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Azerbaijan is the name used by the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Iranian region of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan, also Iranian Azarbaijan, Iranian Azerbaijan, or Persian Azarbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان ایران; Ä€zÄrbÄijÄn-e IrÄn; Azarbaijani language: آذربایجان), is a region in northwestern Iran and south of the Republic of Azarbaijan. ...
Origin of the name
The name Azerbaijan itself is thought to be derived from Atropates, a Median satrap (governor), who ruled a region found in modern Iranian Azarbaijan called Atropatene.[1] Atropates name is believed to be derived from the Old Persian roots meaning "protected by fire."[2] The name is also mentioned in the Avestan Frawardin Yasht: âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide which translates literally to: We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atare-pata. [3] Atropates (in Greek AÏ„Ïoπατης; in Old Persian Atarepata), called Atrapes by Diodorus1, a Persian satrap, apparently of Media, had the command of the Medes, together with the Cadusii, Albani, and Sacesinae, at the battle of Gaugamela, 331 BC. After the death of king Darius III Codomannus (330 BC), he...
In probability theory and statistics, a median is a number dividing the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution from the lower half. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Long Live Azerbaijan. ...
Azerbaijan or Azerbeijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan, Azərbeycan) is a country in the Caucaus region, adjacent to the Caspian Sea. ...
See Aryan Language or Old Persian For more information visit: *[Ancient Iranian Languages & Literature The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS) ...
See Avesta Municipality for the Swedish town Yasna 28. ...
There are also alternative opinions that the term is a slight Turkification of Azarbaijan, in turn an Arabicized version of the original Persian name Āzarābādagān, made up of āzar+ābadag+ān (āzar=fire; ābādag=cultivated area; ān=suffix of pluralization); that it traditionally means "the land of eternal flames" or "the land of fire", which probably implies Zoroastrian fire temples in this land. However, this version of the name is not supported by historical references. Turkification is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something or someone non-Turkish is made to become Turkish. ...
Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ...
Historical Azerbaijan - See also: Azerbaijan (Iran)
According to professor Tadeusz Swietochowski, "as a political or administrative unit, and indeed as a geographic notion, Azerbaijan's boundaries were changing throughout history. Its northern part, on the left bank of the Araxes River, was known at times under different names – Caucasian Albania in the pre- Islamic period, and, subsequently, Arran. From the time of ancient Media and the Achaemenid Kingdom, Azerbaijan usually shared its history with Iran". According to the same source, the term Azerbaijan was seldom used for the territory north of Araxes. [4] Professor Tadeusz Swietochowski also writes: What is now the Azerbaijan Republic was known as Caucasian Albania in the pre-Islamic period, and later as Arran. From the time of ancient Media (ninth to seventh centuries b.c.) and the Persian Empire (sixth to fourth centuries b.c.), Azerbaijan usually shared the history of what is now Iran. [5] Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan, also Iranian Azarbaijan, Iranian Azerbaijan, or Persian Azarbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان ایران; Ä€zÄrbÄijÄn-e IrÄn; Azarbaijani language: آذربایجان), is a region in northwestern Iran and south of the Republic of Azarbaijan. ...
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( The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ...
Bold textItalic text == Headline text ==He was born a 4 headed man but 3 of his 4 heads died along with all but one of his 90 hearts. ...
According to Professor Ben Fowkes: In fact, in medieval times the name 'Azarbaijan' was applied not to the area of present independent Azerbaijan but to the lands to the south of Araxes river, now part of Iran. The lands to the north west of the Araxes were known as Albania; the lands to the north east, the heart of present-day post-Sovier Azerbaijan, were known as Sharvan (or Shirwan) and Derbent[6]
Historically the term Azerbaijan was mostly used to denote North Western Iran [7]. Historical sources site that the limits of Azerbaijan are between the Daylamites of Northern Persia to their east, with the Araxes River as its northernmost limit. The region north of that, which constitutes the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, went by many names, including Arran, Albania, Georgia and Shirvan.[8][9][10] Ancient and medieval scholars such as Strabo, Greco-Roman historians, Arrian, Ibn-Hawqal, Al-Muqaddasi, and Yaqut Al-Hamavi, along with texts such as the Hodud-ol-Alam and Borhan-e-Qate, attest to this. The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and at times extending into central and mid-east Asia. ...
