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This article deals with the history of the country now called Zambia from prehistoric times to the present. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Prehistoric man. ... Contents 1 Early history 2 Colonial Period 3 Independence 3.1 Towards one party rule 3.2 The economy and the copper crisis 3.3 Foreign policy 4 Multiparty democracy 4.1 The end of one party rule 4.2 Frederick Chiluba and the MMD 4.2.1 Coups and emergencies 4.2.2 2001 elections 5 References 5.1 General 5.2 Early history 5.3 Independence 5.4 Multiparty democarcy [edit] Early history The original inhabitants of modern day Zambia were bushmen (also called San), who were hunters and gatherers who lived a nomadic life, with stone age technology. Mainly they gathered fruits and nuts, but they also hunted antelope. The Bushmen (also known as Basarwa in Tswana, or San in Nama) are an indigenous population of the Kalahari Desert, which spans South Africa and neighboring Botswana and Namibia as well as southern Angola. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ... Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ... Stone Age fishing hook. ... Genera Aepyceros Alcelaphus Antidorcas Antilope Cephalophus Connochaetes Damaliscus Gazella Hippotragus Kobus Madoqua Neotragus Oreotragus Oryx Ourebia Pantholops Procapra Sylvicapra Taurotragus Tragelaphus and others Antelope are herbivorous mammals of the family Bovidae, (usually) distinguished by a pair of hollow horns on their heads. ... The bushmen were the only inhabitants of the region until the 4th century, when bantu people started to immigrate from the north. They had far more developed technology - they were farmers and had iron and copper tools and weapons, as well as knowledge about pottery. They were sedentary and lived in small self sufficient villages with a few houses, growing sorghum and beans, as well as keeping cattle and goats. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu (dull yellow) vs. ... Farmer spreading grasshopper bait in his alfalfa field. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Atomic mass 63. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... i am vegeta ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... Species About 30 species, see text Sorghum is a genus of about 30 species of grasses raised for grain, native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eastern Africa, with one species native to Mexico. ... This article is on the plant. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... For the animal, see goat. ... Since the early farmers practised slash and burn agriculture, they had to constantly move further south when the soil was exhausted. The indigenous bushmen were either assimilated into the new culture or pushed aside into areas not suitable for agriculture. Assarting in Finland in 1892 Slash and burn (a specific practice that may be part of shifting cultivation or swidden-fallow agriculture) is an agricultural procedure widely used in forested areas. ... Loess field in Germany Soil horizons are formed by combined biological, chemical and physical alterations. ... The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... Assimilation, from Latin assimilatio meaning to render similar, is used to describe various phenomena: The process of assimilating new ideas into a schema (cognitive structure). ... With the introduction of agriculture the population grew, and more and more land became cultivated. By the 11th and 12th centuries a more advanced society was beginning to emerge. Even though most villages still were self sufficient, long distance trade was developing. Copper mining was intensified, and copper crosses were probably used as a currency. Ivory carvings and cotton textiles were other export commodities. One of the most famous archaeological sites for this period is Ing-ombe Ilede. The increase in trade resulted in larger political units and more complex social structures. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... A fruit stand at a market. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Ing-ombe Ilede is an archaeological site in Zambia, on a hill near the confluence of the Zambezi and Lusitu rivers, near the town of Siavonga close to the Kariba Dam. ... The period between the 16th and the 19th centuries saw the emergence of organised Iron Age kingdoms as well as widespread immigration. Four kingdoms was established in this period - among the Lunda in the north centered around the lower Luapula River, the Bemba in the north east, the Chewa in the east and the Lozi in the west centered around the upper Zambezi River. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... In politics, a country (or in some cases, a group of countries) over which a king or queen reigns, is a kingdom, see: monarchy. ... Lunda, also known as Chilunda, is a Bantu language (of the larger Niger-Congo family) that is spoken in Zambia, Angola and, to a lesser extent, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ... The Luapula River is a river in central Africa. ... Bemba, also known as Chibemba and Ichibemba, is a Bantu language that is spoken primarily in Zambia but is also spoken in surrounding countries. ... The Chewa are a people of Central/Southern Africa. ... Lozi, also known as Silozi and Rozi, is a Bantu language (of the Niger-Congo language family) that is spoken by the Lozi people primarily in southwestern Zambia and also, to a lesser extent, in surrounding countries. ... Zambezi River in North Western Zambia The Zambezi (also