Part of History of the Philippines
Pre-1521
1521–1898
1898–1946
1946–1965
1965–1986
1986–present
Philippine Revolution Katipunan First Philippine Republic Image File history File links Philippine_History_Collage. ... This article covers the history of the Philippines before the first arrivial of Europeans in 1521. ... Spanish East Indies This article covers the history of the Philippines from the arrival of European explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, to the end of Spanish rule in 1898. ... This article covers the history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. ... This article covers the history of the Philippines from the granting of independence in 1946 to the end of the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal. ... This article covers the history of the Philippines during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. ... This article covers the history of the Philippines following the 1986 EDSA Revolution. ... Combatants Filipino independence movement Spanish Empire Commanders Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Strength 80,000 soldiers unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Philippine Revolution (1896—1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. ... This article is about the Philippine revolutionary organization. ... Flag Anthem: Himno Nacional Filipina Location of Filipinas in Asia Capital Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan January 23, 1899-March 29, 1899 San Isidro, Nueva Ecija March 29, 1899-May 9, 1899 Palanan, Isabela September 6, 1900-March 23, 1901 Language(s) Spanish (official), Tagalog Government Republic President  - 1898-1901 Emilio...
Timeline Military history Communications history Demographic history Transportation history This is a timeline of Philippine history. ... // List of major battles Battle of Manila Battle of Bataan Battle of Mactan Battle of Corregidor Battle of Luzon Battle of Leyte Battle of Pulang Lupa Balangiga Massacre Small Wars Wars with local Islamic Extremists Wars with local Communist Insurgents Foreign Service International Force East Timor see INTERFET UN Transitional... Telephones - main lines in use: 7. ... According to Philippine government statistics and current census data, some 95% of the population is ethnically Malay, descendants of immigrants from the Malay Peninsula and Indonesian archipelago, who arrived long before the Christian era. ... Land Transportation Railways narrow gauge (1067 mm), 492 km (an additional 405 km are not in operation) (2001) Most are on Luzon, operated by the Philippine National Railways. ...
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See also: Timeline of Philippine history.

The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans via land bridges at least 30,000 years ago.^[1] The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan on Homonhon Island, southeast of Samar on March 16, 1521.^[2] This is a timeline of Philippine history. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ... Occident redirects here. ... For the Presidential railcar named Ferdinand Magellan, see Ferdinand Magellan Railcar. ... Homonhon Island is an island of the Philippines. ... For other uses, please see Samar (disambiguation). ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. ...

Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition and permanent settlement in the island of Cebu.^[3], and more settlements continued northward with the colonizers reaching the bay of Manila on the island of Luzon.^[4] In Manila they established a new town and thus began an era of Spanish colonization that lasted for more than three centuries.^[5] Miguel López de Legazpi (1502 - August 20, 1572, Manila), also known as El Adelantado (The Governor) and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who established the first colony in the Philippine Islands in 1565. ... For other uses, see Cebu (disambiguation). ... For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). ... Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ...

Spanish rule brought political unification to an archipelago of previously independent islands and communities that later became the Philippines, and introduced elements of western civilization such as the code of law, printing and the calendar. The Philippines was ruled as a territory of New Spain from 1565 to 1821, and then administered directly from Madrid. During the Spanish period numerous towns were founded, infrastructures built, new crops and livestock introduced, and trade flourished. Spanish missionaries converted most of the population to Christianity and founded schools, universities and hospitals across the islands. map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ...

The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April of 1896, culminating two years later with a proclamation of independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. However, the Treaty of Paris, at the end of the Spanish-American War, transferred control of the Philippines to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine Government which, on June 2, 1899, proclaimed a Declaration of War against the U.S.^[6] The Philippine-American War which ensued resulted in massive Filipino casualties.^[7] Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 and the U.S. government declared the conflict officially over in 1902. The Filipino leaders, for the most part, accepted that the Americans had won, but hostilities continued until 1913. U.S. colonial rule of the Philippines started in 1905 with very limited local rule. Partial autonomy (commonwealth status) was granted in 1935, preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States in 1946. Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the islands during World War II. ^[4] Combatants Filipino independence movement Spanish Empire Commanders Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Strength 80,000 soldiers unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Philippine Revolution (1896—1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. ... Flag Anthem: Himno Nacional Filipina Location of Filipinas in Asia Capital Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan January 23, 1899-March 29, 1899 San Isidro, Nueva Ecija March 29, 1899-May 9, 1899 Palanan, Isabela September 6, 1900-March 23, 1901 Language(s) Spanish (official), Tagalog Government Republic President  - 1898-1901 Emilio... The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. ... Belligerents United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Kingdom of Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey Máximo Gómez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías y Casado Ramón Blanco y Erenas Casualties and losses 385 KIA USA 5,000... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs a declaration of war against the Empire of Japan on December 8, 1941, one day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. ... Belligerents United States Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts First Philippine Republic several groups post-1902 Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar several unofficial leaders post-1902 Strength 126,000 soldiers[1] First Philippine Republic: 80,000 soldiers Casualties and losses ~5,000-7,000[1][2] ~12,000... Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