Arran can refer to: arran is the term for a boy with a fat body, a small dick, and a craving to have sexual intercourse with parrots. ...
Shervan or Shirvan was a former Persian province in Caucasus, a state ruled by the Shervanshahs and the birthplace of the Persian poet Khaqani. ...
The Greek geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving. ...
Muhammad ibn Ahmad Shams al-Din Al-Muqaddasi (Arabic: Ù…Øمد بن امØد شمس الدين المقدسي) (also known as Al-Maqdisi) was a notable medieval Arab geographer, author of Ahsan at-Taqasim fi Ma`rifat il-Aqalim (The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions). ...
Greco-Roman historians mentioned that Albania was the kingdom East of Armenia. Arrian, Ibn-Hawqal, and Yaqut Al-Hamavi record that the region north of the Araxes River is cited as “Albania” and south of the Araxes as “Media Atropatene”. Al-Muqaddasi divides Persia (Iran) into eight regions, showing Azerbaijan (which constitutes Iranian Azerbaijan) and Arran (which constitutes parts of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan).[11]
According to Encyclopædia Iranica: Encyclopædia Iranica is a grand project of Columbia Universitys Center for Iranian Studies to create a comprehensive and authoritiative English language encyclopedia about the history and culture of Persia (Iran). ...
| “ | The imprecise and sometimes contradictory information given by Yaqut in the beginning of the 7th/13th century, occasionally extends Azerbaijan to the west to Erzinjan (Arzanjan). On the other hand in certain passages, he annexes to it, in addition to the steppes of Mogan, all of the province of Arran, bringing the frontier of the country up to Kor, indicating, however, that from this period the conception of Azerbaijan tended to be extended to the north and that its meaning was being rapidly transformed. [12] | ” | The territory of modern Azerbaijan Republic was also referred as Azerbaijan by another mediaeval author, the Samanids chronicler Abu Ali Muhammad Ibn-i Muhammad Ibn-i Ubaidullah-i Bal'ami, the translator of At-Tabari’s Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk (History of the Prophets and Kings) also writes that Azerbaijan’s borders start from Hamadan (Iran) and end in Darband (Modern Russia, North of Azerbaijan Republic) of the Khazars. He adds that whatever is in the middle is called Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan’s original/primary border starts in Hamadan and passing through Abhar and Zanjan, end in Darband of the Khazars. All of the citites in the middle of these [two] are in Azerbaijan. [13]
Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, published in 1890, states the following in the artilce called "Azerbeijan": Title pages of «Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary» Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (35 volumes, small; 86 volumes, large) is, in its scope and style, the Russian counterpart to the 1911 Britannica. ...
| “ | Azerbeijan, or Aderbeijan — fire land; 'Atrupatkan' in Pahlavi and 'Aderbadekan' in Armenian, is the north-westernmost province and the richest trade and industrial region of Persia. It borders Persian Kurdistan and Iraq of Adjam (Media) to the south, Turkish Kurdistan and Armenia to the west, Russian Armenia (Southern Transcaucasia), from which it is separated by the Aras River, to the north, Russian province of Tashil to the east and Persian province of Gilan near the Caspian sea. [14] | ” | However, the boundaries of the historical Azerbaijan like those of many other ancient regions were fluid and they periodically included parts (such as Nakhichevan or Mughan) [15] [16] or all of the territory of modern Azerbaijan republic. Some historical sources mentioned the territory of modern Azerbaijan republic as part of Armenia, Georgia or Azerbaijan. This would especially be the case if a single ruler had control over the whole area. Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhichevan. ...