spelled Zambesi) is a river in Southern Africa. ... The inland area of Zambia was not reached by foreigners for a long, long time. Earlier arab tradesmen and later Portuguese and other European on the east coast never reached that far into the African continent. The first European to set his foot on Zambian soil was David Livingstone. In 1851 he made his famous exploration of the area, and in 1855 he became the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the Zambezi River. He named the falls after Queen Victoria, and the Zambian town near the falls is named after him. Livingstone later died in Zambia in 1873. For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... Europe at its furthest extent, reaching to the Urals. ... David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish Presbyterian pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in central Africa. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Zambezi River in North Western Zambia The Zambezi (also spelled Zambesi) is a river in Southern Africa. ... Queen Victoria, see Queen Victoria (ship). ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... When the first Europeans arrived, by far the most important state in what is now Zambia was the kingdom of Barotseland, ruled by the Lozi people. When the kingdom was first established is uncertain, but it was certainly existing by the 18th century, the Lozi calling themselves Aluya and their country Ngulu. Its ruler was called Litunga, and had two capitals: in the dry season he stayed at Lealui, while in the rainy season he moved to Limulunga, a move that is still celebrated in the Kuomboka annual festival. Barotseland is a region in western Zambia which is the homeland of the Lozi people. ... The flag of the Lozi people The Lozi people are an ethnic group primarily of western Zambia, inhabiting the region of Barotseland. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The dry season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the tropics. ... Lealui is the dry season residence of the Litunga, king of the Lozi people of western Zambia. ... The wet season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the tropics. ... Limulunga is one of the two compounds of the Litunga, king of the Lozi people of western Zambia. ... The Kings barge Kuomboka is a Luyana name literally meaning ‘to get out of water’. It is applied today to a traditional ceremony taking place at the end of the rain season, when the upper Zambezi River floods the plains in western Zambia. ... A festival is an event, usually staged by a local community, which centers on some unique aspect of that community. ... The first certain historical fact concerning Barotseland is in the early 19th century the trek of the Makololo, a clan of the South-african Basotho or Tswana people. Utterly defeated by Shaka's new Zulu kingdom in the 1820s, the Makololo under the guide of Sebetwane were forced to march north till they conquered the Lozi and became the aristocracy of Barotseland, with Sebitwane as new Litunga. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... In South African history, the Great Trek was an eastward and north-eastward migration of the Boers, descendants primarily of immigrants from western mainland Europe. ... The Makololo are a people of Southern Africa. ... This article is about the country on the southern tip of the African continent. ... Tswana (Motswana, plural Batswana) is the name of a Southern African people. ... Only known drawing of Shaka standing with the long throwing assegai and the heavy shield in 1824 - four years before his death Shaka (sometimes spelled Tshaka, Tchaka or Chaka; ca. ... The Zulu (South African English and isiZulu: amaZulu) are an African ethnic group of about 11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. ... Sebetwane was a Basotho chief who after the Mfecane generated by the Zulu king Shaka migrated north in the 1820s at the head of his composite clan (called Makololo by the name of his favourite wife) from present-day Free State Province, in South Africa. ... Sebetwane proved an able leader, and is spoken of with warm respect by David Livingstone, who met him in 1851 shortly before his death. He was succeeded by his daughter Mamochisane, who early stepped down in favour of her half-brother Sekeletu. With him the Makololo empire appears to have started to fall to pieces, especially after his death in 1863: a year later internal dissension in the ruling class brought to a revolt by the Lozi that is said to have exterminated the Makololo aristocracy and forced the survivors to migrate to present-day Malawi. David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish Presbyterian pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in central Africa. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Mamochisane was the daughter of Sebetwane, a Makololo queen who ruled over many people, but especially the Lozi, in Barotseland, today Western Zambia. ... Sekeletu, son of Sebetwane and , was the Makololo king of Barotseland, in western Zambia, from about 1851 to his death in 1863, caused by leprosy. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... [edit] Colonial Period Cecil Rhodes. Main article: Northern Rhodesia In 1888, Cecil Rhodes, spearheading British commercial and political interests in Central Africa, obtained a mineral rights concession from local chiefs. In the same year, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, now Zambia and Zimbabwe, were proclaimed a British sphere of influence. To start with the territory was administered by Rhodes' British South Africa Company, which showed little interest for the province and used it mainly as a supplier of cheap labour. Image File history File links CecilRhodes. ... Image File history File links CecilRhodes. ... Cecil Rhodes. ... Flag of Northern Rhodesia. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... Cecil Rhodes. ... National motto: Sit Nomine Digna (Latin: May she be worthy of the name) Official language English Capital Salisbury Political system Parliamentary system Form of government Constitutional monarchy (until 1970) Republic (March 2, 1970) - Last President John Wrathall - Prime Minister Ian Smith Area  - Total  - % water 390 580 km² 1% Population  - 1978... A sphere of influence (SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural, economic, military or political domination. ... The flag of the British South Africa Company The British South Africa Company (BSAC) was established by Cecil Rhodes through the amalgamation of the Central Search Association and the Exploring Company, Ltd. ... In 1923 the British government decided not to renew the company's charter; as a result, Southern Rhodesia was annexed formally and granted self-government in 1923. After negotiations the administration of Northern Rhodesia was transferred to the British colonial office in 1924 as a protectorate, with Livingstone as capital. It was later transferred to Lusaka in 1935. A Legislative Council was established, of which five members were elected by the small European minority (only 4,000 people), but none by the African population. 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British colony situated immediately to the north of South Africa, known today as Zimbabwe. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Flag of Northern Rhodesia. ... The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British colonies. ... Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Memorial to David Livingstone Livingstone, main street Livingstone also Maramba is a town and provincial capital in Zambia, located about 10 km from Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. ... Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A Legislative Council in British constitutional thought is the second-to-top tier of a government led by a Governor-General, Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor, inferior to an Executive Council and equal to or superior to a Legislative Assembly. ... Flag of Northern Rhodesia. In 1928 important discoveries were made in the region from then on called Copperbelt - enormous copper deposits were found, transforming Northern Rhodesia from a prospective land of colonization for white farmers to a copper exporter. Already in 1938 it produces 13% of world's copper extracted. The sector was immediately monopolized by the Anglo American Corporation (AAC, North-American) and the Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST, South African), who would control the sector till independence. Image File history File links Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia-1939. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia-1939. ... Flag of Northern Rhodesia. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... The Copperbelt is a province of Zambia which is very rich in mineral deposits. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Atomic mass 63. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Anglo American plc is a world-wide group of companies, originally founded in South Africa as a mining enterprise but now extending into other areas. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... The bad security conditions and increased taxes helped to trigger a strike of African mineworkers in 1935, known as the Copperbelt strike. The strike was crushed by the authorities that killed 13 miners in the repression. 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Copperbelt strike in May 1935 was a great strike action which was performed by African mineworkers in the Copperbelt (then in Northern Rhodesia, today called Zambia) to protest against unfair taxes imposed by the British colonial authorities. ... During the Second World War white miners came out on strike in 1940. Realising the importance of their products for the war, they demanded higher salaries. This strike was followed by another by African mineworkers. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Even before the war, there had been talks about merging the two Rhodesia's, but the process had been halted by the British authorities, and brought to an absolute stop by the war. Finally, in 1953, both Rhodesia's were joined with Nyasaland (now Malawi) to form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Northern Rhodesia was the center of much of the turmoil and crisis that characterized the federation in its last years. At the core of the controversy were insistent African demands for greater participation in government and European fears of losing political control. 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Official language English Federal Capital Salisbury (Harare) Form of Government Federal Dominion Head of State Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Humphrey Gibbs Prime Minister Roy Welensky Establishment August 10, 1953 Dissolution December 31, 1963 Currency Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound 1 Time zone  - in summer EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC... A two-stage election held in October and December 1962 resulted in an African majority in the legislative council and an uneasy coalition between the two African nationalist parties. The council passed resolutions calling for Northern Rhodesia's secession from the federation and demanding full internal self-government under a new constitution and a new national assembly based on a broader, more democratic franchise. On December 31, 1963, the federation was dissolved, and Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on October 24, 1964. 