With a promising economy in the 1950s and 1960s, the Philippines in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw a rise of student activism and civil unrest against the corrupt dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos who declared martial law in 1972.^[4] Because of close ties between United States and President Marcos, the U.S. government continued to support Marcos even though his administration was well-known for massive corruption and extensive human rights abuse. The peaceful and bloodless People Power Revolution of 1986, however, brought about the ousting of Marcos (who fled Manila on board a U.S. military helicopter, eventually arriving in Hawaii where he was exiled until his death) and a return to democracy for the country. The period since then, however, has been marked by political instability and hampered economic productivity. Students occupying Sheffield town hall over the introduction of higher education fees Student activism is work done by students to effect political, environmental, economic, or social change. ... Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1966 to 1986. ... Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal         For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... The EDSA Revolution, also referred to as the People Power Revolution and the Philippine Revolution of 1986, was a mostly nonviolent mass demonstration in the Philippines. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Reynato Puno Court of Appeals · Sandiganbayan Court of Tax Appeals · Ombudsman Elections Commission on Elections 2007 | 2004 | 2001 | 1998 1995 | 1992 | 1987 | 1986 | All Foreign relations Government Website Human rights Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      The political system in the Philippines takes place in an...

[edit] Early history

Main article: History of the Philippines (until 1521)

A raised-relief map of Southeast Asia

A 16th century Tagalog couple of the maharlika nobility caste

Human fossil records indicate that the Philippines may have been inhabited for thousands of years. According to earlier archaeological findings, the first man in the Philippines came from the islands around Asia which Professor H. Otley Beyer, eminent American authority on Philippine archeology and anthropology, dubbed the "Dawn Man".^[8] Yet the oldest human fossil found in the Philippines thus far is the 22,000-year-old skull cap of a "Stone-Age Filipino" discovered by Dr. Robert B. Fox, an American anthropologist of the National Museum, inside Lucy Cave, Palawan, on May 28, 1962 and dubbed the "Tabon Man".^[9] This article covers the history of the Philippines before the first arrivial of Europeans in 1521. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A raised-relief map or terrain model is a three dimensional representation, usually of terrain. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Image File history File links Boxer_codex. ... Image File history File links Boxer_codex. ... For other uses, see Fossil (disambiguation). ... Henry Otley Beyer (July 13, 1883-1966) was an American anthropologist, who spent most of his adult life in the Philippines teaching Filipinos and other scholars about Philippine indigenous culture. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... This article is about the social science. ... A national museum is a museum maintained by a nation. ... Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Tabon Man is a term used to reference a particular set of remains of Homo Sapiens. ...

The Tabon caves of Palawan indicate settlement for at least 30,500 years; these hunter-gatherers used stone flake tools.^[10] Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. ... In archaeology, a lithic flake is a thin, sharp fragment of stone that results from the process of lithic reduction. ...

After these early settlers, the Negrito arrived, whose ancestors include the Ati and the Aeta.^[8] Ati woman Negrito refers a dwindling ethnic group which is now restricted to parts of Southeast Asia. ... The Ati are an indigenous tribe of Negritos on the island of Panay in the Philippines. ... The Aeta are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of the Philippines. ...

An Ati woman in Boracay, whose tribe belong to the Negritos, the earliest surviving inhabitants of the Philippines

The Austronesian-speaking peoples originated from Proto-Austronesian peoples in South China, coastal Southeast Asia, and island Southeast Asia. The two best known hypotheses are that the Austronesian languages developed either in Taiwan about 7,000 years ago or in island Southeast Asia. The Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples, an Austronesian branch, settled in the Philippines about 3,000 BC, and spread eastward to the Pacific Islands, and westward to Madagascar. ^[11] Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Boracay is a tropical island located approximately 315km (200 miles) south of Manila and 2km off the northwest tip of the island of Panay in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines. ... Ati woman Negrito refers a dwindling ethnic group which is now restricted to parts of Southeast Asia. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages used by some 351 million speakers. ...