According to C.E. Bosworth: The influx of Oghuz and other Türkmens was accentuated by the Mongol invasions. Barda'a had never revived fully after the Rus sacking, and is little mentioned in the sources. It seems to have been replaced as the capital of Arran by Baylaqan, but this was in turn sacked by the Mongols en route for Shervan and Darband in spring 1221; after this, Ganja , the later Elizavetopol and now Kirovabd, rose to prominence, the southern part of Arran now becoming known as Qarabag. The old name Arran drops out of use, and the history and fortunes of the region now merge into those of Azerbaijan.[17]
Historical instances of Azerbaijan as the name of an independent political entity -
 Map of the Republic of Azerbaijan 1. After defeating "Aq Qoyunlu leaders Alvand and Murad, the former at Sharur (which is now a town in western part of Nakhchivan, Republic of Azerbaijan) in 1501, and the latter near Hamadan in 1503, Shah Ismail Safavi was crowned Shah of Adharbayjan (Azerbaijan) in July 1501 at Tabriz [18] Image File history File links Azerbaijan_map. ...
Image File history File links Azerbaijan_map. ...
Flag of the Ak Koyunlu (Colours are speculative) The Akkoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azeri-Turkish: AÄŸqoyunlular/Akkoyunlular) were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled present-day Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and western Iran from 1378 to 1508. ...
Map of Azerbaijan, showing Naxçıvan to the bottom-left Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (or Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası) is an exclave of Azerbaijan. ...
Avicennas tomb in Hamedan Hamadan or Hamedan ( Persian: همدان ) is the capital city of Hamadan Province of Iran. ...
2. With the collapse of Tsarist Russia in 1917, three major nations of the Caucasus – Armenians, Georgians and Azeris – came together to form the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in February 1918. The federation dissolved when Georgia declared its independence on May 26. With this break up, the Azerbaijani fraction of the Transcaucasian Sejm (parliament) in Tiflis, led by the Musavat Party of Turkic Democratic Federalists proclaimed the independent Republic of Azerbaijan on the night of May 27, 1918 [19]. The Republic of Azerbaijan was later recognized by the Persian government and exchanges at ministerial level happened in 1919 between Azerbaijan and Persia in Tehran, Baku and Paris [20]. The name of the new state drew protests from some Iranians [citation needed], who suspected that it was chosen with the purposes of detaching the Azerbaijan province from Iran[citation needed], even though the proclamation of independence of Azerbaijan Republic limited the territory of the new state to the areas north of the Araxes river [citation needed]. Anthem: God Save the Tsar! Russian Empire in 1914 Capital Saint Petersburg Language(s) Russian Government Monarchy Emperor - 1721-1725 Peter the Great - 1894-1917 Nicholas II History - Established 22 October, 1721 - February Revolution 2 March, 1917 Area - 1897 22,400,000 km2 8,648,688 sq mi Population - 1897...
Flag of the Transcaucasian Federation. ...
Coordinates: - Governing Mayor Giorgi Gigi Ugulava Area - City 372 km² Population (2005) - City 1,093,000 Tbilisi (Georgian თბილისი , IPA: ) is the capital and largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) River, at . ...
The Equality Party (Müsavat Partiyası) is a political party in Azerbaijan. ...
Mammad Emin Rasulzade, the leader of Musavat party, who lived in exile after the Soviet invasion and occupation of Azerbaijan Republic, later admitted a mistake in choosing the name Azerbaijan for the state. Rasulzade admitted in an article that he wrote that Albania (referring to Caucasian Azerbaijan) was different than Azerbaijan (referring to Iranian Azerbaijan)[citation needed]. Also, in a letter to Seyyed Hassan Taqizadeh, an important Iranian intellectual of the early 20th century, Rasulzade declared his eagerness to do "whatever is in his power to avoid any further discontent among Iranians".[21] Mammed Amin Rasulzade (Azerbaijani: ; January 31, 1884, Novkhana, near Baku—March 6, 1955, Ankara) was an Azerbaijani statesman, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-1920). ...
Vasily Bartold, the famous Soviet scholar wrote: Vasily Vladimirovich Bartold, also known as Wilhelm Barthold (1869-1930) was a Russian anthropologist who came to be recognized as one of the founding fathers of Turcology. ...