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Flag of Northern Rhodesia. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... [edit] Independence A book published by the government upon independence. At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. Abroad many of Zambias neighbouring countries were still colonies or under white minority rule. Image File history File links Zambia_Ind000. ... Image File history File links Zambia_Ind000. ... This article is about a political topic. ... A dominant minority is a group that has overwhelming political, economic or cultural dominance in a country or region despite representing a small fraction of the overall population (a demographic minority). ... United National Independence Party (UNIP) won the first legislative election in Zambia, gaining 55 of the 75 seats. The African National Congress won 10 seats, and the National Progressive Party won all the 10 seats reserved for whites.[1] Kenneth Kaunda was elected prime minister, and later the same year president, as the country adopted a presidential system. The United National Independence Party is a political party in Zambia. ... The African National Congress (ANC) is a Communist political party, and has been South Africas governing party supported by a tripartite alliance between itself, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP) since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994. ... There are a number of National Progressive Parties in the world: National Progressive Party (Finland) National Progressive Party (Kiribati) National Progressive Party (Lesotho) National Progressive Party (Montserrat) National Progressive Party (Namibia) National Progressive Party (USA) This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same... Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Kaunda, commonly known as KK (born April 28, 1924) was the first President of Zambia (1964–1991). ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Kaunda adopted an ideology of African socialism, close to that of Julius Nyerere in Tanzania. Economical policies focused on central planning and nationalisation, and a system of one party rule was enforced, close to those of the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China. An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... African socialism is the belief in the doctrine of sharing economic resources in a traditional African way, as compared to classical socialism. ... Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) was President of Tanzania, and previously Tanganyika, from the countrys founding in 1964 until his retirement in 1985. ... A planned economy is an economic system in which decisions about the production, allocation and consumption of goods and services are planned ahead of time, usually in a centralized fashion, though some proposed systems favour decentralized planning. ... Nationalization is the act of taking assets into state ownership. ... States in which a single party is constitutionally linked to power are coloured in brown. ... [edit] Towards one party rule Kenneth Kaunda, president of Zambia 1964-1991. In 1968 Kaunda was re-elected as president, running unopposed. During the following years Zambia adopted a one party system. In 1972 all political parties except UNIP was banned, and this was formalised in a new constitution that was adopted in 1973. The constitution framed a system called "one-party participatory democracy", which in practise meant that UNIP became the sole political factor in the country. It provided for a strong president and a unicameral National Assembly. National policy was formulated by the Central Committee of UNIP. The cabinet executed the central committee's policy. In legislative elections, only candidates running for UNIP was allowed to participate. Even though inter-party competition was out of question, the contest for seats within UNIP was big. In the presidential elections, the only candidate allowed to run was the one elected as president of UNIP at the party's general conference. In this way Kaunda was re-elected unopposed with a yes or no vote in 1973, 1978, 1983 and 1988. Image File history File links Kenneth_Kaunda_headshot. ... Image File history File links Kenneth_Kaunda_headshot. ... Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Kaunda, commonly known as KK (born April 28, 1924) was the first President of Zambia (1964–1991). ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... This page contains a list of presidents of Zambia. ... Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. ... The unicameral National Assembly of Zambia is the countrys legislative body. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... [edit] The economy and the copper crisis After independence Zambia adopted a left wing economical policy. The economy was to some extent run by central planning, under five year plans, private companies were nationalised and incorporated into big state owned conglomerates. The governments goal was to be self sufficient, which it sought to achieve through import substitution. At first the plan worked out and the economy grew steadily, but in the mid 70's the economy started to decline drastically. During the period between 1975 and 1990 Zambia's economy dropped with approximately 30%.