The Philippines had trade relations with China and Japan and strong cultural ties with India through neighboring present-day Malaysia and Indonesia as early as the 9th to the 12th century.^[4]

The social and political organization of the population, in the widely scattered islands, evolved into a generally common pattern. Only the permanent-field rice farmers of northern Luzon had any concept of territoriality.^[1] Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ...

^[12] The basic unit of settlement was the barangay, originally a kinship group headed by a datu (chief). Within the barangay, the broad social divisions consisted of the maharlika (nobles), including the datu; timawa (freemen); and a group described before the Spanish period as dependents. Dependents included several categories with differing status: landless agricultural workers; those who had lost freeman status because of indebtedness or punishment for crime; and alipin (slaves), most of whom appear to have been war captives.^[1] A barangay (Tagalog: baranggay , pronounced as ba-rang-gai, gai as in guy), also known by its former name, the barrio, is the smallest local government unit in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. ... Datu or datto is the title for ancient tribal chieftains and monarchs in pre-Hispanic Philippines. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Oath of a Freeman // Freeman The term freeman was generally an English or American Colonial expression in Puritan times, which referred to those persons who were not under legal restraint – usually for the payment of an outstanding debt, because of their continual...

Islam was brought to the Philippines by traders and proselytizers from Malaysia and Indonesia. Islamization of the Philippines is due to the strength of Muslim India.^[13] By the 13th century, Islam was established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there to Mindanao; it had reached the Manila area by 1565.^[1] Although Islam spread to Luzon, Animism, syncretized with Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism, was still the religion of the majority of the Philippine islands. Muslim immigrants introduced a political concept of territorial states ruled by rajas or sultans who exercised suzerainty over the datu. Neither the political state concept of the Muslim rulers nor the limited territorial concept of the sedentary rice farmers of Luzon, however, spread beyond the areas where they originated.^[1] When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the majority of the estimated 500,000 people in the islands lived in barangay settlements.^[1] For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... The English language word proselytism is derived ultimately from the Greek language prefix pros (towards) and the verb erchomai (to come). ... Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the southwest Philippines. ... Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. ... For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). ... Hinduism is a religious tradition[1] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... A mandala used in Vajrayana Buddhist practices. ... For other uses, see Raja (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ... Suzerainty (pronounced or ) is a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy to control its foreign affairs. ...

[edit] Spanish rule (1565–1898)

Main article: History of the Philippines (1521-1898)

Spanish East Indies

This article covers the history of the Philippines from 1521 to 1898. ... Flag A map of the Spanish East Indies Capital Manila (Cebu until 1595, Bacolor 1762-1763, Iloilo 1898) Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Colony Monarch  - 1565-1598 Philip II  - 1896-1898 Alfonso XIII Governor-General  - 1565-1572 Miguel López de Legazpi  - 1898 Diego de los R...

[edit] Early Spanish expeditions

Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521.

A statue of Lapu-Lapu marks a shoreline site believed to be close to where Magellan was killed offshore in 1521.

The Philippine islands first came to the attention of Europeans with the Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. Magellan landed on the island called Homonhon, claiming the archipelago for Spain and naming them Islas de San Lazaro.^[14]When he stepped on the shore of the island they all set the first mass in the Philippines maybe even the the whole continent of Asia. He established friendly relations with some of the local chieftains and converted some of them to Roman Catholicism.^[14]In the island they explored many islands including the island of Mactan. However, Magellan was killed in a dispute with indigenous tribal groups led by a chieftain named Lapu-Lapu. Image File history File links An anonymous portrait of Ferdinand Magellan, 16th or 17th century (The Mariners Museum Collection, Newport News, VA) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links An anonymous portrait of Ferdinand Magellan, 16th or 17th century (The Mariners Museum Collection, Newport News, VA) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For the Presidential railcar named Ferdinand Magellan, see Ferdinand Magellan Railcar. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 253 KB) Summary Statue of Lapu-Lapu in Mactan Island, Cebu. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 253 KB) Summary Statue of Lapu-Lapu in Mactan Island, Cebu. ... Image:Lapulapumanila. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For the Presidential railcar named Ferdinand Magellan, see Ferdinand Magellan Railcar. ... Homonhon Island is an island in the province of Eastern Samar, Philippines, on the west side of Leyte Gulf. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Image:Lapulapumanila. ...

Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were dispatched to the islands. In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas (after Philip II of Spain) to the islands of Samar and Leyte.^[15] The name would later be given to the entire archipelago. Ruy López de Villalobos (b. ... Philip II (Spanish: ; Portuguese: ) (May 21, 1527 – September 13, 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England (as husband of Mary I) from 1554 to 1558, Lord of the Seventeen Provinces (holding various titles for the individual territories... For other uses, please see Samar (disambiguation). ... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Leyte Region: Eastern Visayas (Region VIII) Capital: Tacloban City Founded: 1543 and March 10, 1917 Population: 2000 census—1,592,336 (14th largest) Density—279 per km² (24th highest) Area: 5,712. ...

[edit] Spanish colonization

Permanent Spanish settlement was not established until 1565 when an expedition led by the Conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived in Cebu from Mexico (New Spain). Six years later, following the defeat of the local Muslim ruler, Rajah Solayman, Legazpi established a capital at Manila, a location that offered the excellent harbor of Manila Bay, a large population, and proximity to the ample food supplies of the central Luzon rice lands. Manila became the center of Spanish government, including military, religious, and commercial activities in the islands.^[16] Despite the opposition of the Portuguese, who desired to maintain their monopoly on East Indies trade, the Spanish had secured a foothold in the Philippines, which became their outpost as the Spanish East Indies. Spanish leadership was soon established over a large archipelago, including many independent communities that previously had known no central rule.^[17]The Philippines was administered as a province of New Spain until Mexican independence (1821).^[18] A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ... Miguel López de Legazpi (1502 - August 20, 1572, Manila), also known as El Adelantado (The Governor) and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador who established the first colony in the Philippine Islands in 1565. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). ... Photography sunset in Bay City, Pasay (near SM Mall of Asia) Manila Bay is one of the finest natural harbors in the world which serves the port of Manila (on Luzon), in the Philippines. ... Central Luzon region contains the largest plain of the Philippines, and produces most of the countrys rice supply. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and... Flag A map of the Spanish East Indies Capital Manila (Cebu until 1595, Bacolor 1762-1763, Iloilo 1898) Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Colony Monarch  - 1565-1598 Philip II  - 1896-1898 Alfonso XIII Governor-General  - 1565-1572 Miguel López de Legazpi  - 1898 Diego de los R... Combatants Mexico Spain Commanders Miguel Hidalgo José María Morelos Vicente Guerrero Spanish colonial authorities Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, 1810. ...

Occupation of the islands was accomplished with relatively little bloodshed, partly because most of the population (except the Muslims) offered little armed resistance initially.^[16] A significant problem the Spanish faced was the subjugation of the Muslims of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. The Muslims, in response to attacks on them from the Spanish and their native allies, raided areas of Luzon and the Visayas that were under Spanish colonial control. The Spanish conducted intermittent military campaigns against the Muslims, but without conclusive results until the middle of the 19th century.^{[19][not in citation given]} Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. ... Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the southwest Philippines. ... Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ... Map of the Philippines showing Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao Visayas is one of the three island groupings in the Philippines along with Luzon and Mindanao. ...

Location of the "Capitanía General de las Filipinas".

Flag of New Spain

Church and state were inseparably linked in Spanish policy, with the state assuming responsibility for religious establishments.^[16] One of Spain's objectives in colonizing the Philippines was the conversion of the local population to Roman Catholicism. The work of conversion was facilitated by the absence of other organized religions, except for Islam, which predominated in the south. The pageantry of the church had a wide appeal, reinforced by the incorporation of Filipino social customs into religious observances.^[16] The eventual outcome was a new Roman Catholic majority of the main Austronesian lowland population, from which the Muslims of Mindanao and the upland tribal peoples of Luzon remained detached and alienated (such as the Ifugaos of the Cordillera region and the Mangyans of Mindoro).^[16] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Flag of Spanish New Spain, from pre-1920 publication This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Flag of Spanish New Spain, from pre-1920 publication This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

At the lower levels of administration, the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting local leaders. This system of indirect rule helped create a Filipino upper class, called the principalia, who had local wealth, high status, and other privileges. This perpetuated an oligarchic system of local control. Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the Filipino idea of communal use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the principalia.^[16] Upper class is a concept in sociology that refers to the group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. ... The Principalía was the ruling class in the municipalities of Spanish Philippines composed of the Gobernadorcillo or the Municipal Captain who presided over it, the First Lieutenant, the former Municipal Captains or ex-Gobernadorcillos, the municipal judges, the newly formed cabezas de baranggay (cabezas reformados), and the awardees of... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Oligarchy (Greek , Oligarkhía) is a form of government where political power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society (whether distinguished by wealth, family or military powers). ...