Motto: Пролетарии вÑех Ñтран, ÑоединÑйтеÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) Translation: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital (and largest city) Moscow Official languages None; Russian de facto Government Socialist Republic/Federation of Soviet Republics - Last President Mikhail Gorbachev - Last Premier Ivan Silayev...
| “ | There is no reason to doubt that Aran was separate from Azarbaijan and that the Aras River constituted the northern border of Azarbaijan, and Aran had never been called Azerbaijan. [22] | ” | The academician Barthold most clearly mentioned the Aras River as lying between Azarbaijan and Aran or the ancient Albania (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan) and: | “ | The name 'Azerbaijan' was adopted because it was presumed that through the establishment of the Azerbaijan Republic, the Iranian Azarbaijan and the Azerbaijan Republic will eventually become one." Somewhere else in this same volume, Barthold wrote: "Wherever and whenever a name should be required with which one can refer to the whole region of the Azerbaijan Republic, one can use Aran[23] | ” | Iranian scholars such as Sheik Mohammad Khiabani [24]and Seyyed Ahmad Kasravi (the latter who was an Iranian Azerbaijani was known for advocating the need for national integration of Iran on the basis of Persian and linguistic assimilation of minorities [25]. His history works have been used by eminent scholars like Vladimir Minorsky, Roger Savory, Richard Frye, Ali Azeri. He was granted the membership of London Royal College of Asian Studies and American Academy based on his publications.) protested the name change, and for a short time referred to Iranian Azerbaijan as "Azadistan", meaning "land of freedom", in retaliation. Professor Swietochowski notes "a characteristic tone of bias" when Kasravi writes: Sheykh Mohammad Tabrizi, or Khiabani (1880 - 1920), was a Persian cleric and a representative to the parliament. ...
Ahmad Kasravi. ...
Vladimir Minorsky (1877-1966) was a famous Russian Iranologist. ...
Richard Nelson Frye (c. ...
| “ | Why are our Arani brothers destroying their national history and their past at the onset of their national life? This itself is an enormous loss and there is no other example of such a strange deed in history.[26] | ” | Encyclopaedia Iranica also states: | “ | ...the historical province had been renamed Azadistan Khiabani and his followers as a gesture of protest against the giving of the name "Azerbaijan" to the part of the Caucasus centered on Baku.[27] | ” | Other Iranian Azerbaijani authors, such as Ali Azari, offered a simpler explanation for the name "Azadistan": it commemorated the sacrifices that Azerbaijan had suffered in the struggles during the Constitutional Revolution.[28].
On September 4, 1945, a new party was created in what was then Soviet Azerbaijan, the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan. It was this party that first used the terms "North Azerbaijan" and "South Azerbaijan". Their motives later became clear, as the party advocated the unification of the "two" Azerbaijan's within the Soviet Union.[29] With further assistance from the Soviet Union, who would benefit from the situation, the terms North and South Azerbaijan were used in Turkish and Soviet texts when referring to the region.
Azerbaijani people - See also: Azerbaijani people
Historically the Turkic-speaking people of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Caucasus often called themselves or were referred to by some neighbouring peoples (e.g. Persians) as Turks, and religious identification prevailed over ethnic identification. When Transacaucasia became part of the Russian empire, Russian authorities, who traditionally called all Turkic people Tatars, called Azeris Aderbeijani/Azerbaijani or Caucasian Tatars to distinguish them from other Turkic people, also called Tatars by Russians.[30] Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary also refers to Azerbaijanis as Aderbeijans in some articles.[31] According to the article Turko-Tatars of the above encyclopedia, “some scholars (Yadrintsev, Kharuzin, Shantr) suggested to change the terminology of some Turko-Tatar people, who somatically don’t have much in common with Turks, for instance, to call Aderbaijani Tatars (Iranians by type) Aderbaijans”.[32] The modern ethnonym Azerbaijani/Azeri in its present form was accepted in 1930s. The Azerbaijanis[15][16] are an ethnic group mainly found in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. ...
The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ...
