Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics which studies the methods of homology and cohomology in a general setting. These concepts originated in algebraic topology.

Cohomology theories have been defined for many different objects such as topological spaces, sheaves, groups, rings, Lie algebras, and C-star algebras. The study of modern algebraic geometry would be almost unthinkable without sheaf cohomology.

Central to homological algebra is the notion of exact sequence; these can be used to perform actual calculations. A classical tool of homological algebra is that of derived functor; the most basic examples are Ext and Tor.

Foundational aspects

With a diverse set of applications in mind, it was natural to try to put the whole subject on a uniform basis. There were several attempts before the subject settled down. An approximate history can be stated as follows:

• Cartan-Eilenberg: In their 1956 book "Homological Algebra", these authors used projective and injective module resolutions.
• 'Tohoku': The approach in a celebrated paper by Alexander Grothendieck which appeared in the Second Series of the The Tohoku Mathematical Journal in 1957, using the abelian category concept (to include sheaves of abelian groups).
• The derived category of Grothendieck and Verdier. Derived categories date back to Verdier's 1967 thesis. They are examples of triangulated categories used in a number of modern theories.

These move from computability to generality.

The computational sledgehammer par excellence is the spectral sequence; these are essential in the Cartan-Eilenberg and Tohoku approaches where they are needed, for instance, to compute the derived functors of a composition of two functors. Spectral sequences are less essential in the derived category approach, but still play a role whenever concrete computations are necessary.

There have been attempts at 'non-commutative' theories which extend first cohomology as torsors (important in Galois cohomology).