The Philippines was not profitable as a colony, and a long war with the Dutch in the 17th century and intermittent conflict with the Muslims nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury.^[16] Colonial income derived mainly from entrepôt trade: The Manila Galleons sailing from Acapulco on the west coast of New Spain brought shipments of silver bullion and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Chinese goods. There was no direct trade with Spain.^[16] An entrepôt is a trading centre, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit. ... A painting of a Spanish galleon. ... For other uses, see Acapulco (disambiguation). ... Silver coins are possibly the oldest mass form of coinage. ...

[edit] Decline of Spanish rule

Main article: Philippine Revolution

Flag of Spain (century XIX).

Spanish rule on the Philippines was briefly interrupted in 1762, when British troops occupied Manila as a result of Spain's entry into the Seven Years' War. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 restored Spanish rule and in 1764 the British left the country fearing another costly war with Spain. The brief British occupation weakened Spain's grip on power and sparked rebellions and demands for independence.^[20] Combatants Filipino independence movement Spanish Empire Commanders Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Strength 80,000 soldiers unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Philippine Revolution (1896—1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... For the 1563–1570 war, see Northern Seven Years War. ... The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. ...

In 1781, Governor-General José Basco y Vargas established the Economic Society of Friends of the Country. The Philippines by this time was administered directly from Spain. Developments in and out of the country helped to bring new ideas to the Philippines. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut travel time to Spain. This prompted the rise of the ilustrados, an enlightened Filipino upper class, since many young Filipinos were able to study in Europe. José Basco y Vargas was the 44th governor of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule, from 1778 to 1787. ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ... HWadup my homei G! The Illustrado were very cool and awesome blossome peoples! -Robert D. This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

Enlightened by the Propaganda Movement to the injustices of the Spanish colonial government and the "frailocracy", the ilustrados originally clamored for adequate representation to the Spanish Cortes and later for independence. José Rizal, the most celebrated intellectual and radical illustrado of the era, wrote the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which greatly inspired the movement for independence.^[17] The Katipunan, a secret society whose primary purpose was that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the Philippines, was founded by Andrés Bonifacio who became its Supremo (leader). For places, institutions and objects named after this person, see Rizal (disambiguation). ... The Cortes Generales (Spanish for General Courts) is the legislature of Spain. ... For places, institutions and objects named after this person, see Rizal (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Latin phrase. ... El filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed as the alternative English title) is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José Rizal. ... This article is about the Philippine revolutionary organization. ... For the Europe album, see Secret Society (Europe album). ... This article is about the person Andrés Bonifacio. ...

An early flag of the Filipino revolutionaries

The Philippine Revolution began in 1896. Rizal was implicated in the outbreak of the revolution and executed for treason in 1896. The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups, Magdiwang, led by Mariano Alvarez (a relative of Bonifacio's by marriage), and Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Leadership conflicts between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo culminated in the execution or assassination of the former by the latter's soldiers. Aguinaldo agreed to a truce with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong. Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the agreement. One, General Francisco Makabulos, established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province in Spanish-governed Philippines. Image File history File links Bandera_03. ... Image File history File links Bandera_03. ... Combatants Filipino independence movement Spanish Empire Commanders Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Strength 80,000 soldiers unknown Casualties unknown unknown The Philippine Revolution (1896—1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain. ... For other uses, see Treason (disambiguation) or Traitor (disambiguation). ... This article is about the province of Cavite. ... Magdiwang is a 5th class municipality in the province of Romblon, Philippines. ... Mariano Alvarez (1818-1924) - Filipino general, statesman, and teacher. ... Magdalo was the name of two military organizations in the Philippines: A faction of the Katipunan chapter in Cavite, mostly made up of ilustrados of that province, that supported General Emilio Aguinaldo as leader of the Philippine Revolution. ... Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. ... The Pact of Biak na Bato, signed in December 1897, created a truce between rival rebel groups in the Philippine Revolution: Magdiwang, led by Mariano Alvarez and Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. ... It has been suggested that transitional government be merged into this article or section. ...

