzibar, Pemba, and Kilwa and carried on a lucrative trade in slaves and ivory. By 1840, Said had transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar and established a ruling Arab elite. The island's commerce fell increasingly into the hands of traders from the Indian subcontinent, whom Said encouraged to settle on the island. Map of Pemba Island Pemba is an island about 50 kilometres to the north of the island of Zanzibar. ... Kilwa is one of the 6 districts of the Lindi Region of Tanzania. ... Classification City Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said Area 3,500 kmÂ² [1] Population - Total (2005) - Density - Oman calculated rank 606,024 [2] 184. ...

Zanzibar's spices attracted ships from as far away as the United States. A U.S. consulate was established on the island in 1837. The United Kingdom's early interest in Zanzibar was motivated by both commerce and the determination to end the slave trade. In 1822, the British signed the first of a series of treaties with Sultan Said to curb this trade, but not until 1876 was the sale of slaves finally prohibited. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty of 1890 made Zanzibar and Pemba a British protectorate, and the Caprivi Strip in Namibia became a German protectorate. British rule through a Sultan remained largely unchanged from the late 19th century until after World War II. The Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty (German: Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag) was an 1890 agreement between the United Kingdom and the German Empire - hence also Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 - concerning mainly territorial interests in Africa. ... This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ... Location: Caprivi, Namibia Area: 19,532km (7,541 mi ) Population: 79,852 (2001), 90,422 (1991) Capital: Katima Mulilo Time Zone: South African Standard Time: UTC+1 Caprivi, sometimes called the Caprivi Strip or Caprivi Region and formally known as Itenge, is a narrow protrusion of Namibia eastwards about 450km...

On April 26, 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, this was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on October 29, 1964. is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

United Republic of Tanzania

Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom on December 19, 1963, as a constitutional monarchy under the sultan. On January 12, 1964, the African majority revolted against the sultan and a new government was formed with the ASP leader, Abeid Karume, as President of Zanzibar and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. Under the terms of its political union with Tanganyika in April 1964, the Zanzibar Government retained considerable local autonomy. is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sultan (Arabic: Ø³Ù„Ø·Ø§Ù†) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... A Chairman is the presiding officer of a meeting, organization, committee, or other deliberative body. ...

To form a sole ruling party in both parts of the union, Nyerere merged TANU with the Zanzibar ruling party, the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) of Zanzibar to form the CCM (Chama cha Mapinduzi-CCM Revolutionary Party), on February 5, 1977. The merger was reinforced by principles enunciated in the 1982 union constitution and reaffirmed in the constitution of 1984. Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) was President of Tanzania, and previously Tanganyika, from the countrys founding until his retirement. ... The Tanganyika African National Union was the principal political party in the struggle for sovereignty in the East African state of Tanganyika. ... The Afro-Shirazi Party is a union between the mostly Persian Shiraz Party and the mostly African Afro Party in the Island of Zanzibar. ... CCM banner The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party) is the ruling political party of Tanzania. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

Notes

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Categories: History of Tanzania | National histories History of Africa is the history of that continent. ... This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... Children of the 1983-1987 revolution Until the end of the 19th century, the history of Burkina Faso was dominated by the empire-building Mossi, who are believed to have come up to their present location from Northern Ghana, (where there exists the ethnically related Dagomba group). ... The known history of Cape Verde dates from the first Portuguese explorers, who arrived in the fifteenth century. ... The Central African Republic is believed to have been settled from at least the 7th century on by overlapping empires, including the Kanem-Bornu, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, and Dafour groups based around Lake Chad region and along Upper Nile. ... Early history Migration & states Colonization Stanley (1867â€“1885) Congo Free State Leopold II (1885â€“1908) Belgian Congo (1908â€“1960) Congo Crisis First Republic (1960â€“1965) Zaire Mobutu regime (1965â€“1996) First Congo War Kabilas rise (1996â€“1998) Second Congo War Africas Great War (1998â€“2003) Transitional government Towards... This is the history of CÃ´te dIvoire. ... The History of Equatorial Guinea is diverse and varied. ... The islands of SÃ£o TomÃ© and PrÃncipe were uninhabited before the arrival of the Portuguese sometime in 1469, 1470, or 1471. ... // European contacts with Sierra Leone were among the first in West Africa. ... The history of South Africa is viewed differently by various scholars and by its various population groups because South Africa is a multicultural country. ... A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... Types of administrative and/or political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ceuta is a Spanish exclave in North Africa, located on the northernmost tip of Morocco, on the Mediterranean coast near the Straits of Gibraltar. ... Area â€“ Total 20 kmÂ² (8 miÂ²) Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ Density 65,488 3274. ... Puntland considers itself as an autonomous state within Somalia. ... Uninhabited when first discovered by the Portuguese in 1502, who named it for Helena of Constantinople, the island now known as Saint Helena was garrisoned by the British during the 17th century. ... // What is left of Awam Temple or the Sun temple in Marib. ... The History of Somaliland encompasses a wide range of historical Somali issues and archaeological sources which date back to Prehistoric times. ... // Western Sahara area has never formed a state in the modern sense of the word. ...

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