[2] In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... An economy is a set of human and social activities and institutions related to the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services. ... Five-Year Plans or Piatiletkas (пятилетка) were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. ... Nationalization is the act of taking assets into state ownership. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... Import substitution industrialization (also called ISI) is a trade and economic policy based on the premise that a developing country should attempt to substitute products which it imports, mostly finished goods, with locally produced substitutes. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s - 110s - 120s 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 Note: Sometimes the 70s is used as shorthand for the 1970s, the 1870s, or other such decades in other centuries... Decline is change from previously efficient to inefficient organizational functioning, from previously rational to non-rational organizational and individual decision-making, from previously law-abiding to law violating organizational and individual behavior, from previously virtuous to iniquitous individual moral behavior. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The reason for this was that the Zambian economy was heavily dependent on the copper industry, which had previously been nationalised. During the 70's the price of copper sank drastically, resulting in a large deficit for the state owned enterprise. Another reason for the drop was Zambia's involvement in the neighbouring countries politics, and the transportation problems this resulted-in. A budget deficit occurs when an entity (often a government) spends more money than it takes in. ... To deal with the crisis Zambia took big loans from the International Monetary Fund and the Worldbank, hoping that copper prices would rise again soon, instead of issuing structural reforms. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. ... The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means of financing states. ... [edit] Foreign policy Internationally, Zambia's sympathies lay with forces opposing colonial or white-dominated rule. During the next decade, it actively supported movements such as the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) under the independence war and under the subsequent civil war, the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) in Southern Rhodesia, the African National Congress (ANC) in their struggle against apartheid in South Africa, and the South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) in their struggle for independence for Namibia. Zambia also hosted some of the movements. For instance, the ANC exile head quarters were in Lusaka, and ZAPU had a military base in Zambia. This resulted in security problems, as the South Africa and South Rhodesia raided targets inside Zambia on several occasions. UNITA sticker The União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA) is an Angolan political faction. ... A UNITA sticker The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, more commonly known as UNITA (acronymn for its Portuguese name União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola), is an Angolan political faction. ... [[Media:Media:Example. ... The Zimbabwe African Peoples Union was a political party in Zimbabwe. ... Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British colony situated immediately to the north of South Africa, known today as Zimbabwe. ... The African National Congress (ANC) is a Communist political party, and has been South Africas governing party supported by a tripartite alliance between itself, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP) since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... The South West African Peoples Organization is a political party in Namibia. ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. ... Conflicts with Rhodesia resulted in the closing of Zambia's borders with that country and severe problems with international transport and power supply. However, the Kariba hydroelectric station on the Zambezi River provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the country's requirements for electricity. TAZARA, a railroad to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam, built with Chinese assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on railroad lines south to South Africa and west through an increasingly war ravaged Angola. A wall wart style variable DC power supply with its cover removed. ... Lake Kariba The Kariba Dam is a hydroelectric dam in the Kariba Gorge of the Zambezi river basin in Southern Africa. ... Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ... Zambezi River in North Western Zambia The Zambezi (also spelled Zambesi) is a river in Southern Africa. ... TAZARA Train The Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority(TAZARA) was established in the 1970s to build a railway to serve landlocked Zambia as an alternative to rail lines via apartheid-controlled Rhodesia and South Africa. ... Dar es Salaam (دار السلام), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ... The civil wars of neighbouring Mozambique and Angola caused problems with refugees, who came to Zambia in big numbers. A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... Internationally, Zambia was an active member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), and hosted a summit in Lusaka in 1970 and Kenneth Kaunda served as the movements chairman 1970-1973. Among the NAM countries Zambia was especially close to Yugoslavia. Outside the NAM Zambia also had close relations with the Peoples Republic of China. Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in Latin, Југославија in Cyrillic, English: Land of the South Slavs) describes four political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... [edit] Multiparty democracy [edit] The end of one party rule The one party rule and the declining economy created disappointment among the people. Several strikes hit the country in 1981. The government responded by arresting several union leaders, among them Frederick Chiluba. In 1986 and 1987 protests arose again in Lusaka and the Copperbelt. These were followed by riots over rising food prices in 1991, in which at least 30 people were killed. The same year the state owned radio claimed that Kaunda had been removed from office by the army. This was not true, and the coup attempt failed. 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Union generally refers to two or more things joined into one, such as an organization of multiple people or organizations, multiple objects combined into one, and so on. ... Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba (born April 30, 1943) was the second President of Zambia (1991 - 2002). ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Zambian Defense Force (ZDF) consists of the army, the air force, and Zambian National Service (ZNS). ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... These extensive protests made Kaunda realise the need for reform. He promised a referendum on multiparty democracy, and lifted the ban on political parties. This resulted in the quick formation of eleven new parties. Among these Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), led by former union leader Frederick Chiluba, was the most important. After pressure for the new parties the referendum was canceled in favour for direct multiparty election. Reform can refer to: Reform (think tank) Reform, Alabama Reform Judaism Reform movement Reform of an individual, from conditions stemming from crime, drugs, or physical maladies. ... Ballots of the Argentine plebiscite of 1984 on the border treaty with Chile A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... A multi-party system is a type of party system. ... The Movement for Multiparty Democracy is a political party in Zambia. ... [edit] Frederick Chiluba and the MMD Frederick Chiluba. After a new constitution had been drafted, elections were held in 1991. They were generally regarded to have been free and fair, and Chiluba won 76% of the presidential vote, and the MMD 125 of the 150 seats in the National Assembly, with the UNIP taking the remaining 25.[1] Image File history File links Chiluba. ... Image File history File links Chiluba. ... Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba (born April 30, 1943) was the second President of Zambia (1991 - 2002). ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The unicameral National Assembly of Zambia is the countrys legislative body. ... The United National Independence Party (UNIP) is a political party in Zambia. ... Economically Chiluba, despite being a former union leader, stood to the right of Kaunda. With support from the IMF and Worldbank, to which Zambia was heavily indebted, he liberalised the economy by restricting government interference, privatising state owned enterprise, such as the important copper mining industry, and removing subsidies on different commodities, most notably on corn meal. The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring foreign exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means of financing states. ... Cornmeal is dried, ground maize corn. ... When the one party rule first was abolished in 1991, many expected a more democratic future for Zambia. These expectations were however clouded by the MMD's treatment of the opposition. Questionable amendments of the constitution and detentions of political opponents caused major criticism, and some donor countries, i.e., the United Kingdom and Denmark, withdraw their aid. 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up Aid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... [edit] Coups and emergencies In 1993 the government owned newspaper "The Times of Zambia" reported a story about a secret UNIP plan to take control of government by unconstitutional means, called the "Zero Operation Plan". The plan included industrial unrest, promotion of violence and organisations of mass protests. The UNIP did not deny the existence of such a plan, but underlined that it was not a part of their official policy, but the views of extremists within the party. The government responded by declaring a state of emergency and putting 26 people into detention. Of these seven, including Kenneth Kaunda's son Wezi Kaunda were charged with offences against the security of the state. The rest were released.[3] A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Prior to the 1996 elections, the UNIP formed an alliance with six other opposition parties. Kenneth Kaunda had earlier retired from politics, but after internal turbulence in the party, due to the "Zero Operation Plan" scandal, he returned, replacing his own successor Kebby Musokotwane. Chiluba's government then amended the constitution, banning people whose parents were not both Zambian citizens from becoming president. This was directly aimed at Kaunda, whose parents were both from Malawi. In protest the UNIP and its allies boycotted the elections, which were then easily won by Chiluba and the MMD. 