A session of congress of the short-lived First Philippine Republic

In 1898, as conflicts continued in the Philippines, the USS Maine, having been sent to Cuba because of U.S. concerns for the safety of its citizens during an ongoing Cuban revolution, exploded and sank in Havana harbor. This event precipitated the Spanish-American war.^[21] After Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila, the U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines, which he did on May 19, 1898, in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. By the time U.S. land forces had arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon, except for the walled city of Intramuros. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite, establishing the First Philippine Republic under Asia's first democratic constitution.^[17] Image File history File links Malolos_congress. ... Image File history File links Malolos_congress. ... For other ships of the same name, see USS Maine. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... Map of the West Indies, Mexico and New Spain with Cuba in the center drawn by Herman Moll in 1736. ... This article is about the capital of Cuba. ... Belligerents United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Kingdom of Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey Máximo Gómez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías y Casado Ramón Blanco y Erenas Casualties and losses 385 KIA USA 5,000... Commodore is a military rank used in some navies for officers whose position exceeds that of a Captain, but is less than that of a Flag Officer. ... George Dewey (December 26, 1837 – January 16, 1917) was an admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his victory (without the loss of a single life of his own forces due to combat; one man died of a heart attack) at the Battle of Manila Bay during the... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Intramuros circa 1920s Walls of Intramuros, located along the southern bank of the Pasig River, is the oldest among the districts of the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Kawit (formerly Cavite El Viejo) is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. ... This article is about the province of Cavite. ... Flag Anthem: Himno Nacional Filipina Location of Filipinas in Asia Capital Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan January 23, 1899-March 29, 1899 San Isidro, Nueva Ecija March 29, 1899-May 9, 1899 Palanan, Isabela September 6, 1900-March 23, 1901 Language(s) Spanish (official), Tagalog Government Republic President  - 1898-1901 Emilio...

Simultaneously, a German squadron arrived in Manila and declared that if the United States did not seize the Philippines as a colonial possession, Germany would. In the Battle of Manila, the United States captured the city from the Spanish. This battle marked an end of Filipino-American collaboration, as Filipino forces were prevented from entering the captured city of Manila, an action deeply resented by the Filipinos.^[22] Spain and the United States sent commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American War. The Filipino representative, Felipe Agoncillo, was excluded from sessions as the revolutionary government was not recognized by the family of nations.^[22] Although there was substantial domestic opposition, the United States decided neither to return the Philippines to Spain, nor to allow Germany to annex the Philippines. In addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the negotiations to hand over the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for US$20,000,000.00,^[23] which the U.S. later claimed to be a "gift" from Spain.^[24] The first Philippine Republic rebelled against the U.S. occupation, resulting in the Philippine-American War (1899–1913). Combatants United States Spain Commanders Wesley Merritt George Dewey Fermin Juadenes Strength 10,700 U.S. soldiers 10,000 Filipinos 15,000 Casualties 122 150 The Battle of Manila was the land battle between the United States and Spain during the Spanish-American War, not to be confused with the... The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War. ... Felipe Agoncillo was the Filipino representative to the negotiations in Paris that led to the Treaty of Paris (1898), ending the Spanish-American War. ... USD redirects here. ... Belligerents United States Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts First Philippine Republic several groups post-1902 Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar several unofficial leaders post-1902 Strength 126,000 soldiers[1] First Philippine Republic: 80,000 soldiers Casualties and losses ~5,000-7,000[1][2] ~12,000...

[edit] American territorial period (1898–1946)

Main article: History of the Philippines (1898-1946)

1898 political cartoon showing U.S. President McKinley with a child "savage". Here, returning the Philippines to Spain is compared to throwing the child off a cliff.

Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined in a common struggle against Spain.^[25] As allies, Filipinos had provided the American forces with valuable intelligence and military support.^[26] However, the United States later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino insurgents. Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to paper a statement of support for Philippine independence.^[26] Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clear that the Americans were in the islands to stay.^[26] This article covers the history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. ... 1898 US Political Cartoon. ... 1898 US Political Cartoon. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ... Philippine independence refers to the struggles of the Filipinos for independence from colonial rule —first by Spain, and then by the United States. ...