Anthem: God Save the Tsar! Russian Empire in 1914 Capital Saint Petersburg Language(s) Russian Government Monarchy Emperor - 1721-1725 Peter the Great - 1894-1917 Nicholas II History - Established 22 October, 1721 - February Revolution 2 March, 1917 Area - 1897 22,400,000 km2 8,648,688 sq mi Population - 1897...
Historically, the term Tatar (or Tartar) has been ambiguously used by Europeans to refer to many different peoples of Inner Asia and Northern Asia. ...
See also Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan, also Iranian Azarbaijan, Iranian Azerbaijan, or Persian Azarbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان ایران; Ä€zÄrbÄijÄn-e IrÄn; Azarbaijani language: آذربایجان), is a region in northwestern Iran and south of the Republic of Azarbaijan. ...
The Iranian theory regarding the origin of the Azerbaijanis seeks to prove a link between present-day Azeris and their pre-Turkification Iranian past. ...
The Azerbaijanis[15][16] are an ethnic group mainly found in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. ...
References - ^ Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins, ISBN 0-8108-3550-9 (retrieved 07 June 2006).
- ^ The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule by Audrey Altstadt, ISBN 0-8179-9182-4 (retrieved 07 June 2006).
- ^ FRAWARDIN YASHT ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"). Translated by James Darmesteter (From Sacred Books of the East, American Edition, 1898.).
- ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. ISBN 0-231-07068-3
- ^ Historical Background Vol. 3, Colliers Encyclopedia CD-ROM, 02-28-1996
- ^ Ben Fowkes, Ethnicity and ethnic conflict in the post-communist world (Basingstoke: Palgrave , 2002) pg 30
- ^ 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ Map showing Iranian Azerbaijan and Shirvan to its north (1683) Alain Manesson Mallet, Description de l'Univers, Published 1683, 1st ed. page 163, DE L'ASIE, figure LXXIebay listing
- ^ Map showing region north of Iran's Caucasus border as Georgia
- ^ [1] 1837 Malte-Brun Map of Persia & Arabia ( Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Jordan ) map showring most of the caucas republic of Azerbaian as Sherwan
- ^ Pan-Turanianism Takes Aim at Azerbaijan: A Geopolitical Agenda; Arran and the Historical By: Dr. Kaveh Farrokh Azerbaijan
- ^ Encyclopædia Iranica. Azerbaijan. Geography
- ^ Abu Alimuhammad ibne Muhammad Bal’ami; Tarikhnaame Tabari, Volume 1, Tehran 1366 (1987), Xabare gushaadane Azerbaijan ve Darbande Khazaran (The news of conquer of Azerbaijan and Darband), page 529.
- ^ (Russian) Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Azerbeijan". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
- ^ Hamdollah Mostowfi. Nozhat ol-Gholub (نزهه القلوب)
- ^ Ibn Khordadbeh. Book of Roads and Kingdoms (الكتاب المسالك والممالك)
- ^ Encyclopædia Iranica. C.E. Bosworth. Arran.
- ^ Tapper, Richard. Shahsevan in Safavid Persia, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 37, No. 2. (1974), pp. 321-354.
- ^ Kazemzadeh, Firuz. The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917-1921). With an introduction by Michael Karpovich. Pp. xv, 356, map. New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.
- ^ Kazemzadeh, Firuz. The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917-1921). With an introduction by Michael Karpovich. Pp. xv, 356, map. New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.
- ^ Atabaki, Touraj Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran, 2nd. edn, London: IB Tauris Publishers , 2000, pages 25-26
- ^ Collected Works, Volume 7, Moscow, 1971, page 123
- ^ Second volume of his Collected Works, page 782
- ^ Atabaki, Touraj Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran, 2nd. edn, London: IB Tauris Publishers , 2000, page 50
- ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. ISBN 0-231-07068-3
- ^ Unknown Kings By: Ahmad Kasravi, page 265
- ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. A, pages 177-178
- ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. ISBN 0-231-07068-3
- ^ Azerbaijan' newspaper, no. 213, Baku, 23 December 1950
- ^ (Russian) Demoscope Weekly. Alphabetical list of people, living in the Russian empire, 1895.
- ^ (Russian) Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Turks". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
- ^ (Russian) Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Turko-Tatars". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
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