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Kebby Musokotwane (1946 February 11, 1996) was a politician from Zambia. ... In 1997 matters escalated. On October 28 a coup d'etat took place, as a group of army commanders took control over the national radio station, broadcasting a message stating that Chiluba was no longer president. The coup was brought to an end by regular forces, after Chiluba had again declared a state of emergency. One person was killed during the operation. After the failed coup the police arrested at least 84 people accused of involvement.[4] Among these were Kenneth Kaunda and Dean Mungomba, leader of the opposition party the Zambia Democratic Congress. The arrests were condemned and criticised as illegal inside as well as outside Zambia, and accusations of torture were made as well.[5] Kaunda was released in June the following year, but 44 of the soldiers who took part in the coup were sentenced to death in 2003.[6] 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... Torture is the infliction of pain intended to break the will of the victim or victims. ... June is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with a length of 30 days. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... [edit] 2001 elections Prior to the elections in 2001 Chiluba tried to change the constitution to allow him to run for a third term. He was forced to step back on this point after protest from within the party as well as from the Zambian public. 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... [edit] References A poster from the Anti Corruption Commission. Image:ZambiaMosaic.jpg A mosaic of Zambias coat of arms on former president Kenneth Kaundas house. ^ a b Elections in Zambia. African Elections Database. Retrieved on 2006-10-11. ^ Zambia - Economic History. Biz/ed. Retrieved on 2006-10-11. ^ Zambia - Elections and Human Rights in the Third Republic. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved on 2006-10-16. ^ Zambia holding 84 over coup bid. BBC. Retrieved on 2006-10-16. ^ Zambia 'tortured coup suspects'. BBC. Retrieved on 2006-10-16. ^ Zambia: Forty-four soldiers to be executed. Amnesty. Retrieved on 2006-10-16. [edit] General Background Note: Zambia. U.S. Department of State. "Zambia". Nationalencyklopedin (1) 20: 270. (1996). Bokförlaget Bra Böcker. Holmes, Tim. The History of Zambia. The Zambian. Retrieved on 2006-10-10. [edit] Early history Lambert, Tim. A Short History of Zambia. Retrieved on 2006-10-19. Zambia > History > Archaelology and early history. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2006-10-19 pussy cunt muffin. [edit] Independence Zambia - Economic History. Biz/ed. Retrieved on 2006-10-11. [edit] Multiparty democarcy Zambia - Elections and Human Rights in the Third Republic. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved on 2006-10-16. Zambia (Swedish). Barnfonden (The Childrens Fund). Retrieved on 2006-10-16. ZAMBIA: Coup attempt must not lead to arbitrary arrests and ill-treatment. Amnesty. Retrieved on 2006-10-16. v • d • e History of Africa Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) · Djibouti · Egypt · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x577, 321 KB) Poster from the Anti Corruption Commission of Zambia. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x577, 321 KB) Poster from the Anti Corruption Commission of Zambia. ... Mosaic is the art of decoration with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other material. ... Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Kaunda, commonly known as KK (born April 28, 1924) was the first President of Zambia (1964–1991). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... The following is an outline of African history, followed by a list of articles about the history of particular places in Africa. ... Children of the 1983-1987 revolution Until the end of the 19th century, the history of Burkina Faso was dominated by the empire-building Mossi, who are believed to have come up to their present location from Northern Ghana, (where there exists the ethnically related Dagomba group). ... The known history of Cape Verde dates from the first Portuguese explorers, who arrived in the fifteenth century. ... The Central African Republic is believed to have been settled from at least the 7th century on by overlapping empires, including the Kanem-Bornu, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, and Dafour groups based around Lake Chad region and along Upper Nile. ... // Early history Main article: Early Congolese history The area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 10,000 years ago and settled in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. by Bantus from present-day Nigeria. ... This is the history of Côte dIvoire. ... The first inhabitants of the region that is now Equatorial Guinea are believed to have been Pygmies, of whom only isolated pockets remain in northern Rio Muni. ... The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were uninhabited before the arrival of the Portuguese sometime in 1469, 1470, or 1471. ... // Early history and slavery European contacts with Sierra Leone were among the first in West Africa. ... The history of South Africa is viewed differently by various scholars and by its various population groups because South Africa is a multicultural country. ...