[edit] Philippine-American War

Main article: Philippine-American War

General Jacob H. Smith's infamous order "KILL EVERYONE OVER TEN" was the caption in the New York Journal cartoon on May 5, 1902. The Old Glory draped an American shield on which a vulture replaced the bald eagle. The bottom caption exclaimed, "Criminals Because They Were Born Ten Years Before We Took the Philippines."

Hostilities broke out on February 4, 1899, after two American privates on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan, a Manila suburb.^[27] This incident sparked the Philippine-American War, which would cost far more money and took far more lives than the Spanish-American War.^[17] Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the conflict; 4,234 Americans died, as did 16,000 Filipino soldiers who were part of a nationwide guerrilla movement of indeterminate numbers.^[27] Estimates on civilian deaths during the war range between 250,000 and 1,000,000, largely because of famine and disease. Atrocities were committed by both sides.^[27] Belligerents United States Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts First Philippine Republic several groups post-1902 Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar several unofficial leaders post-1902 Strength 126,000 soldiers[1] First Philippine Republic: 80,000 soldiers Casualties and losses ~5,000-7,000[1][2] ~12,000... Image File history File links Phillipines. ... Image File history File links Phillipines. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The City of San Juan (Filipino: Lungsod ng San Juan) is a city in Metro Manila in the Philippines. ... For other meanings of the word, see Manila (disambiguation). ... Belligerents United States Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts First Philippine Republic several groups post-1902 Commanders William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar several unofficial leaders post-1902 Strength 126,000 soldiers[1] First Philippine Republic: 80,000 soldiers Casualties and losses ~5,000-7,000[1][2] ~12,000... Belligerents United States Republic of Cuba Philippine Republic Kingdom of Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey Máximo Gómez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías y Casado Ramón Blanco y Erenas Casualties and losses 385 KIA USA 5,000... Guerilla may refer to Guerrilla warfare. ...

The poorly-equipped Filipino troops were easily overpowered by American troops in open combat, but they were formidable opponents in guerrilla warfare.^[27] Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured on March 31, 1899. Aguinaldo and his government escaped however, establishing a new capital at San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. Antonio Luna, Aguinaldo's most capable military commander, Gregorio del Pilar, was killed in June at Tirad Pass. With his best commander dead and his troops suffering continued defeats as American forces pushed into northern Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army in November 1899 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several military zones. The general population, caught between Americans and rebels, suffered significantly.^[27] Malolos is a city in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... San Isidro is a 4th class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. ... Gen. ... Gregorio del Pilar c. ... Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ...

Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901 and was brought to Manila. Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war.^[27] However, sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines, especially in the Muslim south, until 1913.^[28] Palanan is a remote 3rd class municipality in the province of Isabela, Philippines. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

[edit] United States territory

The United States defined its territorial mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual independence.^[29] Civil government was established by the United States in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General of the Philippines, replacing the military governor, Arthur MacArthur, Jr. The governor-general acted as head of the Philippine Commission, a body appointed by the U.S. president with legislative and limited executive powers. The commission passed laws to set up the fundamentals of the new government, including a judicial system, civil service, and local government. A Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the responsibilities of the United States Army. The elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in 1907, becoming a lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the appointed Philippine Commission as upper house. For other persons named William Howard Taft, see William Howard Taft (disambiguation). ... Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish and U.S. rule. ... Arthur MacArthur, Jr. ... The Philippine Commission was a body appointed by the President of the United States to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. ... The Philippine Constabulary (PC) was one of two national police forces of the Philippines and was organized in 1901 by the United States appointed administrative authority. ... The United States Army is the largest, and by some standards oldest, established branch of the armed forces of the United States and is one of seven uniformed services. ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ...

Frank Murphy was the last Governor-General of the Philippines (1933-35), and the first U.S. High Commissioner of the Philippines (1935-36). The change in form was more than symbolic: it was intended as a manifestation of the transition to independence. For the Australian rules footballer, see Frank Murphy (footballer). ... Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish and U.S. rule. ... High Commissioner of the Philippines was the title of the personal representative of the President of the United States to the Commonwealth of the Philippines during the period 1935-1946. ...

United States policies towards the Philippines shifted with changing administrations.^[17] During the early years of territorial administration, the Americans were reluctant to delegate authority to the Filipinos. However, when Woodrow Wilson became